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  • Authors: Cheesman, A.W.; Brown, F.; Farha, M.N.; Rosan, T.M.; +9 Authors

    These data were produced using the Joint UK Land earth simulator (JULES v5.6) run on JASMIN. The sugarcane was represented in JULES by using the C4 plant functional type. The input modelled O3 exposure data were simulated using the Earth System Model (UKESM1) for the period 2000 to 2014. JULES was used to calculate annual yields with or without consideration of ozone susceptibility for a 10-year period across south-central Brazil. The spatially explicit model outputs were compared to control model output to calculate the proportional decline and absolute impacts. This dataset contains gridded model outputs of the predicted risk to C4 sugarcane production across south central Brazil for 2010-2014. The outputs are given as production in kg m-2 yr-1, percentage of control production (%) and production losses in kg yr-1 and Tg yr-1. The spatial resolution is 1.25 x 1.875 degrees. Three different levels of ozone susceptibility (low, moderate or high) and two distinct threshold values of phytotoxic ozone dose (0 and 2 nmol m-2 s-1) were considered.

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  • Authors: Cheesman, A.W.; Brown, F.; Farha, M.N.; Rosan, T.M.; +9 Authors

    These data were produced using the Joint UK Land earth simulator (JULES v5.6) run on JASMIN. The sugarcane was represented in JULES by using the C4 plant functional type. The input modelled O3 exposure data were simulated using the Earth System Model (UKESM1) for the period 2000 to 2014. JULES was used to calculate annual yields with or without consideration of ozone susceptibility for a 10-year period across south-central Brazil. The spatially explicit model outputs were compared to control model output to calculate the proportional decline and absolute impacts. This dataset contains gridded model outputs of the predicted risk to C4 sugarcane production across south central Brazil for 2010-2014. The outputs are given as production in kg m-2 yr-1, percentage of control production (%) and production losses in kg yr-1 and Tg yr-1. The spatial resolution is 1.25 x 1.875 degrees. Three different levels of ozone susceptibility (low, moderate or high) and two distinct threshold values of phytotoxic ozone dose (0 and 2 nmol m-2 s-1) were considered.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: F. Brown; F. Brown; G. Folberth; S. Sitch; +15 Authors

    Abstract. Surface ozone monitoring sites in the tropics are limited, despite the risk that surface ozone poses to human health, tropical forest and crop productivity. Atmospheric chemistry models allow us to assess ozone exposure in unmonitored locations and evaluate the potential influence of changing policies and climate on air quality, human health and ecosystem integrity. Here, we utilise in situ ozone measurements from ground-based stations in the pan-tropics to evaluate ozone from the UK Earth system model, UKESM1, with a focus on remote sites. The study includes ozone data from areas with limited previous data, notably tropical South America, central Africa and tropical northern Australia. Evaluating UKESM1 against observations beginning in 1987 onwards, we show that UKESM1 is able to capture changes in surface ozone concentration at different temporal resolutions, albeit with a systematic high bias of 18.1 nmol mol−1 on average. We use the diurnal ozone range (DOR) as a metric for evaluation and find that UKESM1 captures the observed DOR (mean bias of 2.7 nmol mol−1 and RMSE of 7.1 nmol mol−1) and the trend in DOR with location and season. Results from this study reveal that hourly ozone concentrations from UKESM1 require bias correction before use for impact assessments based on human and ecosystem health. Indeed, hourly surface ozone data have been crucial to this study, and we encourage other modelling groups to include hourly surface ozone output as a default.

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    Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP)
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/egusph...
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    Authors: F. Brown; F. Brown; G. Folberth; S. Sitch; +15 Authors

    Abstract. Surface ozone monitoring sites in the tropics are limited, despite the risk that surface ozone poses to human health, tropical forest and crop productivity. Atmospheric chemistry models allow us to assess ozone exposure in unmonitored locations and evaluate the potential influence of changing policies and climate on air quality, human health and ecosystem integrity. Here, we utilise in situ ozone measurements from ground-based stations in the pan-tropics to evaluate ozone from the UK Earth system model, UKESM1, with a focus on remote sites. The study includes ozone data from areas with limited previous data, notably tropical South America, central Africa and tropical northern Australia. Evaluating UKESM1 against observations beginning in 1987 onwards, we show that UKESM1 is able to capture changes in surface ozone concentration at different temporal resolutions, albeit with a systematic high bias of 18.1 nmol mol−1 on average. We use the diurnal ozone range (DOR) as a metric for evaluation and find that UKESM1 captures the observed DOR (mean bias of 2.7 nmol mol−1 and RMSE of 7.1 nmol mol−1) and the trend in DOR with location and season. Results from this study reveal that hourly ozone concentrations from UKESM1 require bias correction before use for impact assessments based on human and ecosystem health. Indeed, hourly surface ozone data have been crucial to this study, and we encourage other modelling groups to include hourly surface ozone output as a default.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ James Cook Universit...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Alexander W. Cheesman; Flossie Brown; Mst Nahid Farha; Thais M. Rosan; +9 Authors

