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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid Aroa R. Mainar;
    Aroa R. Mainar
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Aroa R. Mainar in OpenAIRE
    orcid Elena Iruin;
    Elena Iruin
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Elena Iruin in OpenAIRE
    orcid Jose Alberto Blázquez;
    Jose Alberto Blázquez
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Jose Alberto Blázquez in OpenAIRE

    The integration of energy storage systems into intermittent renewable energy sources in power grids ensures the continuity of the energy supply in a balanced and efficient way. Novel rechargeable zinc ion and zinc hybrid aqueous technologies constitute paradigmatic examples of promising alternative energy storage systems for large‐scale applications, due to their intrinsic low cost, environmental friendliness, safety, high power density, and ease of operation. This work evaluates the performance improvement of zinc/LiFePO4 and zinc/LiMn2O4 batteries through the incorporation of an alternative chloride‐based electrolyte formulation inspired in Leclanché battery technology and also, in recently reported secondary zinc–air batteries. The use of this alternative electrolyte shows an increased working voltage and improves capacity retention for both zinc/LiFePO4 and zinc/LiMn2O4 batteries. This work analyses for the first time the specific energy of zinc‐based hybrid aqueous batteries in a functional cell, by means of the incorporation of light zinc anode and Li+‐based cathode which comprises superior active material loading. This approach demonstrates the feasibility of reversible zinc‐based hybrid aqueous batteries with more than 90 W h kg−1Active materials as to 13 W h kg−1Active materials of the baseline technology.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energy Technologyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy Technology
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energy Technologyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy Technology
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid Aroa R. Mainar;
    Aroa R. Mainar
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Aroa R. Mainar in OpenAIRE
    orcid Elena Iruin;
    Elena Iruin
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Elena Iruin in OpenAIRE
    orcid Jose Alberto Blázquez;
    Jose Alberto Blázquez
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Jose Alberto Blázquez in OpenAIRE

    The integration of energy storage systems into intermittent renewable energy sources in power grids ensures the continuity of the energy supply in a balanced and efficient way. Novel rechargeable zinc ion and zinc hybrid aqueous technologies constitute paradigmatic examples of promising alternative energy storage systems for large‐scale applications, due to their intrinsic low cost, environmental friendliness, safety, high power density, and ease of operation. This work evaluates the performance improvement of zinc/LiFePO4 and zinc/LiMn2O4 batteries through the incorporation of an alternative chloride‐based electrolyte formulation inspired in Leclanché battery technology and also, in recently reported secondary zinc–air batteries. The use of this alternative electrolyte shows an increased working voltage and improves capacity retention for both zinc/LiFePO4 and zinc/LiMn2O4 batteries. This work analyses for the first time the specific energy of zinc‐based hybrid aqueous batteries in a functional cell, by means of the incorporation of light zinc anode and Li+‐based cathode which comprises superior active material loading. This approach demonstrates the feasibility of reversible zinc‐based hybrid aqueous batteries with more than 90 W h kg−1Active materials as to 13 W h kg−1Active materials of the baseline technology.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energy Technologyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy Technology
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energy Technologyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy Technology
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Aroa R. Mainar; Elena Iruin; Idoia Urdampilleta; Hans-Jürgen Grande; +1 Authors
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Applied Energyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Applied Energy
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Applied Energyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Applied Energy
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Aroa R. Mainar; Elena Iruin; Idoia Urdampilleta; Hans-Jürgen Grande; +1 Authors
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Applied Energyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Applied Energy
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Applied Energyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Applied Energy
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Blazquez, J. Alberto;
    Blazquez, J. Alberto
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Blazquez, J. Alberto in OpenAIRE
    orcid Iruin, Juan J.;
    Iruin, Juan J.
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Iruin, Juan J. in OpenAIRE
    Eceolaza, Sorkunde; Marestin, Catherine; +5 Authors

