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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2007Publisher:University of Chicago Press Authors: Karen E. van de Wolfshaar; Tobias van Kooten; Tobias van Kooten; T. Schellekens; +3 AuthorsKaren E. van de Wolfshaar; Tobias van Kooten; Tobias van Kooten; T. Schellekens; Lennart Persson; David Claessen; André M. de Roos;We analyze a stage-structured biomass model for size-structured consumer-resource interactions. Maturation of juvenile consumers is modeled with a food-dependent function that consistently translates individual-level assumptions about growth in body size to the population level. Furthermore, the model accounts for stage-specific differences in resource use and mortality between juvenile and adult consumers. Without such differences, the model reduces to the Yodzis and Innes (1992) bioenergetics model, for which we show that model equilibria are characterized by a symmetry property that reproduction and maturation are equally limited by food density. As a consequence, biomass production rate exactly equals loss rate through maintenance and mortality in each consumer stage. Stage-specific differences break up this symmetry and turn specific stages into net producers and others into net losers of biomass. As a consequence, the population in equilibrium can be regulated in two distinct ways: either through total population reproduction or through total population maturation as limiting process. In the case of reproduction regulation, increases in mortality may lead to an increase of juvenile biomass. In the case of maturation regulation, increases in mortality may increase adult biomass. This overcompensation in biomass occurs with increases in both stage-independent and stage-specific mortality, even when the latter targets the stage exhibiting overcompensation.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesbronze 128 citations 128 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2008Publisher:Elsevier BV Authors: Tobias van Kooten; Karen E. van de Wolfshaar; André M. de Roos; Lennart Persson; +3 AuthorsTobias van Kooten; Karen E. van de Wolfshaar; André M. de Roos; Lennart Persson; T. Schellekens; T. Schellekens; David Claessen;We formulate and analyze an archetypal consumer-resource model in terms of ordinary differential equations that consistently translates individual life history processes, in particular food-dependent growth in body size and stage-specific differences between juveniles and adults in resource use and mortality, to the population level. This stage-structured model is derived as an approximation to a physiologically structured population model, which accounts for a complete size-distribution of the consumer population and which is based on assumptions about the energy budget and size-dependent life history of individual consumers. The approximation ensures that under equilibrium conditions predictions of both models are completely identical. In addition we find that under non-equilibrium conditions the stage-structured model gives rise to dynamics that closely approximate the dynamics exhibited by the size-structured model, as long as adult consumers are superior foragers than juveniles with a higher mass-specific ingestion rate. When the mass-specific intake rate of juvenile consumers is higher, the size-structured model exhibits single-generation cycles, in which a single cohort of consumers dominates population dynamics throughout its life time and the population composition varies over time between a dominance by juveniles and adults, respectively. The stage-structured model does not capture these dynamics because it incorporates a distributed time delay between the birth and maturation of an individual organism in contrast to the size-structured model, in which maturation is a discrete event in individual life history. We investigate model dynamics with both semi-chemostat and logistic resource growth.
