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Abstract Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is one of several mitigation options that must be implemented in order to reduce anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. The work presented in this paper is a part of the ongoing PRO_CCS project, where the emphasis is on Polish emitters located on or close to the Baltic Sea coast and possible whole chain CCS solutions for these. This paper will focus on the potential use of CO 2 from these sources in CO 2 -EOR projects in the Baltic Sea and/or North Sea. In addition, a number of technical and non-technical CO 2 -EOR related aspects have been identified and discussed. Two oilfields, B8 in the Polish economic sector of the Baltic Sea and Brage on the Norwegian Continental Shelf have been selected. These two fields are matched with suitable emitters in Poland to develop two separate CCUS scenarios. The scenarios will provide a prediction on operations during the CO 2 -EOR project lifetime. These predictions will be based on open information about the oilfields and their current operation, and on available literature on CO 2 -EOR operations. The goal of the project is to assess the economic viability of the two scenarios.

AbstractPrincipal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate groundwater quality data acquired in the pre-injection and injection periods for the Illinois Basin – Decatur Project (IBDP), a large-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) project located in Decatur, Illinois, USA. For the pre-injection and injection periods three principal components explained 76.6% and 80.0% of the total data variance, respectively. Analysis of the pre-injection data set determined that highly positive loadings for total dissolved solids, chloride, bromide, sodium, magnesium, potassium, and electrical conductance designated the first component (PC1) as the salinity factor. High loadings for calcium, iron, and sulfate in component two (PC2) represents an oxidation-reduction component. The third component (PC3) represents groundwater acidity because of highly positive loading of pH. For the injection data set the variables contributed to the first component are bromide, sodium, total dissolved solids, chloride, electrical conductance, potassium, sulfate, iron, and calcium. Sulfate, magnesium, and calcium contribute to the second component and pH to the third component and represent salinity, dissolution, and acidity of groundwater. The results of the PC analysis indicate that water-rock interactions are the primary mechanism governing groundwater quality during both periods. The results of this analysis indicate that CO2 injection activities have not impacted the quality of the shallow groundwater in the project area.

AbstractA simple experiment for capillary sealed trap shows that leakage would occur only from the weakest point in the trap. As an extens ion of this concept, the sequestrated and accumulated CO2 in the structural high may happen to leak from the unexpected weak point near the top of sealing layer. On the other hand, if CO2 were sequestrated into the flank of tilted aquifer, CO2 in separate phas e would migrate upward within aquifer with no CO2 leakage into the sealing layer above and leaving some residual amount behind. According to this concept, the best location for sequestration of CO2 could be the flank of the structure rather than the top.

AbstractAlthough the road-map of the oxy-fuel process seems to be very advanced, there are still plenty of open questions. One of the significant ones is the corrosive behaviour of the heat exchanger surfaces. The Institute of Combustion and Power Plant Technology, University of Stuttgart, performs research on the fireside corrosion under oxy-fuel and conventional combustion conditions for the current and supercritical power plants considering the influence of combustion modus, gas atmosphere and fly ash deposits on the waterwall and superheater surfaces. Since the oxy-fuel-combustion atmosphere is composed of recirculated flue gases and pure oxygen, significantly higher concentrations of CO2, SO2 and H2O are present compared to the conventional combustion of coal with air as an oxidizer. In the here presented study the influence of an oxy-fuel combustion of a hard-coal on the surface of selected superheater materials is discussed and compared to the results obtained for lignite. Especially the interactions between the flue gas atmosphere, ash deposits and heat exchanger materials are studied in detail. The investigation encompassed in this paper has been focused on impacts of oxide-scale growth, carbon enrichment of the materials and sulphur-induced corrosion.Increased sulphur-induced corrosion has been observed in samples exposed to the oxy-combustion atmosphere. The noticed higher depth of corrosive attack of the oxy-fuel samples might be explained by a higher partial pressure of SO2 which is characteristic for oxy-fuel process. Moreover in certain cases the sulphur might be released by the deposits. Beside that, the oxy-fuel samples were exposed to much higher partial pressures of carbon dioxide comparing to the air-case leading apparently to rapid and massive internal carbon enrichment in the oxide scale. Moreover dependence between the chromium content and oxidation ability of the austenitic materials surfaces was noticed under oxy-fuel conditions.