    La canne à sucre est une culture de base vitale souvent cultivée dans les régions (sub)tropicales qui ont récemment connu une détérioration de la qualité de l'air. Contrairement à d'autres cultures de base, le risque de pollution atmosphérique, en particulier l'ozone (O3), pour cette culture C4 n'a pas encore été quantifié. Pourtant, des travaux récents ont mis en évidence à la fois les risques potentiels de l'ozone pour les cultures bioénergétiques en C4 et l'émergence de l'exposition à l'ozone sous les tropiques en tant que facteur vital déterminant la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Compte tenu de l'ampleur et de l'expansion prévue de la production de canne à sucre dans des endroits comme le Brésil pour répondre à la demande mondiale de biocarburants, il est urgent de caractériser le risque d'O3 pour l'industrie. Dans cette étude, nous avons cherché à a) dériver les fonctions dose-réponse de l'O3 de la canne à sucre dans une gamme d'expositions réalistes à l'O3 et b) modéliser les implications de cela dans une zone de production d'importance mondiale. Nous avons constaté un impact significatif de l'O3 sur l'allocation de la biomasse (en particulier aux feuilles) et la production dans une gamme de génotypes de canne à sucre, y compris deux variétés commercialement pertinentes (par exemple CTC4, Q240). À l'aide de ces données, nous avons calculé les fonctions dose-réponse pour la canne à sucre et les avons combinées avec l'exposition horaire à l'ozone dans le centre-sud du Brésil, dérivée du modèle du système terrestre britannique (UKESM1), afin de simuler l'impact régional actuel de l'ozone sur la production de canne à sucre à l'aide d'un modèle de végétation mondiale dynamique (JULES vn 5.6). Nous avons constaté qu'entre 5,6 % et 18,3 % de la productivité totale des cultures est probablement perdue dans la région en raison des impacts directs de l'exposition actuelle à l'ozone. Cependant, les impacts dépendaient de manière critique des différences substantielles de sensibilité à l'O3 observées entre les génotypes de la canne à sucre et de la manière dont ils étaient mis en œuvre dans le modèle. Notre travail souligne non seulement le besoin urgent d'élucider pleinement les impacts de l'ozone dans cette importante culture bioénergétique, mais aussi les implications potentielles que la qualité de l'air peut avoir sur la production alimentaire tropicale en général. La caña de azúcar es un cultivo básico vital que a menudo se cultiva en regiones (sub)tropicales que han estado experimentando un reciente deterioro en la calidad del aire. A diferencia de otros cultivos básicos, aún no se ha cuantificado el riesgo de contaminación del aire, específicamente el ozono (O3), para este cultivo C4. Sin embargo, trabajos recientes han destacado tanto los riesgos potenciales de los cultivos bioenergéticos de O3 a C4 como la aparición de la exposición al O3 en los trópicos como un factor vital que determina la seguridad alimentaria mundial. Dada la gran extensión y la expansión planificada de la producción de caña de azúcar en lugares como Brasil para satisfacer la demanda mundial de biocombustibles, existe una necesidad apremiante de caracterizar el riesgo de O3 para la industria. En este estudio, buscamos a) derivar las funciones de respuesta a la dosis de O3 de la caña de azúcar en un rango de exposición realista a O3 y b) modelar las implicaciones de esto en un área de producción de importancia mundial. Encontramos un impacto significativo del O3 en la asignación de biomasa (especialmente a las hojas) y la producción en una variedad de genotipos de caña de azúcar, incluidas dos variedades comercialmente relevantes (por ejemplo, CTC4, Q240). Utilizando estos datos, calculamos las funciones de dosis-respuesta para la caña de azúcar y las combinamos con la exposición horaria al O3 en el centro-sur de Brasil derivada del Modelo del Sistema Terrestre del Reino Unido (UKESM1) para simular el impacto regional actual del O3 en la producción de caña de azúcar utilizando un modelo dinámico de vegetación global (JULES vn 5.6). Encontramos que entre el 5,6 % y el 18,3 % de la productividad total de los cultivos probablemente se pierda en toda la región debido a los impactos directos de la exposición actual al O3. Sin embargo, los impactos dependieron críticamente de las diferencias sustanciales en la susceptibilidad al O3 observadas entre los genotipos de la caña de azúcar y de cómo se implementaron en el modelo. Nuestro trabajo destaca no solo la necesidad urgente de dilucidar completamente los impactos del O3 en este importante cultivo bioenergético, sino también las posibles implicaciones que la calidad del aire puede tener sobre la producción de alimentos tropicales en general. Sugarcane is a vital commodity crop often grown in (sub)tropical regions which have been experiencing a recent deterioration in air quality. Unlike for other commodity crops, the risk of air pollution, specifically ozone (O3), to this C4 crop has not yet been quantified. Yet, recent work has highlighted both the potential risks of O3 to C4 bioenergy crops, and the emergence of O3 exposure across the tropics as a vital factor determining global food security. Given the large extent, and planned expansion of sugarcane production in places like Brazil to meet global demand for biofuels, there is a pressing need to characterize the risk of O3 to the industry. In this study, we sought to a) derive sugarcane O3 dose-response functions across a range of realistic O3 exposure and b) model the implications of this across a globally important production area. We found a significant impact of O3 on biomass allocation (especially to leaves) and production across a range of sugarcane genotypes, including two commercially relevant varieties (e.g. CTC4, Q240). Using these data, we calculated dose-response functions for sugarcane and combined them with hourly O3 exposure across south-central Brazil derived from the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1) to simulate the current regional impact of O3 on sugarcane production using a dynamic global vegetation model (JULES vn 5.6). We found that between 5.6 % and 18.3 % of total crop productivity is likely lost across the region due to the direct impacts of current O3 exposure. However, impacts depended critically on the substantial differences in O3 susceptibility observed among sugarcane genotypes and how these were implemented in the model. Our work highlights not only the urgent need to fully elucidate the impacts of O3 in this important bioenergetic crop, but the potential implications air quality may have upon tropical food production more generally. يعتبر قصب السكر محصولًا سلعيًا حيويًا غالبًا ما يزرع في المناطق (شبه الاستوائية) التي شهدت تدهورًا مؤخرًا في جودة الهواء. على عكس المحاصيل السلعية الأخرى، لم يتم بعد تحديد خطر تلوث الهواء، وتحديداً الأوزون (O3)، على محصول C4 هذا. ومع ذلك، سلط العمل الأخير الضوء على كل من المخاطر المحتملة لمحاصيل الطاقة الحيوية من O3 إلى C4، وظهور التعرض لـ O3 عبر المناطق المدارية كعامل حيوي يحدد الأمن الغذائي العالمي. بالنظر إلى المدى الكبير والتوسع المخطط لإنتاج قصب السكر في أماكن مثل البرازيل لتلبية الطلب العالمي على الوقود الحيوي، هناك حاجة ملحة لتوصيف خطر O3 على الصناعة. في هذه الدراسة، سعينا إلى أ) استخلاص وظائف الاستجابة لجرعة O3 من قصب السكر عبر مجموعة من التعرض الواقعي لـ O3 و ب) نمذجة الآثار المترتبة على ذلك عبر منطقة إنتاج مهمة عالميًا. وجدنا تأثيرًا كبيرًا لـ O3 على تخصيص الكتلة الحيوية (خاصة للأوراق) والإنتاج عبر مجموعة من الأنماط الجينية لقصب السكر، بما في ذلك نوعين ذوي صلة تجارية (مثل CTC4، Q240). باستخدام هذه البيانات، قمنا بحساب وظائف الجرعة والاستجابة لقصب السكر وقمنا بدمجها مع التعرض لـ O3 كل ساعة عبر جنوب وسط البرازيل المستمد من نموذج النظام الأرضي في المملكة المتحدة (UKESM1) لمحاكاة التأثير الإقليمي الحالي لـ O3 على إنتاج قصب السكر باستخدام نموذج نباتي عالمي ديناميكي (JULES vn 5.6). وجدنا أنه من المحتمل فقدان ما بين 5.6 ٪ و 18.3 ٪ من إجمالي إنتاجية المحاصيل في جميع أنحاء المنطقة بسبب التأثيرات المباشرة للتعرض الحالي للأكسجين. ومع ذلك، اعتمدت التأثيرات بشكل حاسم على الاختلافات الجوهرية في حساسية O3 التي لوحظت بين الأنماط الجينية لقصب السكر وكيفية تنفيذها في النموذج. لا يسلط عملنا الضوء على الحاجة الملحة إلى التوضيح الكامل لتأثيرات O3 في هذا المحصول الحيوي المهم فحسب، بل يسلط الضوء أيضًا على الآثار المحتملة لجودة الهواء على إنتاج الأغذية الاستوائية بشكل عام.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alexander W. Cheesman; Flossie Brown; Mst Nahid Farha; Thais M. Rosan; +9 Authors

