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Nowadays, the use of renewable generations, energy storage systems (ESSs) and microgrids (MGs) has been developed due to better controllability of distributed energy resources (DERs) as well as their cost-effective and emission-aware operation. The development of MGs as well as the use of hierarchical control has led to data transmission in the communication platform. As a result, the expansion of communication infrastructure has made MGs as cyber-physical systems (CPSs) vulnerable to cyber-attacks (CAs). Accordingly, prevention, detection and isolation of CAs during proper control of MGs is essential. In this paper, a comprehensive review on the control strategies of microgrids against CAs and its defense mechanisms has been done. The general structure of the paper is as follows: firstly, MGs operational conditions, i.e., the secure or insecure mode of the physical and cyber layers are investigated and the appropriate control to return to a safer mode are presented. Then, the common MGs communication system is described which is generally used for multi-agent systems (MASs). Also, classification of CAs in MGs has been reviewed. Afterwards, a comprehensive survey of available researches in the field of prevention, detection and isolation of CA and MG control against CA are summarized. Finally, future trends in this context are clarified.

Using these expressions for different heat trasfer modes, theoretical amount of productivity can be also calculated. In other words, an iterative procedure may be applied to Eq(2) with giving the input energy and other circumferential conditions such as the ambient temperature, so as to obtain the performance of the solar still analytically. There are two unknown values in the first two equations. In order to solve them, it is required to know water temperature and glass temperature respectively. But these equations are non-linear. So this cannot be solved easly. These temperature have been obtained by the computer program (Appendix A). There are a lot of factors that effect the performance of the basin type solar still: - Solar energy is the unique energy come from out sides of the system. So, higher solar radiation results in high performance (Chapter-5). - Increasing the velocity of wind up to a definite value, results in high efficiency by increasing the heat tranfer from the cover to the ambient. But higher velocities then this definite value lower performance of systems (Chapter-5). - Higher depth of the water in the basin causes increase the amount of water in the basin and the thermal capasity of system. So the most the solar radiation is used for increasing the water temperature. In other words, higher depth of water, lower efficiency. - Higher transparency, lower absorb! t ion of the solar energy, higher efficiency. - When we examine the heat balance equations of system, it may be seen that increasing the basin temperature, decreasing the cover temperature consequently increasing temperature difference between the basin and the cover increases the performance of the system. -xlî-dT Q- = C_^ A. (7) o o,. o dt C and C are specific heat capacity of water and glass cover. Q, is heat flux by evaporation and condensation, it can be defined by the expression (8), Q, = 16.22xl0`9 Q. b ts _?S a T= -Tn S s o (8) Heat loss thorough the base and perimeter of base is Q. This quantity is estimated by the expression; k Q = - - A (T T ) (9) z T Z S Ç z k is thermal conductivity of the base. L is characteristic length of the base. Q. ` and Q are heat flux from the transparent cover to the surroundings. This rate of heat dissipation depends both on radiation to the sky and on convection by air ciculation. Radiation to the sky depends on the effective sky temperature, which is generally taken as 11°C less than the ambient temperature. The convective portion is taken as a function of the wind speed. Qtö + qiö ? eö * (tö - (V11)4) aö + htö(Tö `V aö (10) and, h._ = 5.7 + 3.8V (11) to V is the şind speed, e is emissivity of glass cover. - xı -Using these expressions for different heat trasfer modes, theoretical amount of productivity can be also calculated. In