Theoretical Populati... arrow_drop_down Theoretical Population BiologyArticle . 2008Data sources: DANS (Data Archiving and Networked Services)Theoretical Population BiologyArticle . 2008 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesbronze 100 citations 100 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Theoretical Populati... arrow_drop_down Theoretical Population BiologyArticle . 2008Data sources: DANS (Data Archiving and Networked Services)Theoretical Population BiologyArticle . 2008 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Journal 2014 NetherlandsPublisher:Resilience Alliance, Inc. Andrea S. Downing; Egbert H. van Nes; J.S. Balirwa; Joost Beuving; P.O.J. Bwathondi; Lauren J. Chapman; Ilse J. M. Cornelissen; Iain G. Cowx; Kees Goudswaard; Robert E. Hecky; Jan H. Janse; Annette B.G. Janssen; Les Kaufman; Mary A. Kishe-Machumu; Jeppe Kolding; W. Ligtvoet; D. Mbabazi; Modesta Médard; O.C. Mkumbo; Enock Mlaponi; Antony T. Munyaho; L.A.J. Nagelkerke; R. Ogutu‐Ohwayo; William Ojwang; Happy K. Peter; Daniel E. Schindler; Ole Seehausen; Diana M. T. Sharpe; Greg M. Silsbe; Lewis Sitoki; Rhoda Tumwebaze; Denis Tweddle; K.E. van de Wolfshaar; Han van Dijk; Ellen Van Donk; Jacco C. van Rijssel; P.A.M. van Zwieten; Jan H. Wanink; Frans Witte; Wolf M. Mooij;El lago Victoria de África oriental proporciona recursos y servicios a millones de personas en las orillas del lago y en el extranjero. En particular, las pesquerías del lago son una fuente importante de proteínas, empleo y conexiones económicas internacionales para toda la región. Sin embargo, la dinámica de las poblaciones es poco conocida y actualmente impredecible. Además, la dinámica pesquera está intrincadamente conectada con otros servicios de apoyo del lago, así como con las sociedades y economías de la orilla del lago. Se han realizado muchas investigaciones poco a poco sobre diferentes aspectos del sistema del lago Victoria; por ejemplo, las sociedades, biodiversidad, pesca y eutrofización. Sin embargo, para desentrañar los impulsores y la dinámica del cambio en este complejo sistema, debemos unir estas piezas y analizar el sistema en su conjunto. Lo hicimos primero construyendo un modelo cualitativo del sistema socioecológico del lago. Luego investigamos el sistema modelo a través de un análisis de bucle cualitativo y, finalmente, examinamos los efectos de los cambios en el estado y la estructura del sistema. El modelo y su análisis contextual nos permitieron investigar las reacciones en cadena de todo el sistema resultantes de las perturbaciones. Es importante destacar que construimos una herramienta que puede ser utilizado para analizar los efectos en cascada de las opciones de gestión y establecer los requisitos para su éxito. Encontramos que una alta conectividad del sistema a nivel de explotación, a través de pesquerías que tienen múltiples poblaciones objetivo, puede aumentar la vulnerabilidad de las poblaciones a la explotación, pero reducir la vulnerabilidad de la sociedad a la variabilidad en las poblaciones individuales. Describimos cómo existen múltiples vías para cualquier cambio en el sistema, lo que dificulta la identificación de la causa raíz de los cambios, pero también amplía el conjunto de herramientas de gestión. También, ilustramos cómo el enriquecimiento de nutrientes no es un proceso de autorregulación, y que la gestión explícita es necesaria para detener o revertir la eutrofización. Este modelo es simple y utilizable para evaluar los efectos de las políticas de gestión en todo el sistema, y puede servir como piedra angular para futuros análisis cuantitativos de la dinámica del sistema a escalas locales. Le lac Victoria en Afrique de l'Est fournit des ressources et des services à des millions de personnes sur les rives du lac et à l'étranger. En particulier, les pêches du lac sont une source importante de protéines, d'emplois et de liens économiques internationaux pour l'ensemble de la région. Néanmoins, la dynamique des stocks est mal comprise et actuellement imprévisible. En outre, la dynamique des pêches est étroitement liée à d'autres services de soutien du lac ainsi qu'aux sociétés et économies riveraines du lac. De nombreuses recherches ont été menées au coup par coup sur différents aspects du système du lac Victoria ; par exemple, les sociétés, biodiversité, pêcheries et eutrophisation.Toutefois, pour démêler les facteurs et les dynamiques de changement dans ce système complexe, nous devons rassembler ces éléments et analyser le système dans son ensemble.Nous l'avons fait en construisant d'abord un modèle qualitatif du système socio-écologique du lac.Nous avons ensuite étudié le système modèle à travers une analyse qualitative en boucle, et enfin examiné les effets des changements sur l'état et la structure du système.Le modèle et son analyse contextuelle nous ont permis d'étudier les réactions en chaîne à l'échelle du système résultant des perturbations.Important, nous avons construit un outil qui peut être utilisé pour analyser les effets en cascade des options de gestion et établir les conditions de leur succès. Nous avons constaté qu'une connectivité élevée du système au niveau de l'exploitation, grâce à des pêcheries ayant plusieurs stocks cibles, peut