    Abstract A series of new sequenced sulfonated naphthalenic polyimides were synthesized containing a flexible aromatic–aliphatic diamine. The obtained membranes present the advantage of being soluble in N -methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) which is a less toxic solvent than the previously used m -cresol. In this work, we report on the solvent and acidification method effects on the properties of the membranes such as density, water uptake, proton conductivity as well as on the performance of these membranes in fuel cell operation. The membranes prepared from NMP solution and acidified with ion-exchange resins give the best results. They have good mechanical properties as well as high ionic conductivity (14.4 × 10 −2 S cm −1 at 80 °C) and good performances as proton exchange membrane (PEM) in fuel cell at 70 °C.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Power Sources
    Article . 2005 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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    9
    citations9
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Power Sources
      Article . 2005 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Blazquez, J. Alberto;
    Blazquez, J. Alberto
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Blazquez, J. Alberto in OpenAIRE
    orcid Iruin, Juan J.;
    Iruin, Juan J.
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Iruin, Juan J. in OpenAIRE
    Eceolaza, Sorkunde; Marestin, Catherine; +5 Authors

    Abstract A series of new sequenced sulfonated naphthalenic polyimides were synthesized containing a flexible aromatic–aliphatic diamine. The obtained membranes present the advantage of being soluble in N -methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) which is a less toxic solvent than the previously used m -cresol. In this work, we report on the solvent and acidification method effects on the properties of the membranes such as density, water uptake, proton conductivity as well as on the performance of these membranes in fuel cell operation. The membranes prepared from NMP solution and acidified with ion-exchange resins give the best results. They have good mechanical properties as well as high ionic conductivity (14.4 × 10 −2 S cm −1 at 80 °C) and good performances as proton exchange membrane (PEM) in fuel cell at 70 °C.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Power Sources
    Article . 2005 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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    9
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Power Sources
      Article . 2005 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid Andriy Kvasha;
    Andriy Kvasha
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Andriy Kvasha in OpenAIRE
    Idoia Urdampilleta; orcid Iratxe De Meatza;
    Iratxe De Meatza
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Iratxe De Meatza in OpenAIRE
    Roberta Colombo; +7 Authors

    The current lithium ion battery (LIB) technology has reached a very high degree of development and market share [1, 2]. However, several important bottlenecks still impede further spreading of lithium ion batteries into the EV market [2, 3]. Among them, their relatively high price and negative environmental impact have been addressed in this work. In particular, at the electrode manufacturing stage, the replacement of toxic and expensive N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent by water is considered an innovative and promising approach to reduce both the environmental impact and the final price of the batteries [4] without sacrificing electrochemical performance [5]. Here, we report the development of a large format LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC) - Graphite (C) pouch cell, with both electrodes prepared via aqueous processes using waterborne binders. The NMC-Graphite electrochemical system was chosen because it is considered as one of the most promising combinations for large format batteries for EV applications, in which both active materials are compatible with aqueous binders [6]. The positive electrode was composed of a commercial NMC (111) material. The negative electrode was prepared on the basis of C-NERGY™ ACTILION_1 graphite (IMERYS Graphite & Carbon) specially developed for better processability in aqueous slurries. Waterborne PVdF latexes (SOLVAY SPECIALTY POLYMERS ITALY) have been used as binders for both electrodes. Commercially available sodium carboxymethyl cellulose has been used as a dispersant for negative and positive electrode slurries. The formulation and design of the positive and negative electrodes was tailored to meet the MAT4BAT European project tasks and cell specifications. The negative and positive electrode slurries with elaborated formulations have been successfully scaled up to 3 and 6 kg, respectively. Then, more than 100 metres length double-side coated electrode rolls have been manufactured on a coating pilot line. Finally, several NMC/Graphite pouch cells with a stack design were assembled on automated pilot equipment. As shown in Figure 1, the manufactured NMC/C pouch cell with nominal capacity 17 Ah has demonstrated promising C-rate capability and stable long term cyclability with no negative influence of the aqueous processing. It should be noted that obtained specific energy density of 143 Wh/kg (@ 0.2C discharge) is very close to the commercial benchmark as defined within the MAT4BAT EU project. Thus, presented results allow for the conclusion that aqueous processing is a successful approach for manufacturing large format NMC-Graphite lithium ion cells for EV applications. The study has been performed within the MAT4BAT project funded by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement #608931. We would like to acknowledge Celaya, Emparanza y Galdós Internacional S.A. for the manufacturing of the NMC/C pouch cells. References: EUROBAT E-mobility Battery R&D Roadmap 2030, http://www.eurobat.org/sites/default/files/eurobat_emobility_roadmap_lores_2.pdf LUX Research press release: http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/next-generation-batteries-beyond-li-ion-will-be-worth-10-billion-in-2030-2078054.htm R Van Noorden, Nature 507 (7490) 26-28. D.L. Wood et al., J. Power Sources, 275 (2015) 234-242. A. Kvasha et al., C-LiFePO4 / Graphite pouch cell based on aqueous processed electrodes (P-064), in: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advanced Lithium Batteries for Automobile Applications; 2015, Sept. 30 – Oct. 2; Bilbao (Spain), p. 115. N. Loeffler et al., J. Power Sources, 248 (2014) 915-922. Figure 1

