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The high surface area, electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) composites has rendered them promising candidates for structural power composites. Nevertheless, it is important to understand their mechanical behaviour before they are applied in energy storage devices amid the safety concerns. This work explores the nail penetration behaviours of supercapacitor specimens consisting of CNT electrodes and pseudocapacitor specimens with carbon nanotube-polyaniline (CNT/PANI) electrodes. Specimens with and without electrolyte were tested. The dry cells without electrolyte follow a power law behaviour, while the wet cells with the electrolyte exhibit a piece-wise nonlinear relationship. The force, voltage and temperature of the supercapacitor were recorded during the nail penetration test. No temperature change or overheating was observed after short-circuit. Moreover, electrochemical testing is performed before and after the specimen penetration. The cyclic voltammetry shows the dramatic loss of capacitance, changing the cell behaviour from capacitor to resistor-like manner. Johnson-Cook model was used to predict the nail penetration behaviour. The coefficients of Johnson-Cook model are calibrated from the experimental load-displacement curves. The finite element model predictions are in a good agreement with the experimental results.

Climate change is threatening the health of current and future generations of children. The most recent evidence from the Lancet Countdown: Tracking Progress on Health and Climate Change finds declining trends in yield potential of major crops, rising heatwave exposures, and increasing climate suitability for the transmission of infectious diseases, putting at risk the health and wellbeing of children around the world. However, if children are considered at the core of planning and implementation, the policy responses to climate change could yield enormous benefits for the health and wellbeing of children throughout their lives. Child health professionals have a role to play in ensuring this, with the beneficiaries of their involvement ranging from the individual child to the global community. The newly established Children in All Policies 2030 initiative will work with the Lancet Countdown to provide the evidence on the climate change responses necessary to protect and promote the health of children.

Introduction : Le manque d'informations fondées sur des preuves concernant les risques biologiques potentiels peut entraîner des stratégies inappropriées ou excessives de biosécurité et de réduction des risques de biosécurité. Cela peut causer des dommages et des pertes inutiles aux installations physiques, au bien-être physique et psychologique du personnel de laboratoire et à la confiance de la communauté. Un groupe de travail technique de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (WOAH, anciennement OIE), de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) et de Chatham House a collaboré au projet de feuille de route de recherche sur la biosécurité (BRM). L'objectif de la GRE est la mise en œuvre durable d'une gestion des risques biologiques fondée sur des données probantes des activités de laboratoire, en particulier dans les milieux à faibles ressources, et l'identification des lacunes dans la base de connaissances actuelle sur la biosécurité et la biosûreté. Méthodes : Une recherche documentaire a été menée sur la base de la conception et des pratiques de laboratoire pour quatre sous-groupes d'agents pathogènes hautement prioritaires sélectionnés. Les lacunes potentielles en matière de biosécurité ont été concentrées sur cinq sections principales, y compris la voie d'inoculation/les modes de transmission, la dose infectieuse, les infections acquises en laboratoire, les rejets de confinement et les stratégies de désinfection et de décontamination. Des catégories représentant divers agents pathogènes de la fièvre hémorragique respiratoire, bioterroriste/zoonotique et virale ont été créées au sein de chaque groupe pour examen. Résultats : Des fiches d'information sur les agents pathogènes ont été élaborées. Des lacunes critiques dans la base de données probantes pour une gestion sûre et durable des biorisques ont été identifiées. Conclusion : L'analyse des lacunes a identifié les domaines de recherche appliquée en biosécurité nécessaires pour soutenir la sécurité et la durabilité des programmes de recherche mondiaux. L'amélioration des données disponibles pour les décisions de gestion des biorisques pour la recherche avec des agents pathogènes hautement prioritaires contribuera de manière significative à