augmenter la vulnérabilité des stocks à l'exploitation mais réduire la vulnérabilité de la société à la variabilité des stocks individuels. Nous décrivons comment il existe de multiples voies vers tout changement dans le système, ce qui rend difficile l'identification de la cause profonde des changements, mais élargit également la boîte à outils de gestion. Nous illustrons également comment l'enrichissement en nutriments n'est pas un processus d'autorégulation, et qu'une gestion explicite est nécessaire pour arrêter ou inverser l'eutrophisation. Ce modèle est simple et utilisable pour évaluer les effets des politiques de gestion à l'échelle du système, et peut servir de pavé pour les futures analyses quantitatives de la dynamique du système à l'échelle locale. East Africa's Lake Victoria provides resources and services to millions of people on the lake's shores and abroad.In particular, the lake's fisheries are an important source of protein, employment, and international economic connections for the whole region.Nonetheless, stock dynamics are poorly understood and currently unpredictable.Furthermore, fishery dynamics are intricately connected to other supporting services of the lake as well as to lakeshore societies and economies.Much research has been carried out piecemeal on different aspects of Lake Victoria's system; e.g., societies, biodiversity, fisheries, and eutrophication.However, to disentangle drivers and dynamics of change in this complex system, we need to put these pieces together and analyze the system as a whole.We did so by first building a qualitative model of the lake's social-ecological system.We then investigated the model system through a qualitative loop analysis, and finally examined effects of changes on the system state and structure.The model and its contextual analysis allowed us to investigate system-wide chain reactions resulting from disturbances.Importantly, we built a tool that can be used to analyze the cascading effects of management options and establish the requirements for their success.We found that high connectedness of the system at the exploitation level, through fisheries having multiple target stocks, can increase the stocks' vulnerability to exploitation but reduce society's vulnerability to variability in individual stocks.We describe how there are multiple pathways to any change in the system, which makes it difficult to identify the root cause of changes but also broadens the management toolkit.Also, we illustrate how nutrient enrichment is not a self-regulating process, and that explicit management is necessary to halt or reverse eutrophication.This model is simple and usable to assess system-wide effects of management policies, and can serve as a paving stone for future quantitative analyses of system dynamics at local scales. توفر بحيرة فيكتوريا في شرق إفريقيا الموارد والخدمات لملايين الأشخاص على شواطئ البحيرة وخارجها. على وجه الخصوص، تعد مصايد أسماك البحيرة مصدرًا مهمًا للبروتين والعمالة والروابط الاقتصادية الدولية للمنطقة بأكملها. ومع ذلك، فإن ديناميكيات الأرصدة غير مفهومة جيدًا ولا يمكن التنبؤ بها حاليًا. علاوة على ذلك، ترتبط ديناميكيات مصايد الأسماك ارتباطًا وثيقًا بالخدمات الداعمة الأخرى للبحيرة وكذلك بالمجتمعات والاقتصادات الشاطئية للبحيرة. تم إجراء الكثير من الأبحاث بشكل تدريجي على جوانب مختلفة من نظام بحيرة فيكتوريا ؛ على سبيل المثال، المجتمعات، التنوع البيولوجي ومصائد الأسماك والمغذيات. ومع ذلك، لفك تشابك محركات وديناميكيات التغيير في هذا النظام المعقد، نحتاج إلى تجميع هذه القطع معًا وتحليل النظام ككل. لقد فعلنا ذلك أولاً من خلال بناء نموذج نوعي للنظام الاجتماعي البيئي للبحيرة. ثم قمنا بالتحقيق في النظام النموذجي من خلال تحليل حلقة نوعي، وأخيرًا فحصنا آثار التغييرات على حالة النظام وهيكله. سمح لنا النموذج وتحليله السياقي بالتحقيق في تفاعلات السلسلة على مستوى النظام الناتجة عن الاضطرابات. والأهم من ذلك، قمنا ببناء أداة يمكن أن تكون تستخدم لتحليل الآثار المتتالية لخيارات الإدارة وتحديد متطلبات نجاحها. وجدنا أن الترابط العالي للنظام على مستوى الاستغلال، من خلال مصايد الأسماك التي لديها مخزونات مستهدفة متعددة، يمكن أن يزيد من تعرض المخزونات للاستغلال ولكنه يقلل من تعرض المجتمع للتقلبات في المخزونات الفردية. نصف كيف توجد مسارات متعددة لأي تغيير في النظام، مما يجعل من الصعب تحديد السبب الجذري للتغييرات ولكن أيضًا يوسع مجموعة أدوات الإدارة. أيضًا، نوضح كيف أن إثراء المغذيات ليس عملية ذاتية التنظيم، وأن الإدارة الصريحة ضرورية لوقف أو عكس المغذيات. هذا النموذج بسيط وقابل للاستخدام لتقييم الآثار على مستوى النظام لسياسات الإدارة، ويمكن أن يكون بمثابة حجر رصف للتحليلات الكمية المستقبلية لديناميكيات النظام على المستويات المحلية.