other words, an iterative procedure may be applied to Eq(2) with giving the input energy and other circumferential conditions such as the ambient temperature, so as to obtain the performance of the solar still analytically. There are two unknown values in the first two equations. In order to solve them, it is required to know water temperature and glass temperature respectively. But these equations are non-linear. So this cannot be solved easly. These temperature have been obtained by the computer program (Appendix A). There are a lot of factors that effect the performance of the basin type solar still: - Solar energy is the unique energy come from out sides of the system. So, higher solar radiation results in high performance (Chapter-5). - Increasing the velocity of wind up to a definite value, results in high efficiency by increasing the heat tranfer from the cover to the ambient. But higher velocities then this definite value lower performance of systems (Chapter-5). - Higher depth of the water in the basin causes increase the amount of water in the basin and the thermal capasity of system. So the most the solar radiation is used for increasing the water temperature. In other words, higher depth of water, lower efficiency. - Higher transparency, lower absorb! t ion of the solar energy, higher efficiency. - When we examine the heat balance equations of system, it may be seen that increasing the basin temperature, decreasing the cover temperature consequently increasing temperature difference between the basin and the cover increases the performance of the system. -xlî-dT Q- = C_^ A. (7) o o,. o dt C and C are specific heat capacity of water and glass cover. Q, is heat flux by evaporation and condensation, it can be defined by the expression (8), Q, = 16.22xl0`9 Q. b ts _?S a T= -Tn S s o (8) Heat loss thorough the base and perimeter of base is Q. This quantity is estimated by the expression; k Q = - - A (T T ) (9) z T Z S Ç z k is thermal conductivity of the base. L is characteristic length of the base. Q. ` and Q are heat flux from the transparent cover to the surroundings. This rate of heat dissipation depends both on radiation to the sky and on convection by air ciculation. Radiation to the sky depends on the effective sky temperature, which is generally taken as 11°C less than the ambient temperature. The convective portion is taken as a function of the wind speed. Qtö + qiö ? eö * (tö - (V11)4) aö + htö(Tö `V aö (10) and, h._ = 5.7 + 3.8V (11) to V is the şind speed, e is emissivity of glass cover. - xı -Using these expressions for different heat trasfer modes, theoretical amount of productivity can be also calculated. In other words, an iterative procedure may be applied to Eq(2) with giving the input energy and other circumferential conditions such as the ambient temperature, so as to obtain the performance of the solar still analytically. There are two unknown values in the first two equations. In order to solve them, it is required to know water temperature and glass temperature respectively. But these equations are non-linear. So this cannot be solved easly. These temperature have been obtained by the computer program (Appendix A). There are a lot of factors that effect the performance of the basin type solar still: - Solar energy is the unique energy come from out sides of the system. So, higher solar radiation results in high performance (Chapter-5). - Increasing the velocity of wind up to a definite value, results in high efficiency by increasing the heat tranfer from the cover to the ambient. But higher velocities then this definite value lower performance of systems (Chapter-5). - Higher depth of the water in the basin causes increase the amount of water in the basin and the thermal capasity of system. So the most the solar radiation is used for increasing the water temperature. In other words, higher depth of water, lower efficiency. - Higher transparency, lower absorb! t ion of the solar energy, higher efficiency. - When we examine the heat balance equations of system, it may be seen that increasing the basin temperature, decreasing the cover temperature consequently increasing temperature difference between