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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Muhammad Ali Abbasi; Misbah Nosheen; Hafeez Ur Rahman;

    Present climate change consists of global warming that is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, generally carbon dioxide. The study examines the pollution haven, pollution halo, and environmental Kuznets curve for a number of Asian countries during the period of 1985 to 2020. Outcomes suggest that urbanization, gross domestic product per capita, energy consumption, and foreign direct investment inflow have positive effects, while gross domestic product square, foreign direct investment square, and tourism have negative effects on emissions of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, findings support the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve, pollution haven, and pollution halo hypothesis for the selected Asian countries. We also find robust results of rationality of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, China, Indonesia, Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Singapore; of pollution haven hypothesis for Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, and Singapore; and of pollution halo hypothesis for Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, and Singapore.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Environmental Scienc...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Environmental Science and Pollution Research
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer Nature TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Environmental Scienc...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Environmental Science and Pollution Research
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Springer Nature TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    El transporte ferroviario todavía se toma como una cuenta del crecimiento económico sin considerar el coste de los daños ambientales. Por lo tanto, es una necesidad urgente a nivel nacional y mundial tener en cuenta la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente por sector clave. Por lo tanto, este análisis ha contribuido a desvelar los hechos y cifras sorprendentes para el medio ambiente con respecto al sector del transporte ferroviario. El objetivo de este estudio es investigar la "Curva de Kuznets de los ferrocarriles" en el contexto de tres emisiones clave de contaminación: emisiones de dióxido de carbono, emisiones de óxido nitroso y emisiones de metano para 37 naciones de altos ingresos durante 1990 a 2017. Los resultados econométricos del Panel GMM muestran que existe una curva de Kuznets de los ferrocarriles "en forma de U" para las emisiones de dióxido de carbono y metano que indican un mayor nivel de contaminación. Mientras que las emisiones de óxido nitroso exhiben la "curva en forma de U invertida" que valida la curva de Railways Kuznets. La causalidad del panel Dumitrescu Hurlin por pares muestra una relación bidireccional de las emisiones de nitroso y metano y la asociación unidireccional de las emisiones de CO2 al transporte ferroviario. La función de respuesta al impulso y la descomposición de la varianza indican una deriva divergente de las emisiones de CO2 y CH4, mientras que la tendencia convergente de las emisiones de N2O al sector del transporte ferroviario. La prueba diagnóstica del efecto ARCH y la correlación en serie muestra la homocedasticidad y ninguna autocorrelación junto con la prueba CUSUM que muestra la estabilidad de los tres modelos. Sobre la base de los resultados econométricos, este análisis sugiere que las naciones desarrolladas deberían centrarse en la explotación de los recursos de energía renovable junto con la adopción de tecnologías de ahorro de combustible para viajeros y carga, incluidos los trenes de conmutación híbridos y las máquinas de vapor impulsadas por hidrógeno que reducen completamente el combustible diesel. Le transport ferroviaire est toujours considéré comme un facteur de croissance économique sans tenir compte du coût des dommages environnementaux. Par conséquent, il est urgent aux niveaux national et mondial de prendre en compte la durabilité de l'environnement par secteur clé. Cette analyse a donc contribué à dévoiler les faits et chiffres frappants pour l'environnement en ce qui concerne le secteur du transport ferroviaire. L'objectif de cette étude est d'étudier la « courbe de Kuznets des chemins de fer » dans le contexte de trois émissions polluantes clés : les émissions de dioxyde de carbone, les émissions d'oxyde nitreux et les émissions de méthane pour 37 pays à revenu élevé entre 1990 et 2017. Les résultats économétriques du panel GMM montrent qu'il existe une courbe Kuznets des chemins de fer en « U » pour les émissions de dioxyde de carbone et de méthane indiquant un niveau accru de pollution. Alors que les émissions d'oxyde nitreux présentent la « courbe en forme