    La canne à sucre est une culture de base vitale souvent cultivée dans les régions (sub)tropicales qui ont récemment connu une détérioration de la qualité de l'air. Contrairement à d'autres cultures de base, le risque de pollution atmosphérique, en particulier l'ozone (O3), pour cette culture C4 n'a pas encore été quantifié. Pourtant, des travaux récents ont mis en évidence à la fois les risques potentiels de l'ozone pour les cultures bioénergétiques en C4 et l'émergence de l'exposition à l'ozone sous les tropiques en tant que facteur vital déterminant la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Compte tenu de l'ampleur et de l'expansion prévue de la production de canne à sucre dans des endroits comme le Brésil pour répondre à la demande mondiale de biocarburants, il est urgent de caractériser le risque d'O3 pour l'industrie. Dans cette étude, nous avons cherché à a) dériver les fonctions dose-réponse de l'O3 de la canne à sucre dans une gamme d'expositions réalistes à l'O3 et b) modéliser les implications de cela dans une zone de production d'importance mondiale. Nous avons constaté un impact significatif de l'O3 sur l'allocation de la biomasse (en particulier aux feuilles) et la production dans une gamme de génotypes de canne à sucre, y compris deux variétés commercialement pertinentes (par exemple CTC4, Q240). À l'aide de ces données, nous avons calculé les fonctions dose-réponse pour la canne à sucre et les avons combinées avec l'exposition horaire à l'ozone dans le centre-sud du Brésil, dérivée du modèle du système terrestre britannique (UKESM1), afin de simuler l'impact régional actuel de l'ozone sur la production de canne à sucre à l'aide d'un modèle de végétation mondiale dynamique (JULES vn 5.6). Nous avons constaté qu'entre 5,6 % et 18,3 % de la productivité totale des cultures est probablement perdue dans la région en raison des impacts directs de l'exposition actuelle à l'ozone. Cependant, les impacts dépendaient de manière critique des différences substantielles de sensibilité à l'O3 observées entre les génotypes de la canne à sucre et de la manière dont ils étaient mis en œuvre dans le modèle. Notre travail souligne non seulement le besoin urgent d'élucider pleinement les impacts de l'ozone dans cette importante culture bioénergétique, mais aussi les implications potentielles que la qualité de l'air peut avoir sur la production alimentaire tropicale en général. La caña de azúcar es un cultivo básico vital que a menudo se cultiva en regiones (sub)tropicales que han estado experimentando un reciente deterioro en la calidad del aire. A diferencia de otros cultivos básicos, aún no se ha cuantificado el riesgo de contaminación del aire, específicamente el ozono (O3), para este cultivo C4. Sin embargo, trabajos recientes han destacado tanto los riesgos potenciales de los cultivos bioenergéticos de O3 a C4 como la aparición de la exposición al O3 en los trópicos como un factor vital que determina la seguridad alimentaria mundial. Dada la gran extensión y la expansión planificada de la producción de caña de azúcar en lugares como Brasil para satisfacer la demanda mundial de biocombustibles, existe una necesidad apremiante de caracterizar el riesgo de O3 para la industria. En este estudio, buscamos a) derivar las funciones de respuesta a la dosis de O3 de la caña de azúcar en un rango de exposición realista a O3 y b) modelar las implicaciones de esto en un área de producción de importancia mundial. Encontramos un impacto significativo del O3 en la asignación de biomasa (especialmente a las hojas) y la producción en una variedad de genotipos de caña de azúcar, incluidas dos variedades comercialmente relevantes (por ejemplo, CTC4, Q240). Utilizando estos datos, calculamos las funciones de dosis-respuesta para la caña de azúcar y las combinamos con la exposición horaria al O3 en el centro-sur de Brasil derivada del Modelo del Sistema Terrestre del Reino Unido (UKESM1) para simular el impacto regional actual del O3 en la producción de caña de azúcar utilizando un modelo dinámico de vegetación global (JULES vn 5.6). Encontramos que entre el 5,6 % y el 18,3 % de la productividad total de los cultivos probablemente se pierda en toda la región debido a los impactos directos de la exposición actual al O3. Sin embargo, los impactos dependieron críticamente de las diferencias sustanciales en la susceptibilidad al O3 observadas entre los genotipos de la caña de azúcar y de cómo se implementaron en el modelo. Nuestro trabajo destaca no solo la necesidad urgente de dilucidar completamente los impactos del O3 en este importante cultivo bioenergético, sino también las posibles implicaciones que la calidad del aire puede tener sobre la producción de alimentos tropicales en general. Sugarcane is a vital commodity crop often grown in (sub)tropical regions which have been experiencing a recent deterioration in air quality. Unlike for other commodity crops, the risk of air pollution, specifically ozone (O3), to this C4 crop has not yet been quantified. Yet, recent work has highlighted both the potential risks of O3 to C4 bioenergy crops, and the emergence of O3 exposure across the tropics as a vital factor determining global food security. Given the large extent, and planned expansion of sugarcane production in places like Brazil to meet global demand for biofuels, there is a pressing need to characterize the risk of O3 to the industry. In this study, we sought to a) derive sugarcane O3 dose-response functions across a range of realistic O3 exposure and b) model the implications of this across a globally important production area. We found a significant impact of O3 on biomass allocation (especially to leaves) and production across a range of sugarcane genotypes, including two commercially relevant varieties (e.g. CTC4, Q240). Using these data, we calculated dose-response functions for sugarcane and combined them with hourly O3 exposure across south-central Brazil derived from the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1) to simulate the current regional impact of O3 on sugarcane production using a dynamic global vegetation model (JULES vn 5.6). We found that between 5.6 % and 18.3 % of total crop productivity is likely lost across the region due to the direct impacts of current O3 exposure. However, impacts depended critically on the substantial differences in O3 susceptibility observed among sugarcane genotypes and how these were implemented in the model. Our work highlights not only the urgent need to fully elucidate the impacts of O3 in this important bioenergetic crop, but the potential implications air quality may have upon tropical food production more generally. يعتبر قصب السكر محصولًا سلعيًا حيويًا غالبًا ما يزرع في المناطق (شبه الاستوائية) التي شهدت تدهورًا مؤخرًا في جودة الهواء. على عكس المحاصيل السلعية الأخرى، لم يتم بعد تحديد خطر تلوث الهواء، وتحديداً الأوزون (O3)، على محصول C4 هذا. ومع ذلك، سلط العمل الأخير الضوء على كل من المخاطر المحتملة لمحاصيل الطاقة الحيوية من O3 إلى C4، وظهور التعرض لـ O3 عبر المناطق المدارية كعامل حيوي يحدد الأمن الغذائي العالمي. بالنظر إلى المدى الكبير والتوسع المخطط لإنتاج قصب السكر في أماكن مثل البرازيل لتلبية الطلب العالمي على الوقود الحيوي، هناك حاجة ملحة لتوصيف خطر O3 على الصناعة. في هذه الدراسة، سعينا إلى أ) استخلاص وظائف الاستجابة لجرعة O3 من قصب السكر عبر مجموعة من التعرض الواقعي لـ O3 و ب) نمذجة الآثار المترتبة على ذلك عبر منطقة إنتاج مهمة عالميًا. وجدنا تأثيرًا كبيرًا لـ O3 على تخصيص الكتلة الحيوية (خاصة للأوراق) والإنتاج عبر مجموعة من الأنماط الجينية لقصب السكر، بما في ذلك نوعين ذوي صلة تجارية (مثل CTC4، Q240). باستخدام هذه البيانات، قمنا بحساب وظائف الجرعة والاستجابة لقصب السكر وقمنا بدمجها مع التعرض لـ O3 كل ساعة عبر جنوب وسط البرازيل المستمد من نموذج النظام الأرضي في المملكة المتحدة (UKESM1) لمحاكاة التأثير الإقليمي الحالي لـ O3 على إنتاج قصب السكر باستخدام نموذج نباتي عالمي ديناميكي (JULES vn 5.6). وجدنا أنه من المحتمل فقدان ما بين 5.6 ٪ و 18.3 ٪ من إجمالي إنتاجية المحاصيل في جميع أنحاء المنطقة بسبب التأثيرات المباشرة للتعرض الحالي للأكسجين. ومع ذلك، اعتمدت التأثيرات بشكل حاسم على الاختلافات الجوهرية في حساسية O3 التي لوحظت بين الأنماط الجينية لقصب السكر وكيفية تنفيذها في النموذج. لا يسلط عملنا الضوء على الحاجة الملحة إلى التوضيح الكامل لتأثيرات O3 في هذا المحصول الحيوي المهم فحسب، بل يسلط الضوء أيضًا على الآثار المحتملة لجودة الهواء على إنتاج الأغذية الاستوائية بشكل عام.

