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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Koljonen, Tiina; Honkatukia, Juha; Lehtilä, Antti; Airaksinen, Miimu; +5 Authors
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 2013
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 2013
      Data sources: VIRTA
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  • Authors: Schäfer, Winfried;

    v ; ok

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Taimisto, Olli;

    Haastattelujen ja seurantamittausten avulla on tutkittu Forssan Paavolan vuoden 1982 asuntomessualueen 31 asunnon energiankulutusta ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Energiankulutuksen lisäksi on paneuduttu asuntojen laitetekniikan käyttöön sekä viihtyisyyteen. Tutkimuksen tulosten saattamiseksi vertailukelpoisiksi messualueen hyvin erilaisten taloratkaisujen kesken on tutkimuksessa kehitetty seurantamittauksiin soveltuva tase. Tutkimuksessa on melko tarkasti voitu erottaa energiankulutuksessa merkittäviä ja yleensä mitattavissa olevia tekijöitä. Tutkimuksen aiheen mukaisesti on keskitytty asumistottumusten ja tilajärjestelyn osuuteen energiankulutuksessa. Menetelmässä haetaan taseesta ne termit, joihin em. tekijöiden voidaan olettaa vaikuttavan ja verrataan eroja eri asuntojen välillä. Suurimpiin poikkeamiin pyritään löytämään selittäviä tekijöitä. Asumistottumusten vaikutusta energiankulutukseen on voitu seurata varsin konkreettisesti ja havaita selviä vaikutustekijöitä. Tässä tutkimuksessa on voitu myös kartoittaa vaikeasti havaittavaa asuntojen tuuletusta ja ilmanvaihtoa normaalissa asumistilanteessa. Tilajärjestelyjen vaikutus energiankulutukseen on vähemmän konkreettinen ja vaikeammin seurattavissa oleva tekijä. Tältä osin tutkimuksessa on paneuduttu lähinnä auringonsäteilystä ikkunoiden kautta saatavaan ilmaisenergiaan sekä eri lämpötilaisten vyöhykkeiden esiintymiseen.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 1985
    Data sources: VIRTA
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 1985
      Data sources: VIRTA
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • Authors: Asikainen, Antti; Ranta, Tapio; Laitila, Juha;

    The scale of energy wood procurement effects on productivity and costs of harvesting. As the harvested amounts become greater, forest fuels must be re-covered on larger geographic area. Hauling distaces become longer and residues must be gathered on less favorable areas from harvesting cost point of view. Knowledge on cost factors are needed in order to direct the harvesting to right logging sites and also in planning of operations. Selection of suitable harvesting method calls for information on the effect of conditions at the logging sites on productivity and costs. In this study, effect of cost factors on different harvesting systems are compiled. In addition to existing studies, additional time studies have been made. Harvesting systems are then compared on large geographic area.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Kytö, Matti; Ikonen, Markku; Rautiola, Aimo; Kokko; +2 Authors
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 1992
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 1992
      Data sources: VIRTA
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Kosonen, Risto; Laitinen, Ari; Kaappola, Esko;

    Tutkimuksessa selvitetään nykyisten jäähdytysjärjestelmien korjausvaihtoehtoja, kun halutaan parantaa järjestelmien toimintaa ja energiataloutta. Tarkasteltavia järjestelmiä olivat ilmanvaihdon suorahöyrystysjärjestelmät, vedenjäähdytin-koneistot ja vakioilmastointikoneet. Tutkimuksessa analysoitiin nykyisten jäähdytysjärjestelmien vikoja. Ratkaisuina näihin vikoihin esitetään kaavioita vikojen paikantamiseen ja malliratkaisuja järjestelmäkaaviomuodossa korjaus-suunnitteluun. Lisäksi esitetään käytännön näkökohtia jäähdytysjärjestelmien suunnitteluun. Erityistä huomiota kiinnitetään järjestelmän mitoitukseen ja säädettävyyteen osatehoilla. Lisäksi luodaan katsaus kylmäaineiden käytön rajoituksiin ja korvaavien kylmäaineiden nykytilanteeseen. Ilmastoinnin jäähdytysjärjestelmien suunnittelun ja urakoinnin aikaiset virheet korostuvat muuta talotekniikkasuunnittelua enemmän: erityisesti suora-höyrystysjärjestelmien toteutus vaatii suurta ammattitaitoa. Suunnittelussa yleisenä virheenä on ylimitoitus ja ympärivuotisessa käytössä olevan laitoksen suunnittelu ilman talvikäyttövarustusta. Tämän seurauksena laitoksessa on kylminä aikoina käyntihäiriöitä. Urakoinnin yhteydessä tehdyistä virheistä ovat tyypillisimpiä puutteellinen koekäyttö sekä kylmäaine- ja vesiputkistossa olevat epäpuhtaudet. Korjausvaihtoehtojen käytännön soveltamisesta esitetään esimerkkejä neljässä erityyppisessä demonstraatiokohteessa. Kohteista esitetään ongelmat ja korjausmallit kustannuksineen. Mekaaninen kuumakaasuruiskutus ja lohkoihin jaettu patteri eivät säätömuotona mahdollista puhallusilman tarkkaa säätöä. Näihin järjestelmiin on järkevin säätötapa tehontarpeen ohjaus suoraan ulkolämpötilan tai poistoilman avulla. Puhalluslämpötilan säätö on mahdollista mm. elektronisella kuumakaasu-ruiskutusventtiilillä. Vedenjäähdyttimessä käytetty paluuvesisäätö ei kykene pitämään lähtevän veden lämpötilaa vakiona. Elektronisilla säätöjärjestelmillä voidaan hallita menoveden lämpötilaa paremmin kuin paluuvesisäädöllä.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VTT Research Informa...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VTT Research Informa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Fagernäs, Leena;