de U inversé » validant la courbe de Kuznets des chemins de fer. La causalité du panneau Pairwise Dumitrescu Hurlin montre une relation bidirectionnelle des émissions d'azote et de méthane et une association unidirectionnelle des émissions de CO2 au transport ferroviaire. La fonction de réponse impulsionnelle et la décomposition de la variance indiquent une dérive divergente des émissions de CO2 et de CH4 tout en faisant converger la tendance des émissions de N2O vers le secteur du transport ferroviaire. Le test diagnostique de l'effet ARCH et de la corrélation sérielle montre l'homocédasticité et l'absence d'autocorrélation ainsi que le test CUSUM qui montre la stabilité des trois modèles. Sur la base des résultats économétriques, cette analyse suggère que les pays développés devraient se concentrer sur l'exploitation des ressources énergétiques renouvelables tout en adoptant des technologies de transport et de fret économes en carburant, y compris des trains de commutation hybrides et des moteurs à vapeur à hydrogène qui réduisent considérablement le carburant diesel. Railways transportation is still taken as an account of economic growth without considering the cost of environmental damages. Therefore, it is an urgent need at the national and global level to take into account the sustainability of environment by key sector. So this analysis has contributed in unveiling the striking facts and figures for environment with regard to railways transportation sector. The aim of this study is to investigate the "Railways Kuznets Curve" in context of three key pollution emissions Carbondioxide emission, Nitrous oxide emissions and Methane emissions for 37 High income nations during 1990 to 2017. The econometric results of Panel GMM shows that there exists "U shaped" Railways Kuznets curve for carbondioxide and methane emissions indicating increased level of pollution. While nitrous oxide emissions exhibit the "inverted U shaped curve" validating the Railways Kuznets curve. The Pairwise Dumitrescu Hurlin Panel Causality shows a bidirectional relation of nitrous and methane emissions and uni-directional association of CO2 emissions to railways transportation. The Impulse Response function and Variance decomposition indicates a diverging drift of CO2 and CH4 emissions while converging trend of N2O emissions to railways transport sector. The diagnostic test of ARCH-effect and serial correlation shows the homoscedasticity and no autocorrelation along with CUSUM test that shows stability of all the three models. On the basis of econometric results, this analysis suggests that developed nations should focus on exploiting renewable energy resources along with adopting fuel-saving traveler and freight technologies including hybrid switch trains and hydrogen-powered steam engines that thorough cuts the diesel fuel. لا يزال النقل بالسكك الحديدية يؤخذ في الاعتبار النمو الاقتصادي دون النظر في تكلفة الأضرار البيئية. لذلك، هناك حاجة ملحة على المستويين الوطني والعالمي لمراعاة استدامة البيئة حسب القطاع الرئيسي. لذلك ساهم هذا التحليل في الكشف عن الحقائق والأرقام المذهلة للبيئة فيما يتعلق بقطاع النقل بالسكك الحديدية. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو التحقيق في "منحنى كوزنيتس للسكك الحديدية" في سياق ثلاثة انبعاثات تلوث رئيسية انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون وانبعاثات أكسيد النيتروز وانبعاثات الميثان لـ 37 دولة عالية الدخل خلال الفترة من 1990 إلى 2017. تُظهر نتائج الاقتصاد القياسي للوحة GMM وجود منحنى Kuznets للسكك الحديدية "على شكل حرف U" لانبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون والميثان مما يشير إلى زيادة مستوى التلوث. بينما تُظهر انبعاثات أكسيد النيتروز "منحنى على شكل حرف U مقلوب" للتحقق من صحة منحنى السكك الحديدية كوزنيتس. تُظهر العلاقة السببية للوحة هورلين من نوع Pairwise Dumitrescu علاقة ثنائية الاتجاه لانبعاثات النيتروز والميثان والارتباط أحادي الاتجاه لانبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون بالنقل بالسكك الحديدية. تشير وظيفة الاستجابة الاندفاعية وتحلل التباين إلى انحراف متباين لانبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون والميثان مع الاتجاه المتقارب لانبعاثات أكسيد النيتروز إلى قطاع النقل بالسكك الحديدية. يُظهر الاختبار التشخيصي لتأثير ARCH والارتباط التسلسلي المرونة المتماثلة وعدم وجود ارتباط ذاتي جنبًا إلى جنب مع اختبار CUSUM الذي يُظهر استقرار جميع النماذج الثلاثة. بناءً على نتائج الاقتصاد القياسي، يشير هذا التحليل إلى أنه يجب على الدول المتقدمة التركيز على استغلال موارد الطاقة المتجددة جنبًا إلى جنب مع اعتماد تقنيات المسافرين والشحن الموفرة للوقود بما في ذلك قطارات التبديل الهجينة والمحركات البخارية التي تعمل بالهيدروجين والتي تقطع وقود الديزل تمامًا.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Reportsarrow_drop_down
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    Energy Reports
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Reports
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Reports
    Article . 2019
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pk...
