• Energy Research

The evolution of electricity in Romania took place in the last century. This paper presents the development of electricity sector in a seasonal evolution form. This approach has a cyclical character and highlights options for the future. The main stages of evolution, with a duration of several decades each, are associated with the four seasons: winter, spring, summer and autumn. The similarity features relate to the quantitative and qualitative ways of electricity production evolution, which is in line with the technological development level of a country. The conclusions highlight the idea of proactive rational action with regard to ensuring in the future the necessary human resources.

The evolution of electricity in Romania took place in the last century. This paper presents the development of electricity sector in a seasonal evolution form. This approach has a cyclical character and highlights options for the future. The main stages of evolution, with a duration of several decades each, are associated with the four seasons: winter, spring, summer and autumn. The similarity features relate to the quantitative and qualitative ways of electricity production evolution, which is in line with the technological development level of a country. The conclusions highlight the idea of proactive rational action with regard to ensuring in the future the necessary human resources.

Renewable energy sources have, compared to the classical ones, the advantage of sustain ability. The decision regarding the storage location requires evaluating the statistical parameters of electrical energy production, knowing the conditions imposed by the system operator. This paper deals with the optimal location of wind turbines in a power system with wind generators. As the wind energy production is variable, the storage systems can be used with the wind turbines as aggregators participating in the energy market. The storage energy systems can participate at balancing market function of their capacities and market constraints.

Renewable energy sources have, compared to the classical ones, the advantage of sustain ability. The decision regarding the storage location requires evaluating the statistical parameters of electrical energy production, knowing the conditions imposed by the system operator. This paper deals with the optimal location of wind turbines in a power system with wind generators. As the wind energy production is variable, the storage systems can be used with the wind turbines as aggregators participating in the energy market. The storage energy systems can participate at balancing market function of their capacities and market constraints.

The growing demand for energy, the reduction of fossil fuels and the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, have determined the increase of interest for energy efficiency. A key element of smart grids is represented by near-zero energy buildings and in the last years the focus is towards positive energy buildings and cluster of buildings. In this regard, the educational campuses equipped with small size renewable energy sources and hybrid systems can become positive energy campuses, becoming an important player capable of providing the distribution network with useful information such that to optimize the operation. This paper deals with the analysis of a cluster of educational buildings, equipped with photovoltaic installations and hybrid systems, optimized such that to minimize the operational costs. This model uses an integer linear programming method, based on different production and consumption patterns. The optimization model is applied to a cluster of buildings for university purposes, located in the south-east of Romania, near the seaside where the environmental conditions are favorable for use of renewable energy sources in conditions of electricity market operation.

The growing demand for energy, the reduction of fossil fuels and the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, have determined the increase of interest for energy efficiency. A key element of smart grids is represented by near-zero energy buildings and in the last years the focus is towards positive energy buildings and cluster of buildings. In this regard, the educational campuses equipped with small size renewable energy sources and hybrid systems can become positive energy campuses, becoming an important player capable of providing the distribution network with useful information such that to optimize the operation. This paper deals with the analysis of a cluster of educational buildings, equipped with photovoltaic installations and hybrid systems, optimized such that to minimize the operational costs. This model uses an integer linear programming method, based on different production and consumption patterns. The optimization model is applied to a cluster of buildings for university purposes, located in the south-east of Romania, near the seaside where the environmental conditions are favorable for use of renewable energy sources in conditions of electricity market operation.