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      The Science of The Total Environment
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    Authors: Mst Nahid Farha; Flossie Brown; Lucas A. Cernusak; Stephen Sitch; +1 Authors

    Ozone (O3), a major air pollutant, can negatively impact plant growth and yield. While O3 impacts have been widely documented in crops such as wheat and soybean, few studies have looked at the effects of O3 on sorghum, a C4 plant and the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide. We exposed grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. HAT150843) to a range of O3 concentrations (daytime mean O3 concentrations ranged between 20 and 97 ppb) in open-top chambers, and examined how whole plant and leaf morphological traits varied in response to O3 exposure. Results showed no significant impact of realistic O3 exposure on whole plant biomass and its partitioning in sorghum. These findings suggest that sorghum is generally resistant to O3 and should be considered as a favourable crop in O3 polluted regions, while acknowledging further research is needed to understand the mechanistic basis of O3 tolerance in sorghum.

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    Authors: Mst Nahid Farha; Flossie Brown; Lucas A. Cernusak; Stephen Sitch; +1 Authors

    Ozone (O3), a major air pollutant, can negatively impact plant growth and yield. While O3 impacts have been widely documented in crops such as wheat and soybean, few studies have looked at the effects of O3 on sorghum, a C4 plant and the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide. We exposed grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. HAT150843) to a range of O3 concentrations (daytime mean O3 concentrations ranged between 20 and 97 ppb) in open-top chambers, and examined how whole plant and leaf morphological traits varied in response to O3 exposure. Results showed no significant impact of realistic O3 exposure on whole plant biomass and its partitioning in sorghum. These findings suggest that sorghum is generally resistant to O3 and should be considered as a favourable crop in O3 polluted regions, while acknowledging further research is needed to understand the mechanistic basis of O3 tolerance in sorghum.

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    Authors: Farha, Mst Nahid; Daniells, Jeff; Cernusak, Lucas A.; Ritmejerytė, Edita; +7 Authors

    Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a global air pollutant that adversely affects plant growth. Whereas the impacts of O3 have previously been examined for some tropical commodity crops, no information is available for the pantropical crop, banana (Musa spp.). To address this, we exposed Australia’s major banana cultivar, Williams, to a range of [O3] in open top chambers. In addition, we examined 46 diverse Musa lines growing in a common garden for variation in three traits that are hypothesised to shape responses to O3: (1) leaf mass per area; (2) intrinsic water use efficiency; and (3) total antioxidant capacity. We show that O3 exposure had a significant effect on the biomass of cv. Williams, with significant reductions in both pseudostem and sucker biomass with increasing [O3]. This was accompanied by a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity and phenolic concentrations in older, but not younger, leaves, indicating the importance of cumulative O3 exposure. Using the observed trait diversity, we projected O3 tolerance among the 46 Musa lines growing in the common garden. Of these, cv. Williams ranked as one of the most O3-tolerant cultivars. This suggests that other genetic lines could be even more susceptible, with implications for banana production and food security throughout the tropics.

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    Functional Plant Biology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Farha, Mst Nahid; Daniells, Jeff; Cernusak, Lucas A.; Ritmejerytė, Edita; +7 Authors

    Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a global air pollutant that adversely affects plant growth. Whereas the impacts of O3 have previously been examined for some tropical commodity crops, no information is available for the pantropical crop, banana (Musa spp.). To address this, we exposed Australia’s major banana cultivar, Williams, to a range of [O3] in open top chambers. In addition, we examined 46 diverse Musa lines growing in a common garden for variation in three traits that are hypothesised to shape responses to O3: (1) leaf mass per area; (2) intrinsic water use efficiency; and (3) total antioxidant capacity. We show that O3 exposure had a significant effect on the biomass of cv. Williams, with significant reductions in both pseudostem and sucker biomass with increasing [O3]. This was accompanied by a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity and phenolic concentrations in older, but not younger, leaves, indicating the importance of cumulative O3 exposure. Using the observed trait diversity, we projected O3 tolerance among the 46 Musa lines growing in the common garden. Of these, cv. Williams ranked as one of the most O3-tolerant cultivars. This suggests that other genetic lines could be even more susceptible, with implications for banana production and food security throughout the tropics.

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    Functional Plant Biology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Cheesman, A.W.; Brown, F.; Farha, M.N.; Rosan, T.M.; +9 Authors

    The sugarcane plants were grown in nine independently controlled and monitored Open Top Chambers at the joint University of Exeter and James Cook University (JCU) TropOz research facility located on the Nguma-bada campus of JCU in Cairns, Queensland, Australia. The O3 concentrations were measured approximately every 22 minutes using an ultraviolet UV absorption O3 analyser and environmental variables were monitored in the chambers using a single meteorological monitoring station. The plants were harvested and oven dried to determine biomass production, and the biomass was partitioned into leaf, stalks and roots. The accumulated O3 flux into leaves was estimated using the Deposition of O3 for Stomatal Exchange (DO3SE) model (Version 3.1) parameterized using leaf-level gas-exchange data collected using a portable photosynthesis analyser. These data were subject to standard data input and sense checking. This dataset contains measurements of plant biomass and leaf-level functional traits from sugarcane plants of four different genotypes that were grown under different ozone (O3) conditions in Open Top Chambers for approximately 90 days. It also contains the calculated phytotoxic ozone dose for each of the four genotypes, the O3 concentration measurements and the environmental conditions (air temperature, relative humidity, and photosynthetically active radiation). The four genotypes tested were: Saccharum officinarum L. cv. Badila, Saccharum spontaneum cv. Mandalay, Q240, and CTC4.

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  • Authors: Cheesman, A.W.; Brown, F.; Farha, M.N.; Rosan, T.M.; +9 Authors

    The sugarcane plants were grown in nine independently controlled and monitored Open Top Chambers at the joint University of Exeter and James Cook University (JCU) TropOz research facility located on the Nguma-bada campus of JCU in Cairns, Queensland, Australia. The O3 concentrations were measured approximately every 22 minutes using an ultraviolet UV absorption O3 analyser and environmental variables were monitored in the chambers using a single meteorological monitoring station. The plants were harvested and oven dried to determine biomass production, and the biomass was partitioned into leaf, stalks and roots. The accumulated O3 flux into leaves was estimated using the Deposition of O3 for Stomatal Exchange (DO3SE) model (Version 3.1) parameterized using leaf-level gas-exchange data collected using a portable photosynthesis analyser. These data were subject to standard data input and sense checking. This dataset contains measurements of plant biomass and leaf-level functional traits from sugarcane plants of four different genotypes that were grown under different ozone (O3) conditions in Open Top Chambers for approximately 90 days. It also contains the calculated phytotoxic ozone dose for each of the four genotypes, the O3 concentration measurements and the environmental conditions (air temperature, relative humidity, and photosynthetically active radiation). The four genotypes tested were: Saccharum officinarum L. cv. Badila, Saccharum spontaneum cv. Mandalay, Q240, and CTC4.