the basin and the cover increases the performance of the system. -xlî- ÖZET: insanlar yüzyıllardır nehir, göl, deniz gibi su kaynaklarının yakınlarında yaşamayı ve böylece su problemlerini çözümlemeyi tercih etmişlerdir. Günümüz için bu çözüm yeterli değildir. Çünkü dünya nüfusunun hızla artması doğal su kaynaklarını hızla tüketmiş ve yetersiz hale getirmiştir. Ayrıca, nüfus artışı, kontrolsüz sanayileşme ve getirdiği çevre kirliliği ile zaten az olan su kaynaklarının kirlenmesi ve kullanılmaz hale gelmesinde su sıkıntısını artırmıştır. Bilim adamları miktar olarak daha çok olan tuzlu deniz suyundan içilebilir özellikte tatlı su elde etme yollarını aramaktadırlar. Tükenebilir enerji kaynakları kullanan damıtma sistemleri kurularak tuzlu su damıtılarak içilebilir su elde edilmiştir. Fakat kullanılan enerji kaynaklarıda yeryüzünde kıt olduğundan yeni enerji kaynakları arayışına girilmiş ve tükenmez olarak bilinen güineş enerjisi kullanan damıtma sistemleri oluşturulmuştur. Bu tezde, güneş enerjili damıtma sistemleri incelenmiştir. Günümüzde, diğer damıtma sistemlerinin yanında büyük kapasiteler için, verimi düşük olan güneş enerjili damıtma sistemlerinde, verimi artırabilmek için sisteme ekler konmuştur. Bu tezde Antalya şartlarında basit tipte bir güneş enerjili damıtma sistemi tasarlanmıştır. Bu sistemin veriminin atmosferik ve konstliriktif şartlarla değişimi incelenmiştir. Basit tipteki güneş enerjili damıtma sisteminin verimi güneş ışınımının şiddetinin artması ile artmaktadır. Antalya'da sistemin maksimum verimi Temmuz ayında ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca ortamdaki rüzgar hızı ve sıcaklık verimi etkiliyen faktörlerdir. Sistemin önemli elemanı olan saydam örtünün eğim açısı, güneş ışınlarının geliş açısına göre değiştirilerek verim artırılabilir. Güneş enerjili damıtma sistemi, Türkiye gibi suyun eldesi çok ucuz olan Ülkelerde, kullanılacak suyun tamamının karşılanması için oldukça pahalı bir yatırımdır. Bu Ülkelerde, bu sistemler, ek su kaynağı olarak kullanılabilir. Su sıkıntısı çeken nüfusu fazla olmayan özellikle adalarda ya da diğer yerleşim yerlerinde verimli olacağı açıktır. 94

In recent decades, co-production has become a cornerstone both in science and policy-making, motivating further collaboration between different actors. To scrutinize such participatory processes within the climate and energy fields, we conducted a critical systematic review of 183 records, which includes scientific publications, but also other initiatives coming from the public administration or the non-profit sector. First, we unpack six aspects of co-production: (1) the different levels of participation; (2) the emerging topics and issues; (3) the scale and location at which initiatives are conducted; (4) the actors who take part in the processes; (5) the different methods and tools for participation and (6) the outcomes and transformational potential of the initiatives. Our results show that real co-production is still far from being mainstream, with consultation still accounting for a majority of initiatives. Themes remain focused on the mitigation sphere, a tendency related to a majority of the records happening in developed countries. However, we also observe new categories of actors challenging traditional decision-making, as well as emerging methods and tools opening the space for more social innovation and participation. Following, in our critical analysis, we argue that there is a crucial need for a better interconnection between science and policy (especially at national and international scales) and that a reflection on transformation is fundamental when planning any participatory initiative. We finally claim that, despite not being a silver bullet, meaningful citizen participation constitutes a viable alternative to tackle today's complex problems. © 2020 The PARIS REINFORCE project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 820846. We would like to acknowledge Mikel Gonz?lez, Dirk van de Ven and Jorge Moreno from the Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3) and the PARIS REINFORCE consortium. The PARIS REINFORCE project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 820846.

