• Energy Research

A dataset containing 599 data points from 146 publications on 2D/3D perovskite solar cells is analyzed using machine learning. The predictive models are developed for power conversion efficiency (PCE) using eXtreme Gradient Boosting regression, random forest regression and artificial neural networks while association rule mining is used to analyze the stability data to identify the descriptors leading to high stability 2D/3D cells. A predictive model is also developed for the bandgap to predict the missing values in the dataset for the use in PCE predictions. Models for both bandgap and PCE predictions are quite successful. The thickness of inorganic layer (n), radius of anion (R x ), and 2D cation (R m) are found to be the most important descriptors for bandgap predictions; n and R m, together with the bandgap, are found to be deterministic for PCE in regular cells while the bandgap, n, and conduction band energy of hole transport layer are the most influential descriptors in inverted structures. Association rule mining analysis for the stability indicates that the cells with layered perovskite structures are more stable while the 2D and 3D cations leading to the most stable cells are found to be butylammonium and formamidinium‐Cs mixed cation respectively.

Herein, the hysteresis and reproducibility of perovskite solar cells and their relations with power conversion efficiency and long‐term stability are analyzed using machine learning tools. A hysteresis dataset containing 387 cells from 194 articles in the literature is constructed and analyzed using association rule mining, while the reproducibility is analyzed using the pooled variance of 24 142 cells from 438 articles. It is found that mixed cation perovskites, two‐step spin coating or multiple spin coating in one step, dimethylformamide + dimethyl sulfoxide as precursor solution, poly[bis(4‐phenyl)(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)amine as hole transport layer (HTL), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide + 4‐tert‐butylpyridine + tris(2‐(1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐4‐tert‐butylpyridine) cobalt(III) as HTL dopant, and carbon as back contact are found to be beneficial for both low hysteresis and high reproducibility in regular (n–i–p) cells. In addition to the perovskite material and deposition techniques mentioned earlier, the toluene as antisolvent, bathocuproine as electron transport layer interlayer, and Ag as back contact are found to have positive impacts in inverted (p–i–n) cells. It is also found that those factors are also highly relevant for power conversion efficiency and stability, clearly relating these four most commonly discussed performance measures for perovskite cells.

AbstractImproving the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells is critical to the deployment of this technology. Despite the great emphasis laid on stability-related investigations, publications lack consistency in experimental procedures and parameters reported. It is therefore challenging to reproduce and compare results and thereby develop a deep understanding of degradation mechanisms. Here, we report a consensus between researchers in the field on procedures for testing perovskite solar cell stability, which are based on the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability (ISOS) protocols. We propose additional procedures to account for properties specific to PSCs such as ion redistribution under electric fields, reversible degradation and to distinguish ambient-induced degradation from other stress factors. These protocols are not intended as a replacement of the existing qualification standards, but rather they aim to unify the stability assessment and to understand failure modes. Finally, we identify key procedural information which we suggest reporting in publications to improve reproducibility and enable large data set analysis.

Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have become the preferred choice in electric vehicles (EVs) for reducing CO2 emissions, enhancing energy efficiency, and enabling rechargeability. They are extensively used in mobile electronics, EVs, grid storage, and other applications due to their high power, low self-discharge rate, wide operating temperature range, lack of memory effect, and environmental friendliness. However, commercial LIBs face safety and energy density challenges, primarily due to volatile and flammable liquid electrolytes and moderate energy densities. To address these issues, advanced materials are being explored for improved performance in battery components such as the anode, cathode, and electrolyte. All-solid-state batteries (ASSEBs) emerge as a promising alternative to liquid electrolyte LIBs, offering higher energy density, better stability, and enhanced safety. Despite challenges like lower ionic transport, ongoing research is advancing ASSEBs’ commercial viability. This paper critically reviews the state of the art in ASSEBs, including electrolyte compositions, production techniques, battery management systems (BMSs), thermal management systems, and environmental performance. It also assesses ASSEB applications in EVs, consumer electronics, aerospace, defense, and renewable energy storage, highlighting the potential for a more sustainable and efficient energy future.

Abstract In this work, a dataset containing long-term stability data for 404 organolead halide perovskite cells was constructed from 181 published papers and analyzed using machine-learning tools of association rule mining and decision trees; the effects of cell manufacturing materials, deposition methods and storage conditions on cell stability were investigated. For regular cells, mixed cation perovskites, multi-spin coating as one-step deposition, DMF + DMSO as precursor solution and chlorobenzene as anti-solvent were found to have positive effects on stability; SnO2 as ETL compact layer, PCBM as second ETL, inorganic HTLs or HTL-free cells, LiTFSI + TBP + FK209 and F4TCNQ as HTL additives and carbon as back contact were also found to improve stability. The cells stored under low humidity were found to be more stable as expected. The degradation was slightly faster in inverted cells under humid condition; the use of some materials (like mixed cation perovskites, PTAA and NiOx as HTL, PCBM + C60 as ETL, and BCP interlayer) were found to result in more stable cells.