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  • Authors: Cheesman, A.W.; Brown, F.; Farha, M.N.; Rosan, T.M.; +9 Authors

    These data were produced using the Joint UK Land earth simulator (JULES v5.6) run on JASMIN. The sugarcane was represented in JULES by using the C4 plant functional type. The input modelled O3 exposure data were simulated using the Earth System Model (UKESM1) for the period 2000 to 2014. JULES was used to calculate annual yields with or without consideration of ozone susceptibility for a 10-year period across south-central Brazil. The spatially explicit model outputs were compared to control model output to calculate the proportional decline and absolute impacts. This dataset contains gridded model outputs of the predicted risk to C4 sugarcane production across south central Brazil for 2010-2014. The outputs are given as production in kg m-2 yr-1, percentage of control production (%) and production losses in kg yr-1 and Tg yr-1. The spatial resolution is 1.25 x 1.875 degrees. Three different levels of ozone susceptibility (low, moderate or high) and two distinct threshold values of phytotoxic ozone dose (0 and 2 nmol m-2 s-1) were considered.

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  • Authors: Cheesman, A.W.; Brown, F.; Farha, M.N.; Rosan, T.M.; +9 Authors

    These data were produced using the Joint UK Land earth simulator (JULES v5.6) run on JASMIN. The sugarcane was represented in JULES by using the C4 plant functional type. The input modelled O3 exposure data were simulated using the Earth System Model (UKESM1) for the period 2000 to 2014. JULES was used to calculate annual yields with or without consideration of ozone susceptibility for a 10-year period across south-central Brazil. The spatially explicit model outputs were compared to control model output to calculate the proportional decline and absolute impacts. This dataset contains gridded model outputs of the predicted risk to C4 sugarcane production across south central Brazil for 2010-2014. The outputs are given as production in kg m-2 yr-1, percentage of control production (%) and production losses in kg yr-1 and Tg yr-1. The spatial resolution is 1.25 x 1.875 degrees. Three different levels of ozone susceptibility (low, moderate or high) and two distinct threshold values of phytotoxic ozone dose (0 and 2 nmol m-2 s-1) were considered.

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    Authors: F. Brown; F. Brown; G. Folberth; S. Sitch; +15 Authors

    Abstract. Surface ozone monitoring sites in the tropics are limited, despite the risk that surface ozone poses to human health, tropical forest and crop productivity. Atmospheric chemistry models allow us to assess ozone exposure in unmonitored locations and evaluate the potential influence of changing policies and climate on air quality, human health and ecosystem integrity. Here, we utilise in situ ozone measurements from ground-based stations in the pan-tropics to evaluate ozone from the UK Earth system model, UKESM1, with a focus on remote sites. The study includes ozone data from areas with limited previous data, notably tropical South America, central Africa and tropical northern Australia. Evaluating UKESM1 against observations beginning in 1987 onwards, we show that UKESM1 is able to capture changes in surface ozone concentration at different temporal resolutions, albeit with a systematic high bias of 18.1 nmol mol−1 on average. We use the diurnal ozone range (DOR) as a metric for evaluation and find that UKESM1 captures the observed DOR (mean bias of 2.7 nmol mol−1 and RMSE of 7.1 nmol mol−1) and the trend in DOR with location and season. Results from this study reveal that hourly ozone concentrations from UKESM1 require bias correction before use for impact assessments based on human and ecosystem health. Indeed, hourly surface ozone data have been crucial to this study, and we encourage other modelling groups to include hourly surface ozone output as a default.

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    Authors: F. Brown; F. Brown; G. Folberth; S. Sitch; +15 Authors

    Abstract. Surface ozone monitoring sites in the tropics are limited, despite the risk that surface ozone poses to human health, tropical forest and crop productivity. Atmospheric chemistry models allow us to assess ozone exposure in unmonitored locations and evaluate the potential influence of changing policies and climate on air quality, human health and ecosystem integrity. Here, we utilise in situ ozone measurements from ground-based stations in the pan-tropics to evaluate ozone from the UK Earth system model, UKESM1, with a focus on remote sites. The study includes ozone data from areas with limited previous data, notably tropical South America, central Africa and tropical northern Australia. Evaluating UKESM1 against observations beginning in 1987 onwards, we show that UKESM1 is able to capture changes in surface ozone concentration at different temporal resolutions, albeit with a systematic high bias of 18.1 nmol mol−1 on average. We use the diurnal ozone range (DOR) as a metric for evaluation and find that UKESM1 captures the observed DOR (mean bias of 2.7 nmol mol−1 and RMSE of 7.1 nmol mol−1) and the trend in DOR with location and season. Results from this study reveal that hourly ozone concentrations from UKESM1 require bias correction before use for impact assessments based on human and ecosystem health. Indeed, hourly surface ozone data have been crucial to this study, and we encourage other modelling groups to include hourly surface ozone output as a default.

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    Authors: Alexander W. Cheesman; Flossie Brown; Mst Nahid Farha; Thais M. Rosan; +9 Authors