In this study, the organic Rankine cycle Isparta bowl conditions of the R-410a refrigerant gas, solar thermal analyzes were conducted separately, and the first and second law analysis of the system investigated. According to the terms of Isparta solar power system is designed. According to system of turbine inlet pressure and temperature of the boiler were investigated Consequently, the exergy and energy calculations based on the turbine inlet pressure and temperature of the boiler thermal efficiency of the system were examined and found to rise with the increase in the temperature of the boiler. The cycle heat efficiency %10 and exergy efficiency % 70 as calculated. Bu çalışmada güneş çanaklı organik Rankine çevriminin (ORC) enerji ve ekserji analizleri incelenmiş, çevrimde akışkan olarak R-410a kullanılmıştır. Hesaplamalar Isparta güneş enerjisi verilerine göre yapılmıştır. Sistemin türbin giriş basıncı ve kazan sıcaklığına göre verimleri incelenmiştir. Sonuçta türbin giriş basıncının ve kazan sıcaklığının artmasının sistemin ısıl verimini ve ekserji verimini artırdığı belirlenmiştir. Çevrimin ısıl verimi % 10, ekserjetik verimi ise % 70 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yılmaz, Fatih ( Aksaray, Yazar ) Balta, M. Tolga ( Aksaray, Yazar )

Energy efficiency has long been considered a key component of an industrial company's competitive repertoire. However, despite the potential benefits of adopting so-called energy efficiency measures, their uptake in such companies remains low. In response, this study proposes a framework aimed at supporting key decision-makers in undertaking a thorough assessment of energy efficiency measures. This involves, on the one hand, providing a complete characterization of a general industrial energy efficiency measure and, on the other, identifying the multiple impacts stemming from its adoption based on a novel performance measurement system that encompasses sustainability features and is defined at the shop floor level. Once theoretically validated through literature, the framework is empirically tested with a heterogeneous sample of Italian companies. The preliminary results demonstrate the framework's ability to thoroughly assess energy efficiency measures, highlighting characteristics and impacts that are sometimes considered more critical than energy saving by industrial decision-makers and therefore able to guide the outcome of the adoption decision.

Los generadores termoeléctricos son dispositivos capaces de generar electricidad mediante el aprovechamiento del calor residual de una manera robusta, autónoma y sin necesidad de partes móviles. Su inconveniente es la baja eficiencia de los módulos termoeléctricos, por lo que es necesario un continuo desarrollo para la optimización de estos dispositivos. El grupo de Investigación de Ingeniería Térmica y de Fluidos de la Universidad Pública de Navarra forma parte del proyecto ELECTROVOLCAN, cuyo objetivo es la generación de electricidad a partir del calor geotérmico de las zonas volcánicas de las islas Canarias. Uno de los principales problemas es el abastecimiento de estaciones de vigilancia volcánica en estos lugares remotos, debido a las condiciones climáticas presentes y a su localización. En este Trabajo Fin de Grado se analizan experimentalmente dos prototipos de generadores termoeléctricos para comprobar su generación de potencia eléctrica, dando lugar a una generación máxima de 0,363 W con uno de los prototipos y a 0,25 W con el otro. Como dichos modelos no ofrecen una gran resistencia frente a la corrosión existente en estos emplazamientos, se diseñan dos nuevos prototipos más robustos y se estima su generación de manera teórica. Thermoelectric generators are devices capable of generating electricity by using residual heat in a robust, autonomous way and without the need for moving parts. Its problem is the low efficiency of thermoelectric modules, so continuous development is necessary for the optimization of these devices. The Fluid and Thermal Engineering Research group of the Public University of Navarra is part of the "ELECTROVOLCAN" project, whose objective is the generation of electricity from the geothermal heat of the volcanic area of the Canary Islands. One of the main problems is the supply of volcanic monitoring stations in these remote places, due to the present climatic conditions and their location. In this Final Degree Project, two prototypes of thermoelectric generators are experimentally analyzed to verify their generation of electrical power, leading to a maximum generation of 0,363 W with one of the prototypes and 0,25 W with the other. As these models don't offer great resistance against the existing corrosion in these locations, two new more robust prototypes are designed and their generation is estimated in a theoretical way. Graduado o Graduada en Ingeniería en Tecnologías Industriales por la Universidad Pública de Navarra Industria Teknologietako Ingeniaritzan Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoan

İnsanlığın ortak bir problemi olarak geleceği tehdit eden bir boyuta ulaşan çevre sorunları karşısında kentlerde her tür mekânı oluşturmada sürdürülebilir planlama ve tasarım benimsenmesi gereken önemli bir yaklaşımdır. Kentsel kullanımlar içerisinde büyük nüfus kitlelerine hitap eden kamusal alanlar ise daha sürdürülebilir bir gelecek oluşturabilmede özellikle değerlendirilmesi gereken alanlardır. Çocukların zamanlarının büyük bir bölümünü geçirdikleri eğitim alanları, çocuk gelişimi açısından büyük bir öneme sahip kamusal alanlardır. Bütün kamusal alanlar gibi eğitim alanlarının oluşturulma aşamasında sürdürülebilir planlama ve tasarım parametrelerine öncelik verilmesi, sürdürülebilir eğitim alanlarının kullanılmasının ve sürdürülebilir gelişmenin doğasında var olan değerlerin, eylemlerin ve ilkelerin eğitim ve öğretimin bütün biçimlerine dahil edilmesinin önemli ekonomik, eğitimsel, çevresel ve sosyal katkıları bulunmaktadır. Bu tez kapsamında Tokat kenti içerisinde yer alan eğitim alanlarının sürdürülebilir planlama ve tasarım parametreleri doğrultusunda değerlendirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu hedef doğrultusunda saha çalışmaları okul öncesi, ilkokul, ortaokul ve lise düzeylerindeki 12 örneklem alanında [23 Nisan Ulusal Egemenlik Anaokulu, 15 Temmuz Milli İrade Anaokulu, Devlet Hastanesi Anaokulu, İbn-i Kemal İlkokulu, Karşıyaka İlkokulu, Fevzi Çakmak Ortaokulu, Vakıfbank Namık Kemal Ortaokulu, Gazi Osman Paşa Ortaokulu, Milli Piyango İhya Balak Fen Lisesi, 15 Temmuz Milli İrade Anadolu Lisesi, Güzel Sanatlar Lisesi ve Gazi Osman Paşa Lisesi] gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklem eğitim alanlarının planlama ve tasarımlarındaki sürdürülebilirlik düzeyleri “imar planı verileri, arazi büyüklüğü, yer seçim kriterleri, ulaşım özellikleri, peyzaj tasarımı, plan tipolojisi, malzeme özellikleri, tasarım özellikleri ve sosyal özellikler” olmak üzere 9 değerlendirme kriteri çerçevesinde teknik bilgiler ve gözlemler doğrultusunda karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Son olarak değerlendirilen okullarda sürdürülebilir planlama ve tasarım parametrelerini destekleyen önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Sustainable planning & design is an important approach that should be adopted in creating all kinds of spaces in cities in the face of environmental problems that have reached a dimension that threatens the future as a common problem of humanity. Public spaces that appeal to large populations within urban uses are areas that should be especially evaluated in order to create a more sustainable future. Educational areas, where children spend most of their time, are public spaces that have a great importance in terms of child development. Like all public spaces, prioritizing sustainable planning & design parameters in the creation of educational spaces, the use of sustainable education spaces and the inclusion of the values, actions and principles inherent in sustainable development in all forms of education and training have important economic, educational, environmental and social contributions. Within the scope of this thesis, it is aimed to evaluate the educational areas in the city of Tokat in line with sustainable planning & design parameters. In line with this goal, field studies were conducted in 12 sample areas at pre-school, primary, secondary and high school levels [23 Nisan Milli Egemenlik Kindergarten, 15 July Milli İrade Kindergarten, State Hospital Kindergarten, İbn-i Kemal Primary School, Karşıyaka Primary School, Fevzi Çakmak Secondary School, Vakıfbank Namık Kemal Secondary School, Gazi Osman Paşa Secondary School, Milli Piyango İhya Balak Science High School, 15 July Milli İrade Anatolian High School, Fine Arts High School and Gazi Osman Paşa High School]. The sustainability levels of the case educational areas were evaluated and compared in line with the technical information and observations within the framework of nine evaluation criteria: "zoning plan data, land size, site selection criteria, transportation characteristics, landscape design, plan typology, material properties, design features and social characteristics". Finally, suggestions were made that support sustainable planning & design parameters in the evaluated schools. Yüksek Lisans Tezi