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao ECS Meeting Abstract...arrow_drop_down
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    Roberta Colombo; +7 Authors

    The current lithium ion battery (LIB) technology has reached a very high degree of development and market share [1, 2]. However, several important bottlenecks still impede further spreading of lithium ion batteries into the EV market [2, 3]. Among them, their relatively high price and negative environmental impact have been addressed in this work. In particular, at the electrode manufacturing stage, the replacement of toxic and expensive N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent by water is considered an innovative and promising approach to reduce both the environmental impact and the final price of the batteries [4] without sacrificing electrochemical performance [5]. Here, we report the development of a large format LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC) - Graphite (C) pouch cell, with both electrodes prepared via aqueous processes using waterborne binders. The NMC-Graphite electrochemical system was chosen because it is considered as one of the most promising combinations for large format batteries for EV applications, in which both active materials are compatible with aqueous binders [6]. The positive electrode was composed of a commercial NMC (111) material. The negative electrode was prepared on the basis of C-NERGY™ ACTILION_1 graphite (IMERYS Graphite & Carbon) specially developed for better processability in aqueous slurries. Waterborne PVdF latexes (SOLVAY SPECIALTY POLYMERS ITALY) have been used as binders for both electrodes. Commercially available sodium carboxymethyl cellulose has been used as a dispersant for negative and positive electrode slurries. The formulation and design of the positive and negative electrodes was tailored to meet the MAT4BAT European project tasks and cell specifications. The negative and positive electrode slurries with elaborated formulations have been successfully scaled up to 3 and 6 kg, respectively. Then, more than 100 metres length double-side coated electrode rolls have been manufactured on a coating pilot line. Finally, several NMC/Graphite pouch cells with a stack design were assembled on automated pilot equipment. As shown in Figure 1, the manufactured NMC/C pouch cell with nominal capacity 17 Ah has demonstrated promising C-rate capability and stable long term cyclability with no negative influence of the aqueous processing. It should be noted that obtained specific energy density of 143 Wh/kg (@ 0.2C discharge) is very close to the commercial benchmark as defined within the MAT4BAT EU project. Thus, presented results allow for the conclusion that aqueous processing is a successful approach for manufacturing large format NMC-Graphite lithium ion cells for EV applications. The study has been performed within the MAT4BAT project funded by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement #608931. We would like to acknowledge Celaya, Emparanza y Galdós Internacional S.A. for the manufacturing of the NMC/C pouch cells. References: EUROBAT E-mobility Battery R&D Roadmap 2030, http://www.eurobat.org/sites/default/files/eurobat_emobility_roadmap_lores_2.pdf LUX Research press release: http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/next-generation-batteries-beyond-li-ion-will-be-worth-10-billion-in-2030-2078054.htm R Van Noorden, Nature 507 (7490) 26-28. D.L. Wood et al., J. Power Sources, 275 (2015) 234-242. A. Kvasha et al., C-LiFePO4 / Graphite pouch cell based on aqueous processed electrodes (P-064), in: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advanced Lithium Batteries for Automobile Applications; 2015, Sept. 30 – Oct. 2; Bilbao (Spain), p. 115. N. Loeffler et al., J. Power Sources, 248 (2014) 915-922. Figure 1

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    Emerging energy storage systems based on abundant and cost-effective materials are key to overcome the global energy and climate crisis of the 21st century.