    La canne à sucre est une culture de base vitale souvent cultivée dans les régions (sub)tropicales qui ont récemment connu une détérioration de la qualité de l'air. Contrairement à d'autres cultures de base, le risque de pollution atmosphérique, en particulier l'ozone (O3), pour cette culture C4 n'a pas encore été quantifié. Pourtant, des travaux récents ont mis en évidence à la fois les risques potentiels de l'ozone pour les cultures bioénergétiques en C4 et l'émergence de l'exposition à l'ozone sous les tropiques en tant que facteur vital déterminant la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Compte tenu de l'ampleur et de l'expansion prévue de la production de canne à sucre dans des endroits comme le Brésil pour répondre à la demande mondiale de biocarburants, il est urgent de caractériser le risque d'O3 pour l'industrie. Dans cette étude, nous avons cherché à a) dériver les fonctions dose-réponse de l'O3 de la canne à sucre dans une gamme d'expositions réalistes à l'O3 et b) modéliser les implications de cela dans une zone de production d'importance mondiale. Nous avons constaté un impact significatif de l'O3 sur l'allocation de la biomasse (en particulier aux feuilles) et la production dans une gamme de génotypes de canne à sucre, y compris deux variétés commercialement pertinentes (par exemple CTC4, Q240). À l'aide de ces données, nous avons calculé les fonctions dose-réponse pour la canne à sucre et les avons combinées avec l'exposition horaire à l'ozone dans le centre-sud du Brésil, dérivée du modèle du système terrestre britannique (UKESM1), afin de simuler l'impact régional actuel de l'ozone sur la production de canne à sucre à l'aide d'un modèle de végétation mondiale dynamique (JULES vn 5.6). Nous avons constaté qu'entre 5,6 % et 18,3 % de la productivité totale des cultures est probablement perdue dans la région en raison des impacts directs de l'exposition actuelle à l'ozone. Cependant, les impacts dépendaient de manière critique des différences substantielles de sensibilité à l'O3 observées entre les génotypes de la canne à sucre et de la manière dont ils étaient mis en œuvre dans le modèle. Notre travail souligne non seulement le besoin urgent d'élucider pleinement les impacts de l'ozone dans cette importante culture bioénergétique, mais aussi les implications potentielles que la qualité de l'air peut avoir sur la production alimentaire tropicale en général. La caña de azúcar es un cultivo básico vital que a menudo se cultiva en regiones (sub)tropicales que han estado experimentando un reciente deterioro en la calidad del aire. A diferencia de otros cultivos básicos, aún no se ha cuantificado el riesgo de contaminación del aire, específicamente el ozono (O3), para este cultivo C4. Sin embargo, trabajos recientes han destacado tanto los riesgos potenciales de los cultivos bioenergéticos de O3 a C4 como la aparición de la exposición al O3 en los trópicos como un factor vital que determina la seguridad alimentaria mundial. Dada la gran extensión y la expansión planificada de la producción de caña de azúcar en lugares como Brasil para satisfacer la demanda mundial de biocombustibles, existe una necesidad apremiante de caracterizar el riesgo de O3 para la industria. En este estudio, buscamos a) derivar las funciones de respuesta a la dosis de O3 de la caña de azúcar en un rango de exposición realista a O3 y b) modelar las implicaciones de esto en un área de producción de importancia mundial. Encontramos un impacto significativo del O3 en la asignación de biomasa (especialmente a las hojas) y la producción en una variedad de genotipos de caña de azúcar, incluidas dos variedades comercialmente relevantes (por ejemplo, CTC4, Q240). Utilizando estos datos, calculamos las funciones de dosis-respuesta para la caña de azúcar y las combinamos con la exposición horaria al O3 en el centro-sur de Brasil derivada del Modelo del Sistema Terrestre del Reino Unido (UKESM1) para simular el impacto regional actual del O3 en la producción de caña de azúcar utilizando un modelo dinámico de vegetación global (JULES vn 5.6). Encontramos que entre el 5,6 % y el 18,3 % de la productividad total de los cultivos probablemente se pierda en toda la región debido a los impactos directos de la exposición actual al O3. Sin embargo, los impactos dependieron críticamente de las diferencias sustanciales en la susceptibilidad al O3 observadas entre los genotipos de la caña de azúcar y de cómo se implementaron en el modelo. Nuestro trabajo destaca no solo la necesidad urgente de dilucidar completamente los impactos del O3 en este importante cultivo bioenergético, sino también las posibles implicaciones que la calidad del aire puede tener sobre la producción de alimentos tropicales en general. Sugarcane is a vital commodity crop often grown in (sub)tropical regions which have been experiencing a recent deterioration in air quality. Unlike for other commodity crops, the risk of air pollution, specifically ozone (O3), to this C4 crop has not yet been quantified. Yet, recent work has highlighted both the potential risks of O3 to C4 bioenergy crops, and the emergence of O3 exposure across the tropics as a vital factor determining global food security. Given the large extent, and planned expansion of sugarcane production in places like Brazil to meet global demand for biofuels, there is a pressing need to characterize the risk of O3 to the industry. In this study, we sought to a) derive sugarcane O3 dose-response functions across a range of realistic O3 exposure and b) model the implications of this across a globally important production area. We found a significant impact of O3 on biomass allocation (especially to leaves) and production across a range of sugarcane genotypes, including two commercially relevant varieties (e.g. CTC4, Q240). Using these data, we calculated dose-response functions for sugarcane and combined them with hourly O3 exposure across south-central Brazil derived from the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1) to simulate the current regional impact of O3 on sugarcane production using a dynamic global vegetation model (JULES vn 5.6). We found that between 5.6 % and 18.3 % of total crop productivity is likely lost across the region due to the direct impacts of current O3 exposure. However, impacts depended critically on the substantial differences in O3 susceptibility observed among sugarcane genotypes and how these were implemented in the model. Our work highlights not only the urgent need to fully elucidate the impacts of O3 in this important bioenergetic crop, but the potential implications air quality may have upon tropical food production more generally. يعتبر قصب السكر محصولًا سلعيًا حيويًا غالبًا ما يزرع في المناطق (شبه الاستوائية) التي شهدت تدهورًا مؤخرًا في جودة الهواء. على عكس المحاصيل السلعية الأخرى، لم يتم بعد تحديد خطر تلوث الهواء، وتحديداً الأوزون (O3)، على محصول C4 هذا. ومع ذلك، سلط العمل الأخير الضوء على كل من المخاطر المحتملة لمحاصيل الطاقة الحيوية من O3 إلى C4، وظهور التعرض لـ O3 عبر المناطق المدارية كعامل حيوي يحدد الأمن الغذائي العالمي. بالنظر إلى المدى الكبير والتوسع المخطط لإنتاج قصب السكر في أماكن مثل البرازيل لتلبية الطلب العالمي على الوقود الحيوي، هناك حاجة ملحة لتوصيف خطر O3 على الصناعة. في هذه الدراسة، سعينا إلى أ) استخلاص وظائف الاستجابة لجرعة O3 من قصب السكر عبر مجموعة من التعرض الواقعي لـ O3 و ب) نمذجة الآثار المترتبة على ذلك عبر منطقة إنتاج مهمة عالميًا. وجدنا تأثيرًا كبيرًا لـ O3 على تخصيص الكتلة الحيوية (خاصة للأوراق) والإنتاج عبر مجموعة من الأنماط الجينية لقصب السكر، بما في ذلك نوعين ذوي صلة تجارية (مثل CTC4، Q240). باستخدام هذه البيانات، قمنا بحساب وظائف الجرعة والاستجابة لقصب السكر وقمنا بدمجها مع التعرض لـ O3 كل ساعة عبر جنوب وسط البرازيل المستمد من نموذج النظام الأرضي في المملكة المتحدة (UKESM1) لمحاكاة التأثير الإقليمي الحالي لـ O3 على إنتاج قصب السكر باستخدام نموذج نباتي عالمي ديناميكي (JULES vn 5.6). وجدنا أنه من المحتمل فقدان ما بين 5.6 ٪ و 18.3 ٪ من إجمالي إنتاجية المحاصيل في جميع أنحاء المنطقة بسبب التأثيرات المباشرة للتعرض الحالي للأكسجين. ومع ذلك، اعتمدت التأثيرات بشكل حاسم على الاختلافات الجوهرية في حساسية O3 التي لوحظت بين الأنماط الجينية لقصب السكر وكيفية تنفيذها في النموذج. لا يسلط عملنا الضوء على الحاجة الملحة إلى التوضيح الكامل لتأثيرات O3 في هذا المحصول الحيوي المهم فحسب، بل يسلط الضوء أيضًا على الآثار المحتملة لجودة الهواء على إنتاج الأغذية الاستوائية بشكل عام.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alexander W. Cheesman; Flossie Brown; Mst Nahid Farha; Thais M. Rosan; +9 Authors