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 58 citations 58 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2007Publisher:University of Chicago Press Authors: Karen E. van de Wolfshaar; Tobias van Kooten; Tobias van Kooten; T. Schellekens; +3 AuthorsKaren E. van de Wolfshaar; Tobias van Kooten; Tobias van Kooten; T. Schellekens; Lennart Persson; David Claessen; André M. de Roos;We analyze a stage-structured biomass model for size-structured consumer-resource interactions. Maturation of juvenile consumers is modeled with a food-dependent function that consistently translates individual-level assumptions about growth in body size to the population level. Furthermore, the model accounts for stage-specific differences in resource use and mortality between juvenile and adult consumers. Without such differences, the model reduces to the Yodzis and Innes (1992) bioenergetics model, for which we show that model equilibria are characterized by a symmetry property that reproduction and maturation are equally limited by food density. As a consequence, biomass production rate exactly equals loss rate through maintenance and mortality in each consumer stage. Stage-specific differences break up this symmetry and turn specific stages into net producers and others into net losers of biomass. As a consequence, the population in equilibrium can be regulated in two distinct ways: either through total population reproduction or through total population maturation as limiting process. In the case of reproduction regulation, increases in mortality may lead to an increase of juvenile biomass. In the case of maturation regulation, increases in mortality may increase adult biomass. This overcompensation in biomass occurs with increases in both stage-independent and stage-specific mortality, even when the latter targets the stage exhibiting overcompensation.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesbronze 128 citations 128 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1086/520119&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2008Publisher:Elsevier BV Authors: Tobias van Kooten; Karen E. van de Wolfshaar; André M. de Roos; Lennart Persson; +3 AuthorsTobias van Kooten; Karen E. van de Wolfshaar; André M. de Roos; Lennart Persson; T. Schellekens; T. Schellekens; David Claessen;We formulate and analyze an archetypal consumer-resource model in terms of ordinary differential equations that consistently translates individual life history processes, in particular food-dependent growth in body size and stage-specific differences between juveniles and adults in resource use and mortality, to the population level. This stage-structured model is derived as an approximation to a physiologically structured population model, which accounts for a complete size-distribution of the consumer population and which is based on assumptions about the energy budget and size-dependent life history of individual consumers. The approximation ensures that under equilibrium conditions predictions of both models are completely identical. In addition we find that under non-equilibrium conditions the stage-structured model gives rise to dynamics that closely approximate the dynamics exhibited by the size-structured model, as long as adult consumers are superior foragers than juveniles with a higher mass-specific ingestion rate. When the mass-specific intake rate of juvenile consumers is higher, the size-structured model exhibits single-generation cycles, in which a single cohort of consumers dominates population dynamics throughout its life time and the population composition varies over time between a dominance by juveniles and adults, respectively. The stage-structured model does not capture these dynamics because it incorporates a distributed time delay between the birth and maturation of an individual organism in contrast to the size-structured model, in which maturation is a discrete event in individual life history. We investigate model dynamics with both semi-chemostat and logistic resource growth.