Abstract This paper presents a non-stoichiometric equilibrium model for the simulation of biomass downdraft gasifiers. The chemical equilibrium is determined by minimizing the Gibbs free energy. Five elements characterize the biomass and 15 chemical species are considered in the syngas. The model calculates the lower heating value of the syngas and the relative abundances of gasification products. An advantage of this model is that it can easily calculate not only the concentrations of the main gasification products, but also the concentrations of minor product, especially the pollutant chemical species containing Nitrogen and Sulfur. To analyse the model behaviour, a sensitivity analysis on process parameters is presented. The model is validated by comparing its results with the results of simulation carried out with a stoichiometric model and with experimental data found in literature. Finally, the model is applied to the study of the gasification of forest waste.

AbstractOver the past 35 years, the oil and gas industry has developed many technology improvements and operating practices for injecting carbon dioxide (CO2) for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Over this time, the US oil and gas industry has operated over 13,000 CO2 EOR wells, over 3,500 miles of high pressure CO2 pipelines and has injected over 600 million tons of CO2 without any significant safety or environmental endangerment events. Today, the US produces over 245,000 barrels of oil per day as a direct result of CO2 EOR. This presentation will describe many of the technical improvements and operational practices that have been developed as a result of the oil and gas industry’s experiences with CO 2 EOR. When these technologies and practices are applied, operators can expect facility and wellbore integrity at levels equivalent to those seen for conventional oil an d gas operations. Many of the technologies and practices that have been developed for CO2 EOR may have applicability in carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects, recognizing however, that each project should be designed to meet its site specific conditio ns. The CO2 EOR experiences of the oil and gas industry represent the largest collective base of technical information available on CO2 injection and, as such, provide valuable information for development and implementation of CCS field projects as they move forward.

Abstract This paper characterized the wood pellet and torrefied wood pellet fuel as compared to coal for 100 MW co-firing power generation plant. There were five experiments to characterise the chemical and physical properties of coal, wood pellet and torrefied wood pellet namely moisture analysis, Thermo gravimetric Analyser (TGA), Bomb Calorimeter, Organic Elemental Analyser and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The moisture analysis result from moisture analyser and TGA shows that the moisture content of torrefied wood pellet is lower than wood pellet at 6.760% and 3.629%. Moreover, the volatile matter, hydrogen and nitrogen content of torrefied wood pellet is lower than wood pellet at 65.20%, 5.993% and 0.4078% correspondingly. The calorific value, fixed carbon content, ash and sulphur also increase in torrefied wood pellet at 20.68 MJ/kg, 28.85%, 2.321% and 0.1656% respectively. In general, torrefaction improve the fuel properties of wood pellet similar to coal. The 100 MW direct co-firing power plant provides less capital investment, operation and maintenance cost for low rate co-firing ratio. However, there is economic challenges for high rate co-firing substation of torrefied wood pellets.

AbstractThe future European energy supply system will have a high share of renewable energy sources (RES) to meet the greenhouse gas emission policy of the European Commission. Such a system is characterized by the need for a strongly interconnected energy transport grid as well as a high demand of energy storage capacities to compensate the time fluctuating characteristic of most RE generation technologies. With the RE generators at the location of high harvest potential, the appropriate dimension of storage and transmission system between different regions, a cost efficient system can be achieved. To find the preferred target system, the optimization tool GENESYS (Genetic Optimization of a European Energy System) was developed. The example calculations under the assumption of 100% self-supply, show a need of about 2,500 GW RES in total, a storage capacity of about 240,000 GWh, corresponding to 6% of the annual energy demand, and a HVDC transmission grid of 375,000 GWkm. The combined cost for generation, storage and transmission excluding distribution, was estimated to be 6.87 ct/kWh.