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    Emerging energy storage systems based on abundant and cost-effective materials are key to overcome the global energy and climate crisis of the 21st century.

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    Apollo
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    Article . 2023
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      Apollo
      Article . 2023
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      Article . 2023
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    Authors: orcid Aroa R. Mainar;
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    orcid Elena Iruin;
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    AbstractDevelopment of secondary zinc–air batteries goes through a proper specification of the electrolyte formulation adapted to extend the cycle life of the battery. However, defining an optimal formulation is not a trivial work due to the specific requirements for each electrode. At half‐cell level, it has been determined that ZnO‐saturated 4 mol L−1 KOH with 2 mol L−1 KF and 2 mol L−1 K2CO3 (4s‐2) is the most suitable formulation to increase the cycle life of secondary zinc electrode, whereas additive‐free 8 mol L−1 KOH (8‐0) formulation is more beneficial for the bifunctional air electrode (BAE). Through this systematic cycle life assessment, it has been found that the most suitable electrolyte formulation for the full cell system is a compendium for both electrodes requirements. It has determined an optimal electrolyte formulation for the full system consisting of ZnO‐saturated 7 mol L−1 KOH with 1.4 mol L−1 KF and 1.4 mol L−1 K2CO3 (7s‐1.4). This electrolyte composition increases at least 2.5 times the reversibility of the secondary zinc–air battery in comparison with that employing the traditional formulation for primary zinc–air batteries (additive‐free 8 mol L−1 KOH). In addition, the development of a proper cell design or separator is also necessary to further enhance the secondary zinc–air cycle life.

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    Energy Science & Engineering
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Aroa R. Mainar;
    Aroa R. Mainar
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Aroa R. Mainar in OpenAIRE
    orcid Elena Iruin;
    Elena Iruin
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Elena Iruin in OpenAIRE
    orcid Luis C. Colmenares;
    Luis C. Colmenares
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Luis C. Colmenares in OpenAIRE
    orcid J. Alberto Blázquez;
    J. Alberto Blázquez
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    J. Alberto Blázquez in OpenAIRE
    +1 Authors

    AbstractDevelopment of secondary zinc–air batteries goes through a proper specification of the electrolyte formulation adapted to extend the cycle life of the battery. However, defining an optimal formulation is not a trivial work due to the specific requirements for each electrode. At half‐cell level, it has been determined that ZnO‐saturated 4 mol L−1 KOH with 2 mol L−1 KF and 2 mol L−1 K2CO3 (4s‐2) is the most suitable formulation to increase the cycle life of secondary zinc electrode, whereas additive‐free 8 mol L−1 KOH (8‐0) formulation is more beneficial for the bifunctional air electrode (BAE). Through this systematic cycle life assessment, it has been found that the most suitable electrolyte formulation for the full cell system is a compendium for both electrodes requirements. It has determined an optimal electrolyte formulation for the full system consisting of ZnO‐saturated 7 mol L−1 KOH with 1.4 mol L−1 KF and 1.4 mol L−1 K2CO3 (7s‐1.4). This electrolyte composition increases at least 2.5 times the reversibility of the secondary zinc–air battery in comparison with that employing the traditional formulation for primary zinc–air batteries (additive‐free 8 mol L−1 KOH). In addition, the development of a proper cell design or separator is also necessary to further enhance the secondary zinc–air cycle life.