Over the past several years, online disinformation and misinformation concerning climate change have gained substantive attention within the scientific community. However, while the dynamics that drive the circulation of false online information have been analysed extensively, it remains unclear whether (and how) this phenomenon can be counteracted. This research project analyses the emerging role of bottom-up mobilisations as a form of noise-reduction, thereby examining how social movements may deploy peer-produced communication narra- tives to counteract the circulation of online disinformation and misinformation relating to climate change. To investigate this communication dynamic, this research applies techniques from computational social sciences to an original dataset of ≈ 250k Facebook posts produced by two movements that best embody this novel and innovative generation of radical envi- ronmental activism: Extinction Rebellion and Fridays for Future. The central thesis of this project forwards two original contributions to the fields of climate change communication and social movement studies. First, it analyses the emergence of a new generation of radical climate change movements and the significance of this new development in climate activism (Chapter II). Second, it offers interdisciplinary empirical evidence on how radical climate movements can act as a bottom-up force for what I term ‘epistemic activism’. It presents a theoretical framework where activist-led, peer-produced communication can provide a coun- tering force to both vertical disinformation and horizontal misinformation. It quantitatively analyses two channels through which these forms of false information can be opposed. For reducing vertical disinformation, this work assesses the use of naming and shaming against information polluters (Chapter III), while for horizontal misinformation, it evaluates the dissemination of scientific counter-narratives (Chapter IV). Ultimately, this thesis shows that the two movements under analysis engage extensively in epistemic activism, with great potential to influence the online climate change debate positively.

In recent years, the energy demand has been continuously increasing. At the same time, fossil fuels are being progressively replaced by renewables. However, this shift from fossil fuels such as coal to renewable fuels like wood creates new challenges, as many industrial plants continue to rely on legacy fuels. Unlike coal, the elements present in renewable resources can vary greatly. The differences are influenced by a variety of factors. For example, waste wood can be contaminated by different additives (paints, fire retardants, and others). To understand under which boundary conditions (e.g., temperature, gasification atmosphere) the respective elements are bound in the ash/slag or released into the gas phase, experiments with a molecular beam mass spectrometer (MBMS) with an upstream electrically heated flow reactor were conducted. Pieces of clean wood were impregnated with various heavy metals and examined under several boundary conditions (temperature and gasification atmosphere). Furthermore, impregnated cellulose partly mixed with single ash components served as model fuel for detailed investigations. Additionally, thermochemical equilibrium calculations were carried out. The results of the experiments show that the release of some heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn) is very strong already at low temperatures, while for others (Cr, Cu) no release can be detected even at high temperatures. The corresponding thermodynamic equilibrium calculations comply with these findings. Since the process management and preparation of the fuels can be adjusted accordingly, these results form an important basis for planning gasification processes using waste wood as fuel.

The increasing proportion of renewable energy introduces both long-term and short-term uncertainty to power systems, which restricts the implementation of energy management systems (EMSs) with high dependency on accurate prediction techniques. A hierarchical online EMS (HEMS) is proposed in this paper to economically operate the Hybrid hydrogen–electricity Storage System (HSS) in a residential microgrid (RMG). The HEMS dispatches an electrolyzer-fuel cell-based hydrogen energy storage (ES) unit for seasonal energy shifting and an on-site battery stack for daily energy allocation against the uncertainty from the renewable energy source (RES) and demand side. The online decision-making of the proposed HEMS is realized through two parallel fuzzy logic (FL)-based controllers which are decoupled by different operating frequencies. An original local energy estimation model (LEEM) is specifically designed for the decision process of FL controllers to comprehensively evaluate the system status and quantify the electricity price expectation for the HEMS. The proposed HEMS is independent of RES prediction or load forecasting, and gives the optimal operation for HSS in separated resolutions: the hydrogen ES unit is dispatched hourly and the battery is operated every minute. The performance of the proposed method is verified by numerical experiments fed by real-world datasets. The superiority of the HEMS in expense-saving manner is validated through comparison with PSO-based day-ahead optimization methods, fuzzy logic EMS, and rule-based online EMS.