    La canne à sucre est une culture de base vitale souvent cultivée dans les régions (sub)tropicales qui ont récemment connu une détérioration de la qualité de l'air. Contrairement à d'autres cultures de base, le risque de pollution atmosphérique, en particulier l'ozone (O3), pour cette culture C4 n'a pas encore été quantifié. Pourtant, des travaux récents ont mis en évidence à la fois les risques potentiels de l'ozone pour les cultures bioénergétiques en C4 et l'émergence de l'exposition à l'ozone sous les tropiques en tant que facteur vital déterminant la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Compte tenu de l'ampleur et de l'expansion prévue de la production de canne à sucre dans des endroits comme le Brésil pour répondre à la demande mondiale de biocarburants, il est urgent de caractériser le risque d'O3 pour l'industrie. Dans cette étude, nous avons cherché à a) dériver les fonctions dose-réponse de l'O3 de la canne à sucre dans une gamme d'expositions réalistes à l'O3 et b) modéliser les implications de cela dans une zone de production d'importance mondiale. Nous avons constaté un impact significatif de l'O3 sur l'allocation de la biomasse (en particulier aux feuilles) et la production dans une gamme de génotypes de canne à sucre, y compris deux variétés commercialement pertinentes (par exemple CTC4, Q240). À l'aide de ces données, nous avons calculé les fonctions dose-réponse pour la canne à sucre et les avons combinées avec l'exposition horaire à l'ozone dans le centre-sud du Brésil, dérivée du modèle du système terrestre britannique (UKESM1), afin de simuler l'impact régional actuel de l'ozone sur la production de canne à sucre à l'aide d'un modèle de végétation mondiale dynamique (JULES vn 5.6). Nous avons constaté qu'entre 5,6 % et 18,3 % de la productivité totale des cultures est probablement perdue dans la région en raison des impacts directs de l'exposition actuelle à l'ozone. Cependant, les impacts dépendaient de manière critique des différences substantielles de sensibilité à l'O3 observées entre les génotypes de la canne à sucre et de la manière dont ils étaient mis en œuvre dans le modèle. Notre travail souligne non seulement le besoin urgent d'élucider pleinement les impacts de l'ozone dans cette importante culture bioénergétique, mais aussi les implications potentielles que la qualité de l'air peut avoir sur la production alimentaire tropicale en général. La caña de azúcar es un cultivo básico vital que a menudo se cultiva en regiones (sub)tropicales que han estado experimentando un reciente deterioro en la calidad del aire. A diferencia de otros cultivos básicos, aún no se ha cuantificado el riesgo de contaminación del aire, específicamente el ozono (O3), para este cultivo C4. Sin embargo, trabajos recientes han destacado tanto los riesgos potenciales de los cultivos bioenergéticos de O3 a C4 como la aparición de la exposición al O3 en los trópicos como un factor vital que determina la seguridad alimentaria mundial. Dada la gran extensión y la expansión planificada de la producción de caña de azúcar en lugares como Brasil para satisfacer la demanda mundial de biocombustibles, existe una necesidad apremiante de caracterizar el riesgo de O3 para la industria. En este estudio, buscamos a) derivar las funciones de respuesta a la dosis de O3 de la caña de azúcar en un rango de exposición realista a O3 y b) modelar las implicaciones de esto en un área de producción de importancia mundial. Encontramos un impacto significativo del O3 en la asignación de biomasa (especialmente a las hojas) y la producción en una variedad de genotipos de caña de azúcar, incluidas dos variedades comercialmente relevantes (por ejemplo, CTC4, Q240). Utilizando estos datos, calculamos las funciones de dosis-respuesta para la caña de azúcar y las combinamos con la exposición horaria al O3 en el centro-sur de Brasil derivada del Modelo del Sistema Terrestre del Reino Unido (UKESM1) para simular el impacto regional actual del O3 en la producción de caña de azúcar utilizando un modelo dinámico de vegetación global (JULES vn 5.6). Encontramos que entre el 5,6 % y el 18,3 % de la productividad total de los cultivos probablemente se pierda en toda la región debido a los impactos directos de la exposición actual al O3. Sin embargo, los impactos dependieron críticamente de las diferencias sustanciales en la susceptibilidad al O3 observadas entre los genotipos de la caña de azúcar y de cómo se implementaron en el modelo. Nuestro trabajo destaca no solo la necesidad urgente de dilucidar completamente los impactos del O3 en este importante cultivo bioenergético, sino también las posibles implicaciones que la calidad del aire puede tener sobre la producción de alimentos tropicales en general. Sugarcane is a vital commodity crop often grown in (sub)tropical regions which have been experiencing a recent deterioration in air quality. Unlike for other commodity crops, the risk of air pollution, specifically ozone (O3), to this C4 crop has not yet been quantified. Yet, recent work has highlighted both the potential risks of O3 to C4 bioenergy crops, and the emergence of O3 exposure across the tropics as a vital factor determining global food security. Given the large extent, and planned expansion of sugarcane production in places like Brazil to meet global demand for biofuels, there is a pressing need to characterize the risk of O3 to the industry. In this study, we sought to a) derive sugarcane O3 dose-response functions across a range of realistic O3 exposure and b) model the implications of this across a globally important production area. We found a significant impact of O3 on biomass allocation (especially to leaves) and production across a range of sugarcane genotypes, including two commercially relevant varieties (e.g. CTC4, Q240). Using these data, we calculated dose-response functions for sugarcane and combined them with hourly O3 exposure across south-central Brazil derived from the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1) to simulate the current regional impact of O3 on sugarcane production using a dynamic global vegetation model (JULES vn 5.6). We found that between 5.6 % and 18.3 % of total crop productivity is likely lost across the region due to the direct impacts of current O3 exposure. However, impacts depended critically on the substantial differences in O3 susceptibility observed among sugarcane genotypes and how these were implemented in the model. Our work highlights not only the urgent need to fully elucidate the impacts of O3 in this important bioenergetic crop, but the potential implications air quality may have upon tropical food production more generally. يعتبر قصب السكر محصولًا سلعيًا حيويًا غالبًا ما يزرع في المناطق (شبه الاستوائية) التي شهدت تدهورًا مؤخرًا في جودة الهواء. على عكس المحاصيل السلعية الأخرى، لم يتم بعد تحديد خطر تلوث الهواء، وتحديداً الأوزون (O3)، على محصول C4 هذا. ومع ذلك، سلط العمل الأخير الضوء على كل من المخاطر المحتملة لمحاصيل الطاقة الحيوية من O3 إلى C4، وظهور التعرض لـ O3 عبر المناطق المدارية كعامل حيوي يحدد الأمن الغذائي العالمي. بالنظر إلى المدى الكبير والتوسع المخطط لإنتاج قصب السكر في أماكن مثل البرازيل لتلبية الطلب العالمي على الوقود الحيوي، هناك حاجة ملحة لتوصيف خطر O3 على الصناعة. في هذه الدراسة، سعينا إلى أ) استخلاص وظائف الاستجابة لجرعة O3 من قصب السكر عبر مجموعة من التعرض الواقعي لـ O3 و ب) نمذجة الآثار المترتبة على ذلك عبر منطقة إنتاج مهمة عالميًا. وجدنا تأثيرًا كبيرًا لـ O3 على تخصيص الكتلة الحيوية (خاصة للأوراق) والإنتاج عبر مجموعة من الأنماط الجينية لقصب السكر، بما في ذلك نوعين ذوي صلة تجارية (مثل CTC4، Q240). باستخدام هذه البيانات، قمنا بحساب وظائف الجرعة والاستجابة لقصب السكر وقمنا بدمجها مع التعرض لـ O3 كل ساعة عبر جنوب وسط البرازيل المستمد من نموذج النظام الأرضي في المملكة المتحدة (UKESM1) لمحاكاة التأثير الإقليمي الحالي لـ O3 على إنتاج قصب السكر باستخدام نموذج نباتي عالمي ديناميكي (JULES vn 5.6). وجدنا أنه من المحتمل فقدان ما بين 5.6 ٪ و 18.3 ٪ من إجمالي إنتاجية المحاصيل في جميع أنحاء المنطقة بسبب التأثيرات المباشرة للتعرض الحالي للأكسجين. ومع ذلك، اعتمدت التأثيرات بشكل حاسم على الاختلافات الجوهرية في حساسية O3 التي لوحظت بين الأنماط الجينية لقصب السكر وكيفية تنفيذها في النموذج. لا يسلط عملنا الضوء على الحاجة الملحة إلى التوضيح الكامل لتأثيرات O3 في هذا المحصول الحيوي المهم فحسب، بل يسلط الضوء أيضًا على الآثار المحتملة لجودة الهواء على إنتاج الأغذية الاستوائية بشكل عام.