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Misbah Nosheen; Zia Ullah Khan;

    In recent years, biomass energy tends to be one of the important sources of renewable energy in the world. The main objective of current research is to evaluate the impact of biomass energy on the economic growth of NEXT-11 economies. The data used in "the study is based on panel data of NEXT-11 covering the period 1990 to 2019. The included variables are GDP, biomass energy (BE) school enrollment gross ratio (SEGR; trade openness (TO; population growth (PG; and CO2 emission (CO2)." For estimation, this study applied the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) approaches. The results of FMOLS and DOLS analysis indicate a statistically significant and positive relationship among all the variables in our sample of nations. According to the findings, an increase in biomass energy use tends to positively affect economic growth. To meet the challenge of global warming, these countries need to increase their technical development and inventions as well as they need to improve biomass energy use.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Environmental Scienc...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Environmental Science and Pollution Research
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Environmental Scienc...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Environmental Science and Pollution Research
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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3 Research products
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Muhammad Ali Abbasi; Misbah Nosheen; Hafeez Ur Rahman;

    Present climate change consists of global warming that is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, generally carbon dioxide. The study examines the pollution haven, pollution halo, and environmental Kuznets curve for a number of Asian countries during the period of 1985 to 2020. Outcomes suggest that urbanization, gross domestic product per capita, energy consumption, and foreign direct investment inflow have positive effects, while gross domestic product square, foreign direct investment square, and tourism have negative effects on emissions of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, findings support the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve, pollution haven, and pollution halo hypothesis for the selected Asian countries. We also find robust results of rationality of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, China, Indonesia, Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Singapore; of pollution haven hypothesis for Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, and Singapore; and of pollution halo hypothesis for Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, and Singapore.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Environmental Scienc...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Environmental Science and Pollution Research
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer Nature TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Environmental Scienc...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Environmental Science and Pollution Research
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    El transporte ferroviario todavía se toma como una cuenta del crecimiento económico sin considerar el coste de los daños ambientales. Por lo tanto, es una necesidad urgente a nivel nacional y mundial tener en cuenta la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente por sector clave. Por lo tanto, este análisis ha contribuido a desvelar los hechos y cifras sorprendentes para el medio ambiente con respecto al sector del transporte ferroviario. El objetivo de este estudio es investigar la "Curva de Kuznets de los ferrocarriles" en el contexto de tres emisiones clave de contaminación: emisiones de dióxido de carbono, emisiones de óxido nitroso y emisiones de metano para 37 naciones de altos ingresos durante 1990 a 2017. Los resultados econométricos del Panel GMM muestran que existe una curva de Kuznets de los ferrocarriles "en forma de U" para las emisiones de dióxido de carbono y metano que indican un mayor nivel de contaminación. Mientras que las emisiones de óxido nitroso exhiben la "curva en forma de U invertida" que valida la curva de Railways Kuznets. La causalidad del panel Dumitrescu Hurlin por pares muestra una relación bidireccional de las emisiones de nitroso y metano y la asociación unidireccional de las emisiones de CO2 al transporte ferroviario. La función de respuesta al impulso y la descomposición de la varianza indican una deriva divergente de las emisiones de CO2 y CH4, mientras que la tendencia convergente de las emisiones de N2O al sector del transporte ferroviario. La prueba diagnóstica del efecto ARCH y la correlación en serie muestra la homocedasticidad y ninguna autocorrelación junto con la prueba CUSUM que muestra la estabilidad de los tres modelos. Sobre la base de los resultados econométricos, este análisis sugiere que las naciones desarrolladas deberían centrarse en la explotación de los recursos de energía renovable junto con la adopción de tecnologías de ahorro de combustible para viajeros y carga, incluidos los trenes de conmutación híbridos y las máquinas de vapor impulsadas por hidrógeno que reducen completamente el combustible diesel. Le transport ferroviaire est toujours considéré comme un facteur de croissance économique sans tenir compte du coût des dommages environnementaux. Par conséquent, il est urgent aux niveaux national et mondial de prendre en compte la durabilité de l'environnement par secteur clé. Cette analyse a donc contribué à dévoiler les faits et chiffres frappants pour l'environnement en ce qui concerne le secteur du transport ferroviaire. L'objectif de cette étude est d'étudier la « courbe de Kuznets des chemins de fer » dans le contexte de trois émissions polluantes clés : les émissions de dioxyde de carbone, les émissions d'oxyde nitreux et les émissions de méthane pour 37 