• Energy Research

In this present study, simple linear equations were developed for predicting the thermo-physical properties of beef tallow biodiesel by considering their molecular weight and number of double bonds as two independent variables. Interestingly, molecular weight signifies as a function of carbon chain length and number of carbon molecules in it whereas numbers of double bond signifies the degree of unsaturation.

In this present study, simple linear equations were developed for predicting the thermo-physical properties of beef tallow biodiesel by considering their molecular weight and number of double bonds as two independent variables. Interestingly, molecular weight signifies as a function of carbon chain length and number of carbon molecules in it whereas numbers of double bond signifies the degree of unsaturation.

This present chapter set one’s sight on understanding the contribution of fatty acid ester (FAE) molecules in deciding the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of their biodiesel in CI engine. For this purpose, both produced waste animal fat-oil (WaFO) biodiesel and their characterized FAEs, blended in calculated proportions with neat diesel were tested individually under same testing conditions. Preliminary findings confirmed the significant contribution of FAEs in deciding the overall engine characteristics of WaFO biodiesel; and were influenced by their fundamental molecular properties like chain length, and degree of unsaturation. Superior combustion characteristics were accounted by early initiation of combustion by saturated FAEs; followed by prolonged combustion of unsaturated FAEs using fuel bound oxygen content. Meanwhile, mixed performance characteristics were explained by its long chained saturated and unsaturated FAEs, which imparted their higher density and viscosity, and reduced calorific value than neat diesel. Emission characteristics reported reduced CO and HC emission, and increased CO2 and NOX emissions citing the equally balanced concentration of both long chained saturated and unsaturated FAEs, which favored complete combustion using its oxygen molecules. Besides assessing engine characteristics, WaFO biodiesel was evaluated for its fuel properties as per ASTM standards, along with neat diesel.

This present chapter set one’s sight on understanding the contribution of fatty acid ester (FAE) molecules in deciding the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of their biodiesel in CI engine. For this purpose, both produced waste animal fat-oil (WaFO) biodiesel and their characterized FAEs, blended in calculated proportions with neat diesel were tested individually under same testing conditions. Preliminary findings confirmed the significant contribution of FAEs in deciding the overall engine characteristics of WaFO biodiesel; and were influenced by their fundamental molecular properties like chain length, and degree of unsaturation. Superior combustion characteristics were accounted by early initiation of combustion by saturated FAEs; followed by prolonged combustion of unsaturated FAEs using fuel bound oxygen content. Meanwhile, mixed performance characteristics were explained by its long chained saturated and unsaturated FAEs, which imparted their higher density and viscosity, and reduced calorific value than neat diesel. Emission characteristics reported reduced CO and HC emission, and increased CO2 and NOX emissions citing the equally balanced concentration of both long chained saturated and unsaturated FAEs, which favored complete combustion using its oxygen molecules. Besides assessing engine characteristics, WaFO biodiesel was evaluated for its fuel properties as per ASTM standards, along with neat diesel.

Presently, biodiesel is considered as an effective alternate fuel owing to its high sustainability and robustness. This paper concentrates on the biodiesel production from waste beef tallow rendered from subcutaneous and intramuscular wastes discarded from leather tanneries and slaughterhouses. The maximum fat content was estimated to be 92.5% and 3.05%, whereas maximum rendering efficiency was determined to be 92% and 75% for subcutaneous and intramuscular wastes, respectively. The rendered waste tallow was converted into biodiesel using ethanol as a solvent and l-valine amido ethyl methyl imidazolium bromide ([l-Vaemim]Br) as a novel ionic liquid catalyst. The most optimised reaction parameters are as follows: molar ratio of 1:7.5, catalyst concentration of 20 wt% of tallow, reaction temperature of 75 °C and reaction time of 160 min. Properties of the produced biodiesel have been tested in accordance with ASTM Standards, where the results were found to be within the permissible range. The engine characteristics of biodiesel exhibited increased heat release rate and maximum cylinder pressure, reduced emission levels than compared to ordinary diesel; in addition, its performance characteristics were similar to diesel, thereby making it a suitable replacement for existing fossil fuel.

Presently, biodiesel is considered as an effective alternate fuel owing to its high sustainability and robustness. This paper concentrates on the biodiesel production from waste beef tallow rendered from subcutaneous and intramuscular wastes discarded from leather tanneries and slaughterhouses. The maximum fat content was estimated to be 92.5% and 3.05%, whereas maximum rendering efficiency was determined to be 92% and 75% for subcutaneous and intramuscular wastes, respectively. The rendered waste tallow was converted into biodiesel using ethanol as a solvent and l-valine amido ethyl methyl imidazolium bromide ([l-Vaemim]Br) as a novel ionic liquid catalyst. The most optimised reaction parameters are as follows: molar ratio of 1:7.5, catalyst concentration of 20 wt% of tallow, reaction temperature of 75 °C and reaction time of 160 min. Properties of the produced biodiesel have been tested in accordance with ASTM Standards, where the results were found to be within the permissible range. The engine characteristics of biodiesel exhibited increased heat release rate and maximum cylinder pressure, reduced emission levels than compared to ordinary diesel; in addition, its performance characteristics were similar to diesel, thereby making it a suitable replacement for existing fossil fuel.