l'amélioration et au développement de stratégies appropriées et nécessaires de biosécurité, de confinement biologique et de biosécurité pour chaque agent. Introducción: La falta de información basada en la evidencia sobre los riesgos biológicos potenciales puede resultar en estrategias de reducción de riesgos de bioseguridad y bioseguridad inapropiadas o excesivas. Esto puede causar daños innecesarios y pérdidas a las instalaciones físicas, el bienestar físico y psicológico del personal de laboratorio y la confianza de la comunidad. Un grupo de trabajo técnico de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (WOAH, anteriormente OIE), la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y Chatham House colaboró en el proyecto de hoja de ruta de investigación sobre bioseguridad (BRM). El objetivo del BRM es la implementación sostenible de la gestión de biorriesgos basada en la evidencia de las actividades de laboratorio, particularmente en entornos de bajos recursos, y la identificación de brechas en la base de conocimientos actual de bioseguridad y bioseguridad. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre la base del diseño y las prácticas de laboratorio para cuatro subgrupos seleccionados de agentes patógenos de alta prioridad. Las brechas potenciales en bioseguridad se centraron en cinco secciones principales, incluida la ruta de inoculación/modos de transmisión, la dosis infecciosa, las infecciones adquiridas en laboratorio, las liberaciones de contención y las estrategias de desinfección y descontaminación. Se seleccionaron las categorías que representan patógenos misceláneos, respiratorios, de bioterrorismo/zoonóticos y de fiebre hemorrágica viral dentro de cada grupo para su revisión. Resultados: Se desarrollaron hojas de información sobre los patógenos. Se identificaron brechas críticas en la base de evidencia para una gestión segura y sostenible de los biorriesgos. Conclusión: El análisis de brechas identificó las áreas de investigación de bioseguridad aplicada necesarias para respaldar la seguridad y la sostenibilidad de los programas de investigación globales. Mejorar los datos disponibles para las decisiones de gestión de biorriesgos para la investigación con patógenos de alta prioridad contribuirá significativamente a la mejora y el desarrollo de estrategias apropiadas y necesarias de bioseguridad, biocontención y bioseguridad para cada agente. Introduction: Lack of evidence-based information regarding potential biological risks can result in inappropriate or excessive biosafety and biosecurity risk-reduction strategies. This can cause unnecessary damage and loss to the physical facilities, physical and psychological well-being of laboratory staff, and community trust. A technical working group from the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH, formerly OIE), World Health Organization (WHO), and Chatham House collaborated on the Biosafety Research Roadmap (BRM) project. The goal of the BRM is the sustainable implementation of evidence-based biorisk management of laboratory activities, particularly in low-resource settings, and the identification of gaps in the current biosafety and biosecurity knowledge base. Methods: A literature search was conducted for the basis of laboratory design and practices for four selected high-priority subgroups of pathogenic agents. Potential gaps in biosafety were focused on five main sections, including the route of inoculation/modes of transmission, infectious dose, laboratory-acquired infections, containment releases, and disinfection and decontamination strategies. Categories representing miscellaneous, respiratory, bioterrorism/zoonotic, and viral hemorrhagic fever pathogens were created within each group were selected for review. Results: Information sheets on the pathogens were developed. Critical gaps in the evidence base for safe sustainable biorisk management were identified. Conclusion: The gap analysis identified areas of applied biosafety research required to support the safety, and the sustainability, of global research programs. Improving the data available for biorisk management decisions for research with high-priority pathogens will contribute significantly to the improvement and development of appropriate and necessary biosafety, biocontainment and biosecurity strategies for each agent. المقدمة: يمكن أن يؤدي نقص المعلومات القائمة على الأدلة فيما يتعلق بالمخاطر البيولوجية المحتملة إلى استراتيجيات غير مناسبة أو مفرطة للحد من مخاطر السلامة البيولوجية والأمن البيولوجي. يمكن أن يتسبب ذلك في أضرار وخسائر غير ضرورية للمرافق المادية والرفاهية الجسدية والنفسية لموظفي المختبر وثقة المجتمع. تعاونت مجموعة عمل فنية من المنظمة العالمية