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      The Science of The Total Environment
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    Authors: Mst Nahid Farha; Flossie Brown; Lucas A. Cernusak; Stephen Sitch; +1 Authors

    Ozone (O3), a major air pollutant, can negatively impact plant growth and yield. While O3 impacts have been widely documented in crops such as wheat and soybean, few studies have looked at the effects of O3 on sorghum, a C4 plant and the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide. We exposed grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. HAT150843) to a range of O3 concentrations (daytime mean O3 concentrations ranged between 20 and 97 ppb) in open-top chambers, and examined how whole plant and leaf morphological traits varied in response to O3 exposure. Results showed no significant impact of realistic O3 exposure on whole plant biomass and its partitioning in sorghum. These findings suggest that sorghum is generally resistant to O3 and should be considered as a favourable crop in O3 polluted regions, while acknowledging further research is needed to understand the mechanistic basis of O3 tolerance in sorghum.

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    Authors: Mst Nahid Farha; Flossie Brown; Lucas A. Cernusak; Stephen Sitch; +1 Authors

    Ozone (O3), a major air pollutant, can negatively impact plant growth and yield. While O3 impacts have been widely documented in crops such as wheat and soybean, few studies have looked at the effects of O3 on sorghum, a C4 plant and the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide. We exposed grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. HAT150843) to a range of O3 concentrations (daytime mean O3 concentrations ranged between 20 and 97 ppb) in open-top chambers, and examined how whole plant and leaf morphological traits varied in response to O3 exposure. Results showed no significant impact of realistic O3 exposure on whole plant biomass and its partitioning in sorghum. These findings suggest that sorghum is generally resistant to O3 and should be considered as a favourable crop in O3 polluted regions, while acknowledging further research is needed to understand the mechanistic basis of O3 tolerance in sorghum.

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    Authors: Farha, Mst Nahid; Daniells, Jeff; Cernusak, Lucas A.; Ritmejerytė, Edita; +7 Authors

    Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a global air pollutant that adversely affects plant growth. Whereas the impacts of O3 have previously been examined for some tropical commodity crops, no information is available for the pantropical crop, banana (Musa spp.). To address this, we exposed Australia’s major banana cultivar, Williams, to a range of [O3] in open top chambers. In addition, we examined 46 diverse Musa lines growing in a common garden for variation in three traits that are hypothesised to shape responses to O3: (1) leaf mass per area; (2) intrinsic water use efficiency; and (3) total antioxidant capacity. We show that O3 exposure had a significant effect on the biomass of cv. Williams, with significant reductions in both pseudostem and sucker biomass with increasing [O3]. This was accompanied by a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity and phenolic concentrations in older, but not younger, leaves, indicating the importance of cumulative O3 exposure. Using the observed trait diversity, we projected O3 tolerance among the 46 Musa lines growing in the common garden. Of these, cv. Williams ranked as one of the most O3-tolerant cultivars. This suggests that other genetic lines could be even more susceptible, with implications for banana production and food security throughout the tropics.

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    Functional Plant Biology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Farha, Mst Nahid; Daniells, Jeff; Cernusak, Lucas A.; Ritmejerytė, Edita; +7 Authors

    Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a global air pollutant that adversely affects plant growth. Whereas the impacts of O3 have previously been examined for some tropical commodity crops, no information is available for the pantropical crop, banana (Musa spp.). To address this, we exposed Australia’s major banana cultivar, Williams, to a range of [O3] in open top chambers. In addition, we examined 46 diverse Musa lines growing in a common garden for variation in three traits that are hypothesised to shape responses to O3: (1) leaf mass per area; (2) intrinsic water use efficiency; and (3) total antioxidant capacity. We show that O3 exposure had a significant effect on the biomass of cv. Williams, with significant reductions in both pseudostem and sucker biomass with increasing [O3]. This was accompanied by a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity and phenolic concentrations in older, but not younger, leaves, indicating the importance of cumulative O3 exposure. Using the observed trait diversity, we projected O3 tolerance among the 46 Musa lines growing in the common garden. Of these, cv. Williams ranked as one of the most O3-tolerant cultivars. This suggests that other genetic lines could be even more susceptible, with implications for banana production and food security throughout the tropics.

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    Functional Plant Biology
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  • Authors: Cheesman, A.W.; Brown, F.; Farha, M.N.; Rosan, T.M.; +9 Authors

    The sugarcane plants were grown in nine independently controlled and monitored Open Top Chambers at the joint University of Exeter and James Cook University (JCU) TropOz research facility located on the Nguma-bada campus of JCU in Cairns, Queensland, Australia. The O3 concentrations were measured approximately every 22 minutes using an ultraviolet UV absorption O3 analyser and environmental variables were monitored in the chambers using a single meteorological monitoring station. The plants were harvested and oven dried to determine biomass production, and the biomass was partitioned into leaf, stalks and roots. The accumulated O3 flux into leaves was estimated using the Deposition of O3 for Stomatal Exchange (DO3SE) model (Version 3.1) parameterized using leaf-level gas-exchange data collected using a portable photosynthesis analyser. These data were subject to standard data input and sense checking. This dataset contains measurements of plant biomass and leaf-level functional traits from sugarcane plants of four different genotypes that were grown under different ozone (O3) conditions in Open Top Chambers for approximately 90 days. It also contains the calculated phytotoxic ozone dose for each of the four genotypes, the O3 concentration measurements and the environmental conditions (air temperature, relative humidity, and photosynthetically active radiation). The four genotypes tested were: Saccharum officinarum L. cv. Badila, Saccharum spontaneum cv. Mandalay, Q240, and CTC4.

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  • Authors: Cheesman, A.W.; Brown, F.; Farha, M.N.; Rosan, T.M.; +9 Authors

    The sugarcane plants were grown in nine independently controlled and monitored Open Top Chambers at the joint University of Exeter and James Cook University (JCU) TropOz research facility located on the Nguma-bada campus of JCU in Cairns, Queensland, Australia. The O3 concentrations were measured approximately every 22 minutes using an ultraviolet UV absorption O3 analyser and environmental variables were monitored in the chambers using a single meteorological monitoring station. The plants were harvested and oven dried to determine biomass production, and the biomass was partitioned into leaf, stalks and roots. The accumulated O3 flux into leaves was estimated using the Deposition of O3 for Stomatal Exchange (DO3SE) model (Version 3.1) parameterized using leaf-level gas-exchange data collected using a portable photosynthesis analyser. These data were subject to standard data input and sense checking. This dataset contains measurements of plant biomass and leaf-level functional traits from sugarcane plants of four different genotypes that were grown under different ozone (O3) conditions in Open Top Chambers for approximately 90 days. It also contains the calculated phytotoxic ozone dose for each of the four genotypes, the O3 concentration measurements and the environmental conditions (air temperature, relative humidity, and photosynthetically active radiation). The four genotypes tested were: Saccharum officinarum L. cv. Badila, Saccharum spontaneum cv. Mandalay, Q240, and CTC4.

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