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    Energy Science & Engineering
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      OpenAIRE
      Article . 2018
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid Andriy Kvasha;
    Andriy Kvasha
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Andriy Kvasha in OpenAIRE
    César Gutiérrez; Urtzi Osa; orcid Iratxe de Meatza;
    Iratxe de Meatza
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Iratxe de Meatza in OpenAIRE
    +3 Authors

    Abstract Thermal runaway of three lithium ion cells (“A” - NCA/Graphite, “B” - LFP/Graphite, “C” - NCA/LTO) at 0%, 50%, and 100% state of charge (SOC) is studied by Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC). Thermal behaviour of harvested positive and negative electrodes at three SOC (0%, 50%, and 100%) is analyzed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Thermal stability of recovered separators is also investigated by DSC. Harvested electrodes and separators are studied alone and in contact with a liquid electrolyte. The thermal behaviour of each component and its contribution is quantified and thoroughly discussed. A crucial negative impact of the state of charge and presence of highly flammable liquid electrolyte on the thermal instability of the investigated cells and “electrode - electrolyte” systems is clearly revealed. Among studied cells, LiFePO4/Graphite one is the safest due to intrinsic thermal stability of lithium iron phosphate LiFePO4 based cathode and despite the fact of using a microporous polyolefin separator with limited thermal stability.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid Andriy Kvasha;
    Andriy Kvasha
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Andriy Kvasha in OpenAIRE
    César Gutiérrez; Urtzi Osa; orcid Iratxe de Meatza;
    Iratxe de Meatza
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Iratxe de Meatza in OpenAIRE
    +3 Authors

    Abstract Thermal runaway of three lithium ion cells (“A” - NCA/Graphite, “B” - LFP/Graphite, “C” - NCA/LTO) at 0%, 50%, and 100% state of charge (SOC) is studied by Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC). Thermal behaviour of harvested positive and negative electrodes at three SOC (0%, 50%, and 100%) is analyzed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Thermal stability of recovered separators is also investigated by DSC. Harvested electrodes and separators are studied alone and in contact with a liquid electrolyte. The thermal behaviour of each component and its contribution is quantified and thoroughly discussed. A crucial negative impact of the state of charge and presence of highly flammable liquid electrolyte on the thermal instability of the investigated cells and “electrode - electrolyte” systems is clearly revealed. Among studied cells, LiFePO4/Graphite one is the safest due to intrinsic thermal stability of lithium iron phosphate LiFePO4 based cathode and despite the fact of using a microporous polyolefin separator with limited thermal stability.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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    113
    citations113
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid M Rosa Palacin;
    M Rosa Palacin
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    M Rosa Palacin in OpenAIRE
    orcid Patrik Johansson;
    Patrik Johansson
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Patrik Johansson in OpenAIRE
    orcid Robert Dominko;
    Robert Dominko
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Robert Dominko in OpenAIRE
    Ben Dlugatch; +37 Authors

    Abstract Battery technologies based in multivalent charge carriers with ideally two or three electrons transferred per ion exchanged between the electrodes have large promises in raw performance numbers, most often expressed as high energy density, and are also ideally based on raw materials that are widely abundant and less expensive. Yet, these are still globally in their infancy, with some concepts (e.g. Mg metal) being more technologically mature. The challenges to address are derived on one side from the highly polarizing nature of multivalent ions when compared to single valent concepts such as Li+ or Na+ present in Li-ion or Na-ion batteries, and on the other, from the difficulties in achieving efficient metal plating/stripping (which remains the holy grail for lithium). Nonetheless, research performed to date has given some fruits and a clearer view of the challenges ahead. These include technological topics (production of thin and ductile metal foil anodes) but also chemical aspects (electrolytes with high conductivity enabling efficient plating/stripping) or high-capacity cathodes with suitable kinetics (better inorganic hosts for intercalation of such highly polarizable multivalent ions). This roadmap provides an extensive review by experts in the different technologies, which exhibit similarities but also striking differences, of the current state of the art in 2023 and the research directions and strategies currently underway to develop multivalent batteries. The aim is to provide an opinion with respect to the current challenges, potential bottlenecks, and also emerging opportunities for their practical deployment.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    JPhys Energy
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    Data sources: Crossref
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    JPhys Energy
    Article . 2024
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    ZENODO
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    ZENODO
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    Research Collection
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    UCL Discovery
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    JPhys Energy
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      JPhys Energy
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
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      JPhys Energy
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      Article . 2024
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    Authors: orcid M Rosa Palacin;
    M Rosa Palacin
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    M Rosa Palacin in OpenAIRE
    orcid Patrik Johansson;
    Patrik Johansson
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Patrik Johansson in OpenAIRE
    orcid Robert Dominko;
    Robert Dominko
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Robert Dominko in OpenAIRE
    Ben Dlugatch; +37 Authors