Theoretical Populati... arrow_drop_down Theoretical Population BiologyArticle . 2008Data sources: DANS (Data Archiving and Networked Services)Theoretical Population BiologyArticle . 2008 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesbronze 100 citations 100 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Theoretical Populati... arrow_drop_down Theoretical Population BiologyArticle . 2008Data sources: DANS (Data Archiving and Networked Services)Theoretical Population BiologyArticle . 2008 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Journal 2014 NetherlandsPublisher:Resilience Alliance, Inc. Andrea S. Downing; Egbert H. van Nes; J.S. Balirwa; Joost Beuving; P.O.J. Bwathondi; Lauren J. Chapman; Ilse J. M. Cornelissen; Iain G. Cowx; Kees Goudswaard; Robert E. Hecky; Jan H. Janse; Annette B.G. Janssen; Les Kaufman; Mary A. Kishe-Machumu; Jeppe Kolding; W. Ligtvoet; D. Mbabazi; Modesta Médard; O.C. Mkumbo; Enock Mlaponi; Antony T. Munyaho; L.A.J. Nagelkerke; R. Ogutu‐Ohwayo; William Ojwang; Happy K. Peter; Daniel E. Schindler; Ole Seehausen; Diana M. T. Sharpe; Greg M. Silsbe; Lewis Sitoki; Rhoda Tumwebaze; Denis Tweddle; K.E. van de Wolfshaar; Han van Dijk; Ellen Van Donk; Jacco C. van Rijssel; P.A.M. van Zwieten; Jan H. Wanink; Frans Witte; Wolf M. Mooij;El lago Victoria de África oriental proporciona recursos y servicios a millones de personas en las orillas del lago y en el extranjero. En particular, las pesquerías del lago son una fuente importante de proteínas, empleo y conexiones económicas internacionales para toda la región. Sin embargo, la dinámica de las poblaciones es poco conocida y actualmente impredecible. Además, la dinámica pesquera está intrincadamente conectada con otros servicios de apoyo del lago, así como con las sociedades y economías de la orilla del lago. Se han realizado muchas investigaciones poco a poco sobre diferentes aspectos del sistema del lago Victoria; por ejemplo, las sociedades, biodiversidad, pesca y eutrofización. Sin embargo, para desentrañar los impulsores y la dinámica del cambio en este complejo sistema, debemos unir estas piezas y analizar el sistema en su conjunto. Lo hicimos primero construyendo un modelo cualitativo del sistema socioecológico del lago. Luego investigamos el sistema modelo a través de un análisis de bucle cualitativo y, finalmente, examinamos los efectos de los cambios en el estado y la estructura del sistema. El modelo y su análisis contextual nos permitieron investigar las reacciones en cadena de todo el sistema resultantes de las perturbaciones. Es importante destacar que construimos una herramienta que puede ser utilizado para analizar los efectos en cascada de las opciones de gestión y establecer los requisitos para su éxito. Encontramos que una alta conectividad del sistema a nivel de explotación, a través de pesquerías que tienen múltiples poblaciones objetivo, puede aumentar la vulnerabilidad de las poblaciones a la explotación, pero reducir la vulnerabilidad de la sociedad a la variabilidad en las poblaciones individuales. Describimos cómo existen múltiples vías para cualquier cambio en el sistema, lo que dificulta la identificación de la causa raíz de los cambios, pero también amplía el conjunto de herramientas de gestión. También, ilustramos cómo el enriquecimiento de nutrientes no es un proceso de autorregulación, y que la gestión explícita es necesaria para detener o revertir la eutrofización. Este modelo es simple y utilizable para evaluar los efectos de las políticas de gestión en todo el sistema, y puede servir como piedra angular para futuros análisis cuantitativos de la dinámica del sistema a escalas locales. Le lac Victoria en Afrique de l'Est fournit des ressources et des services à des millions de personnes sur les rives du lac et à l'étranger. En particulier, les pêches du lac sont une source importante de protéines, d'emplois et de liens économiques internationaux pour l'ensemble de la région. Néanmoins, la dynamique des stocks est mal comprise et actuellement imprévisible. En outre, la dynamique des pêches est étroitement liée à d'autres services de soutien du lac ainsi qu'aux sociétés et économies riveraines du lac. De nombreuses recherches ont été menées au coup par coup sur différents aspects du système du lac Victoria ; par exemple, les sociétés, biodiversité, pêcheries et eutrophisation.Toutefois, pour démêler les facteurs et les dynamiques de changement dans ce système complexe, nous devons rassembler ces éléments et analyser le système dans son ensemble.Nous l'avons fait en construisant d'abord un modèle qualitatif du système socio-écologique du lac.Nous avons ensuite étudié le système modèle à travers une analyse qualitative en boucle, et enfin examiné les effets des changements sur l'état et la structure du système.Le modèle et son analyse contextuelle nous ont permis d'étudier les réactions en chaîne à l'échelle du système résultant des perturbations.Important, nous avons construit un outil qui peut être utilisé pour analyser les effets en cascade des options de gestion et établir les conditions de leur succès. Nous avons constaté qu'une connectivité élevée du système au niveau de l'exploitation, grâce à des pêcheries ayant plusieurs stocks