لصحة الحيوان (WOA، المنظمة العالمية لصحة الحيوان سابقًا) ومنظمة الصحة العالمية (WHO) وتشاتام هاوس في مشروع خارطة طريق أبحاث السلامة الأحيائية (BRM). الهدف من إدارة المخاطر البيولوجية هو التنفيذ المستدام لإدارة المخاطر البيولوجية القائمة على الأدلة للأنشطة المختبرية، لا سيما في البيئات منخفضة الموارد، وتحديد الثغرات في قاعدة المعرفة الحالية للسلامة البيولوجية والأمن البيولوجي. الأساليب: تم إجراء بحث في الأدبيات حول أساس تصميم المختبرات وممارساتها لأربع مجموعات فرعية مختارة ذات أولوية عالية من العوامل المسببة للأمراض. وتركزت الثغرات المحتملة في مجال السلامة الأحيائية على خمسة أقسام رئيسية، بما في ذلك مسار التلقيح/طرق انتقال العدوى، والجرعة المعدية، والعدوى المكتسبة من المختبرات، وإطلاقات الاحتواء، واستراتيجيات التطهير والتطهير. تم اختيار الفئات التي تمثل مسببات الأمراض المتنوعة والجهاز التنفسي والإرهاب البيولوجي/الحيواني المنشأ والحمى النزفية الفيروسية داخل كل مجموعة للمراجعة. النتائج: تم تطوير صحائف معلومات عن مسببات الأمراض. تم تحديد الثغرات الحرجة في قاعدة الأدلة للإدارة الآمنة والمستدامة للمخاطر البيولوجية. الخاتمة: حدد تحليل الثغرات مجالات أبحاث السلامة الأحيائية التطبيقية المطلوبة لدعم سلامة برامج البحوث العالمية واستدامتها. سيساهم تحسين البيانات المتاحة لقرارات إدارة المخاطر البيولوجية للبحث مع مسببات الأمراض ذات الأولوية العالية بشكل كبير في تحسين وتطوير استراتيجيات السلامة البيولوجية والاحتواء البيولوجي والأمن البيولوجي المناسبة والضرورية لكل عامل.

Abstract The fungal kingdom represents an extraordinary diversity of organisms with profound impacts across animal, plant, and ecosystem health. Fungi simultaneously support life, by forming beneficial symbioses with plants and producing life-saving medicines, and bring death, by causing devastating diseases in humans, plants, and animals. With climate change, increased antimicrobial resistance, global trade, environmental degradation, and novel viruses altering the impact of fungi on health and disease, developing new approaches is now more crucial than ever to combat the threats posed by fungi and to harness their extraordinary potential for applications in human health, food supply, and environmental remediation. To address this aim, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) and the Burroughs Wellcome Fund convened a workshop to unite leading experts on fungal biology from academia and industry to strategize innovative solutions to global challenges and fungal threats. This report provides recommendations to accelerate fungal research and highlights the major research advances and ideas discussed at the meeting pertaining to 5 major topics: (1) Connections between fungi and climate change and ways to avert climate catastrophe; (2) Fungal threats to humans and ways to mitigate them; (3) Fungal threats to agriculture and food security and approaches to ensure a robust global food supply; (4) Fungal threats to animals and approaches to avoid species collapse and extinction; and (5) Opportunities presented by the fungal kingdom, including novel medicines and enzymes.

Abstract Background Harmful substances in solid fuel and tobacco smoke are believed to enter the bloodstream via inhalation and to be metabolized in the liver, leading to chronic liver damage. However, little is known about the independent and joint effects of solid fuel use and smoking on risks of chronic liver disease (CLD) mortality. Methods During 2004–08, ∼0.5 million adults aged 30–79 years were recruited from 10 areas across China. During a 10-year median follow-up, 2461 CLD deaths were recorded. Multivariable Cox regression yielded adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the individual associations of self-reported long-term cooking fuel and tobacco use with major CLD death. Results Overall, 49% reported solid fuel use and 26% smoked regularly. Long-term solid fuel use for cooking and current smoking were associated with higher risks of CLD deaths, with adjusted HRs of 1.26 (95% CI, 1.02–1.56) and 1.28 (1.13–1.44), respectively. Compared with never-smoking clean fuel users, the HRs were 1.41 (1.10–1.82) in never-smoking solid fuel users, 1.55 (1.17–2.06) in regular-smoking clean fuel users and 1.71 (1.32–2.20) in regular-smoking solid fuels users. Individuals who had switched from solid to clean fuels (1.07, 0.90–1.29; for median 14 years) and ex-regular smokers who stopped for non-medical reasons (1.16, 0.95–1.43; for median 10 years) had no evidence of excess risk of CLD deaths compared with clean fuel users and never-regular smokers, respectively. Conclusions Among Chinese adults, long-term solid fuel use for cooking and smoking were each independently associated with higher risks of CLD deaths. Individuals who had stopped using solid fuels or smoking had lower risks.