pays à revenu élevé entre 1990 et 2017. Les résultats économétriques du panel GMM montrent qu'il existe une courbe Kuznets des chemins de fer en « U » pour les émissions de dioxyde de carbone et de méthane indiquant un niveau accru de pollution. Alors que les émissions d'oxyde nitreux présentent la « courbe en forme de U inversé » validant la courbe de Kuznets des chemins de fer. La causalité du panneau Pairwise Dumitrescu Hurlin montre une relation bidirectionnelle des émissions d'azote et de méthane et une association unidirectionnelle des émissions de CO2 au transport ferroviaire. La fonction de réponse impulsionnelle et la décomposition de la variance indiquent une dérive divergente des émissions de CO2 et de CH4 tout en faisant converger la tendance des émissions de N2O vers le secteur du transport ferroviaire. Le test diagnostique de l'effet ARCH et de la corrélation sérielle montre l'homocédasticité et l'absence d'autocorrélation ainsi que le test CUSUM qui montre la stabilité des trois modèles. Sur la base des résultats économétriques, cette analyse suggère que les pays développés devraient se concentrer sur l'exploitation des ressources énergétiques renouvelables tout en adoptant des technologies de transport et de fret économes en carburant, y compris des trains de commutation hybrides et des moteurs à vapeur à hydrogène qui réduisent considérablement le carburant diesel. Railways transportation is still taken as an account of economic growth without considering the cost of environmental damages. Therefore, it is an urgent need at the national and global level to take into account the sustainability of environment by key sector. So this analysis has contributed in unveiling the striking facts and figures for environment with regard to railways transportation sector. The aim of this study is to investigate the "Railways Kuznets Curve" in context of three key pollution emissions Carbondioxide emission, Nitrous oxide emissions and Methane emissions for 37 High income nations during 1990 to 2017. The econometric results of Panel GMM shows that there exists "U shaped" Railways Kuznets curve for carbondioxide and methane emissions indicating increased level of pollution. While nitrous oxide emissions exhibit the "inverted U shaped curve" validating the Railways Kuznets curve. The Pairwise Dumitrescu Hurlin Panel Causality shows a bidirectional relation of nitrous and methane emissions and uni-directional association of CO2 emissions to railways transportation. The Impulse Response function and Variance decomposition indicates a diverging drift of CO2 and CH4 emissions while converging trend of N2O emissions to railways transport sector. The diagnostic test of ARCH-effect and serial correlation shows the homoscedasticity and no autocorrelation along with CUSUM test that shows stability of all the three models. On the basis of econometric results, this analysis suggests that developed nations should focus on exploiting renewable energy resources along with adopting fuel-saving traveler and freight technologies including hybrid switch trains and hydrogen-powered steam engines that thorough cuts the diesel fuel. لا يزال النقل بالسكك الحديدية يؤخذ في الاعتبار النمو الاقتصادي دون النظر في تكلفة الأضرار البيئية. لذلك، هناك حاجة ملحة على المستويين الوطني والعالمي لمراعاة استدامة البيئة حسب القطاع الرئيسي. لذلك ساهم هذا التحليل في الكشف عن الحقائق والأرقام المذهلة للبيئة فيما يتعلق بقطاع النقل بالسكك الحديدية. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو التحقيق في "منحنى كوزنيتس للسكك الحديدية" في سياق ثلاثة انبعاثات تلوث رئيسية انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون وانبعاثات أكسيد النيتروز وانبعاثات الميثان لـ 37 دولة عالية الدخل خلال الفترة من 1990 إلى 2017. تُظهر نتائج الاقتصاد القياسي للوحة GMM وجود منحنى Kuznets للسكك الحديدية "على شكل حرف U" لانبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون والميثان مما يشير إلى زيادة مستوى التلوث. بينما تُظهر انبعاثات أكسيد النيتروز "منحنى على شكل حرف U مقلوب" للتحقق من صحة منحنى السكك الحديدية كوزنيتس. تُظهر العلاقة السببية للوحة هورلين من نوع Pairwise Dumitrescu علاقة ثنائية الاتجاه لانبعاثات النيتروز والميثان والارتباط أحادي الاتجاه لانبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون بالنقل بالسكك الحديدية. تشير وظيفة الاستجابة الاندفاعية وتحلل التباين إلى انحراف متباين لانبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون والميثان مع الاتجاه المتقارب لانبعاثات أكسيد النيتروز إلى قطاع النقل بالسكك الحديدية. يُظهر الاختبار التشخيصي لتأثير ARCH والارتباط التسلسلي المرونة المتماثلة وعدم وجود ارتباط ذاتي جنبًا إلى جنب مع اختبار CUSUM الذي يُظهر استقرار جميع النماذج الثلاثة. بناءً على نتائج الاقتصاد القياسي، يشير هذا التحليل إلى أنه يجب على الدول المتقدمة التركيز على استغلال موارد الطاقة المتجددة جنبًا إلى جنب مع اعتماد تقنيات المسافرين والشحن الموفرة للوقود بما في ذلك قطارات التبديل الهجينة والمحركات البخارية التي تعمل بالهيدروجين والتي تقطع وقود الديزل تمامًا.

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    Authors: Misbah Nosheen; Zia Ullah Khan;

    In recent years, biomass energy tends to be one of the important sources of renewable energy in the world. The main objective of current research is to evaluate the impact of biomass energy on the economic growth of NEXT-11 economies. The data used in "the study is based on panel data of NEXT-11 covering the period 1990 to 2019. The included variables are GDP, biomass energy (BE) school enrollment gross ratio (SEGR; trade openness (TO; population growth (PG; and CO2 emission (CO2)." For estimation, this study applied the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) approaches. The results of FMOLS and DOLS analysis indicate a statistically significant and positive relationship among all the variables in our sample of nations. According to the findings, an increase in biomass energy use tends to positively affect economic growth. To meet the challenge of global warming, these countries need to increase their technical development and inventions as well as they need to improve biomass energy use.

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