    Abstract Battery technologies based in multivalent charge carriers with ideally two or three electrons transferred per ion exchanged between the electrodes have large promises in raw performance numbers, most often expressed as high energy density, and are also ideally based on raw materials that are widely abundant and less expensive. Yet, these are still globally in their infancy, with some concepts (e.g. Mg metal) being more technologically mature. The challenges to address are derived on one side from the highly polarizing nature of multivalent ions when compared to single valent concepts such as Li+ or Na+ present in Li-ion or Na-ion batteries, and on the other, from the difficulties in achieving efficient metal plating/stripping (which remains the holy grail for lithium). Nonetheless, research performed to date has given some fruits and a clearer view of the challenges ahead. These include technological topics (production of thin and ductile metal foil anodes) but also chemical aspects (electrolytes with high conductivity enabling efficient plating/stripping) or high-capacity cathodes with suitable kinetics (better inorganic hosts for intercalation of such highly polarizable multivalent ions). This roadmap provides an extensive review by experts in the different technologies, which exhibit similarities but also striking differences, of the current state of the art in 2023 and the research directions and strategies currently underway to develop multivalent batteries. The aim is to provide an opinion with respect to the current challenges, potential bottlenecks, and also emerging opportunities for their practical deployment.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ University of Freibu...arrow_drop_down
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    JPhys Energy
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    Data sources: Crossref
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2024
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    Data sources: Datacite
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    ZENODO
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2024
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    UCL Discovery
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    JPhys Energy
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    Authors: orcid Julian Klemens;
    Julian Klemens
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Julian Klemens in OpenAIRE
    orcid Ann‐Kathrin Wurba;
    Ann‐Kathrin Wurba
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    Ann‐Kathrin Wurba in OpenAIRE
    orcid David Burger;
    David Burger
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    David Burger in OpenAIRE
    orcid Marcus Müller;
    Marcus Müller
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    Marcus Müller in OpenAIRE
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    AbstractSodium‐ion batteries are an emerging technology that is still at an early stage of development. The electrode processing for anode and cathode is expected to be similar to lithium‐ion batteries (drop‐in technology), yet a detailed comparison is not published. There are ongoing questions about the influence of the active materials on processing parameters such as slurry viscosity, coating thicknesses, drying times, and behavior during fast drying. Herein, the expected drying time for the same areal capacity of anodes (graphite vs. hard carbon) and cathodes (lithium iron phosphate vs. Prussian blue analogs) are compared based on respective specific capacities reported in the literature. Estimates are made for the materials’ impact on production speed or dryer length. Within the experimental part, water‐based slurries of the same composition are mixed using different active materials according to identical procedure and the viscosity is compared. When drying at a constant drying rate (0.75 g m−2 s−1), lithium iron phosphate electrodes with different areal capacities (1–3 mAh cm−2) are shown to have the highest adhesion. For high drying rates (3 g m−2 s−1) at constant areal capacity, especially the investigated electrodes based on hard carbon show that no binder migration occurs.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ KITopen (Karlsruhe I...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Batteries & Supercaps
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
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      Batteries & Supercaps
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
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    Authors: orcid Julian Klemens;
    Julian Klemens
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Julian Klemens in OpenAIRE
    orcid Ann‐Kathrin Wurba;
    Ann‐Kathrin Wurba
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Ann‐Kathrin Wurba in OpenAIRE
    orcid David Burger;
    David Burger
    ORCID
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    David Burger in OpenAIRE
    orcid Marcus Müller;
    Marcus Müller
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Marcus Müller in OpenAIRE