cibles, peut augmenter la vulnérabilité des stocks à l'exploitation mais réduire la vulnérabilité de la société à la variabilité des stocks individuels. Nous décrivons comment il existe de multiples voies vers tout changement dans le système, ce qui rend difficile l'identification de la cause profonde des changements, mais élargit également la boîte à outils de gestion. Nous illustrons également comment l'enrichissement en nutriments n'est pas un processus d'autorégulation, et qu'une gestion explicite est nécessaire pour arrêter ou inverser l'eutrophisation. Ce modèle est simple et utilisable pour évaluer les effets des politiques de gestion à l'échelle du système, et peut servir de pavé pour les futures analyses quantitatives de la dynamique du système à l'échelle locale. East Africa's Lake Victoria provides resources and services to millions of people on the lake's shores and abroad.In particular, the lake's fisheries are an important source of protein, employment, and international economic connections for the whole region.Nonetheless, stock dynamics are poorly understood and currently unpredictable.Furthermore, fishery dynamics are intricately connected to other supporting services of the lake as well as to lakeshore societies and economies.Much research has been carried out piecemeal on different aspects of Lake Victoria's system; e.g., societies, biodiversity, fisheries, and eutrophication.However, to disentangle drivers and dynamics of change in this complex system, we need to put these pieces together and analyze the system as a whole.We did so by first building a qualitative model of the lake's social-ecological system.We then investigated the model system through a qualitative loop analysis, and finally examined effects of changes on the system state and structure.The model and its contextual analysis allowed us to investigate system-wide chain reactions resulting from disturbances.Importantly, we built a tool that can be used to analyze the cascading effects of management options and establish the requirements for their success.We found that high connectedness of the system at the exploitation level, through fisheries having multiple target stocks, can increase the stocks' vulnerability to exploitation but reduce society's vulnerability to variability in individual stocks.We describe how there are multiple pathways to any change in the system, which makes it difficult to identify the root cause of changes but also broadens the management toolkit.Also, we illustrate how nutrient enrichment is not a self-regulating process, and that explicit management is necessary to halt or reverse eutrophication.This model is simple and usable to assess system-wide effects of management policies, and can serve as a paving stone for future quantitative analyses of system dynamics at local scales. توفر بحيرة فيكتوريا في شرق إفريقيا الموارد والخدمات لملايين الأشخاص على شواطئ البحيرة وخارجها. على وجه الخصوص، تعد مصايد أسماك البحيرة مصدرًا مهمًا للبروتين والعمالة والروابط الاقتصادية الدولية للمنطقة بأكملها. ومع ذلك، فإن ديناميكيات الأرصدة غير مفهومة جيدًا ولا يمكن التنبؤ بها حاليًا. علاوة على ذلك، ترتبط ديناميكيات مصايد الأسماك ارتباطًا وثيقًا بالخدمات الداعمة الأخرى للبحيرة وكذلك بالمجتمعات والاقتصادات الشاطئية للبحيرة. تم إجراء الكثير من الأبحاث بشكل تدريجي على جوانب مختلفة من نظام بحيرة فيكتوريا ؛ على سبيل المثال، المجتمعات، التنوع البيولوجي ومصائد الأسماك والمغذيات. ومع ذلك، لفك تشابك محركات وديناميكيات التغيير في هذا النظام المعقد، نحتاج إلى تجميع هذه القطع معًا وتحليل النظام ككل. لقد فعلنا ذلك أولاً من خلال بناء نموذج نوعي للنظام الاجتماعي البيئي للبحيرة. ثم قمنا بالتحقيق في النظام النموذجي من خلال تحليل حلقة نوعي، وأخيرًا فحصنا آثار التغييرات على حالة النظام وهيكله. سمح لنا النموذج وتحليله السياقي بالتحقيق في تفاعلات السلسلة على مستوى النظام الناتجة عن الاضطرابات. والأهم من ذلك، قمنا ببناء أداة يمكن أن تكون تستخدم لتحليل الآثار المتتالية لخيارات الإدارة وتحديد متطلبات نجاحها. وجدنا أن الترابط العالي للنظام على مستوى الاستغلال، من خلال مصايد الأسماك التي لديها مخزونات مستهدفة متعددة، يمكن أن يزيد من تعرض المخزونات للاستغلال ولكنه يقلل من تعرض المجتمع للتقلبات في المخزونات الفردية. نصف كيف توجد مسارات متعددة لأي تغيير في النظام، مما يجعل من الصعب تحديد السبب الجذري للتغييرات ولكن أيضًا يوسع مجموعة أدوات الإدارة. أيضًا، نوضح كيف أن إثراء المغذيات ليس عملية ذاتية التنظيم، وأن الإدارة الصريحة ضرورية لوقف أو عكس المغذيات. هذا النموذج بسيط وقابل للاستخدام لتقييم الآثار على مستوى النظام لسياسات الإدارة، ويمكن أن يكون بمثابة حجر رصف للتحليلات الكمية المستقبلية لديناميكيات النظام على المستويات المحلية.
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