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    AbstractSodium‐ion batteries are an emerging technology that is still at an early stage of development. The electrode processing for anode and cathode is expected to be similar to lithium‐ion batteries (drop‐in technology), yet a detailed comparison is not published. There are ongoing questions about the influence of the active materials on processing parameters such as slurry viscosity, coating thicknesses, drying times, and behavior during fast drying. Herein, the expected drying time for the same areal capacity of anodes (graphite vs. hard carbon) and cathodes (lithium iron phosphate vs. Prussian blue analogs) are compared based on respective specific capacities reported in the literature. Estimates are made for the materials’ impact on production speed or dryer length. Within the experimental part, water‐based slurries of the same composition are mixed using different active materials according to identical procedure and the viscosity is compared. When drying at a constant drying rate (0.75 g m−2 s−1), lithium iron phosphate electrodes with different areal capacities (1–3 mAh cm−2) are shown to have the highest adhesion. For high drying rates (3 g m−2 s−1) at constant areal capacity, especially the investigated electrodes based on hard carbon show that no binder migration occurs.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ KITopen (Karlsruhe I...arrow_drop_down
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    Batteries & Supercaps
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
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      Batteries & Supercaps
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid Sarai García;
    Sarai García
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    orcid Olatz Leonet;
    Olatz Leonet
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    Eneko Azaceta; orcid Iñaki Gómez;
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    Iñaki Gómez in OpenAIRE
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    The high capacity of sulfur makes lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries the most promising next‐generation battery systems. With a significantly higher theoretical specific energy than conventional lithium‐ion batteries, this technology is intensely investigated. However, currently used cathodes have some critical drawbacks which affect the performance of Li–S batteries. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) demonstrates its power for solving some emerging issues in energy‐storage systems. The application of alumina (Al2O3) to the cathode surface improves the morphology and/or chemistry, providing a solution for some of the most common issues of Li–S batteries. Herein, the cathode of Li–S batteries is coated with alumina by ALD. In addition, the optimal parameters for ALD application to sulfur‐based electrodes are reported. It is demonstrated that alumina deposition results in an improved capacity of the system. The process temperature plays an important role, in particular for few‐cycle ALD processes, aiding better cell performance. Higher numbers of ALD cycles, especially at elevated process temperatures, result in considerable sulfur loss, which significantly lowers the cell performance. Cathodes coated with alumina at low process temperatures and with low numbers of ALD cycles are promising alternatives for conventional Li–S cathodes as they increase the capacity of the system considerably.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energy Technologyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy Technology
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid Sarai García;
    Sarai García
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Sarai García in OpenAIRE
    orcid Olatz Leonet;
    Olatz Leonet
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Olatz Leonet in OpenAIRE
    Eneko Azaceta; orcid Iñaki Gómez;
    Iñaki Gómez
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    Iñaki Gómez in OpenAIRE
    +3 Authors

    The high capacity of sulfur makes lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries the most promising next‐generation battery systems. With a significantly higher theoretical specific energy than conventional lithium‐ion batteries, this technology is intensely investigated. However, currently used cathodes have some critical drawbacks which affect the performance of Li–S batteries. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) demonstrates its power for solving some emerging issues in energy‐storage systems. The application of alumina (Al2O3) to the cathode surface improves the morphology and/or chemistry, providing a solution for some of the most common issues of Li–S batteries. Herein, the cathode of Li–S batteries is coated with alumina by ALD. In addition, the optimal parameters for ALD application to sulfur‐based electrodes are reported. It is demonstrated that alumina deposition results in an improved capacity of the system. The process temperature plays an important role, in particular for few‐cycle ALD processes, aiding better cell performance. Higher numbers of ALD cycles, especially at elevated process temperatures, result in considerable sulfur loss, which significantly lowers the cell performance. Cathodes coated with alumina at low process temperatures and with low numbers of ALD cycles are promising alternatives for conventional Li–S cathodes as they increase the capacity of the system considerably.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energy Technologyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy Technology
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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