    Biomassan synteesikaasutuksen kehitettyjä prosesseja ovat UGAS, PEATGAS, HighTemperatureWinkler, Mino, Omnifuel ja Creusot-Loire-prosessit. Kaupallisia biomassan synteesikaasutuslaitoksia on kuitenkin tällä hetkellä toiminnassa maailmassa vain Kemira Oy:n turveammoniakkitehdas Suomessa. Prosessicn jätevesitutkimuksia käyttäen raaka-aineina puuta, turvetta ja jätteitä on tehtylaboratorio ja pilotyksiköissä sekä demonstraatiotaitoksissa. Synteesikaasutuksessa jätevesiä muodostuu biomassan kuivauksesta, kaasun jäähdytyksestä, kaasunpesusta ja jatkojalostuksesta. Jätevesien sisättämiä epäpuhtauksia ovat kiintoaine, ammoniakki, syanidi, fenoli, bentseeni ja polyaromaattiset yhdisteet. Epäpuhtauksien pitoisuuksiin jätevesissä vaikuttaa suuresti kaasutusprosessi, prosessiolosuhteet, kuten paine ja lämpötila, pesuveden määrä ja jäteveden kierrätys. Biomassan kaasutusprosessien jätevedet ovat samantyyppisiä kuin kivihiilen kaasutus ja koksaamojätevedet ja sisältävät suurelta osin samoja epäpuhtauskomponentteja, mutta eri suhteissa.Prosessien jätevedet vaativat käsittelyä ennen niiden laskemista vesistöön tai kunnalliselle puhdistamolle käsiteltäviksi tai ennen uudelleen käyttöä. Jätevesien vaatima käsittely on täysin riippuvainen jätevesien väkevyydestä, määrästä ja käyttötarkoituksesta. Myös viranomaisten vaatimukset ja päästöille annetut enimmäispitoisuudet vaihtelevat eri paikkakuntien ja eri maiden välillä. Jätevesien käsittelyynsopivia menetelmiä ovat kiintoaineksen poisto esimerkiksi sentrifugoinnilla tai suodatuksella, ammoniakin poisto höyrystrippauksella ja fenolien poisto uuttamalla sekä esikäsittelyn jälkeinen käsittely biologisella puhdistuslaitoksella.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 1989
    Data sources: VIRTA
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 1989
      Data sources: VIRTA
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Laihanen, Mika; Ranta, Tapio; Arpiainen, Vesa; Mäkinen, Tuula; +3 Authors
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 2006
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 2006
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Alakangas, Eija;
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 1996
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 1996
      Data sources: VIRTA
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Malinen, Heikki; Viinikainen; Seppo;
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 1991
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 1991
      Data sources: VIRTA
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1,416 Research products
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Koljonen, Tiina; Honkatukia, Juha; Lehtilä, Antti; Airaksinen, Miimu; +5 Authors
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 2013
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 2013
      Data sources: VIRTA
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  • Authors: Schäfer, Winfried;

    v ; ok

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Taimisto, Olli;

    Haastattelujen ja seurantamittausten avulla on tutkittu Forssan Paavolan vuoden 1982 asuntomessualueen 31 asunnon energiankulutusta ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Energiankulutuksen lisäksi on paneuduttu asuntojen laitetekniikan käyttöön sekä viihtyisyyteen. Tutkimuksen tulosten saattamiseksi vertailukelpoisiksi messualueen hyvin erilaisten taloratkaisujen kesken on tutkimuksessa kehitetty seurantamittauksiin soveltuva tase. Tutkimuksessa on melko tarkasti voitu erottaa energiankulutuksessa merkittäviä ja yleensä mitattavissa olevia tekijöitä. Tutkimuksen aiheen mukaisesti on keskitytty asumistottumusten ja tilajärjestelyn osuuteen energiankulutuksessa. Menetelmässä haetaan taseesta ne termit, joihin em. tekijöiden voidaan olettaa vaikuttavan ja verrataan eroja eri asuntojen välillä. Suurimpiin poikkeamiin pyritään löytämään selittäviä tekijöitä. Asumistottumusten vaikutusta energiankulutukseen on voitu seurata varsin konkreettisesti ja havaita selviä vaikutustekijöitä. Tässä tutkimuksessa on voitu myös kartoittaa vaikeasti havaittavaa asuntojen tuuletusta ja ilmanvaihtoa normaalissa asumistilanteessa. Tilajärjestelyjen vaikutus energiankulutukseen on vähemmän konkreettinen ja vaikeammin seurattavissa oleva tekijä. Tältä osin tutkimuksessa on paneuduttu lähinnä auringonsäteilystä ikkunoiden kautta saatavaan ilmaisenergiaan sekä eri lämpötilaisten vyöhykkeiden esiintymiseen.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 1985
    Data sources: VIRTA
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 1985
      Data sources: VIRTA
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • Authors: Asikainen, Antti; Ranta, Tapio; Laitila, Juha;

    The scale of energy wood procurement effects on productivity and costs of harvesting. As the harvested amounts become greater, forest fuels must be re-covered on larger geographic area. Hauling distaces become longer and residues must be gathered on less favorable areas from harvesting cost point of view. Knowledge on cost factors are needed in order to direct the harvesting to right logging sites and also in planning of operations. Selection of suitable harvesting method calls for information on the effect of conditions at the logging sites on productivity and costs. In this study, effect of cost factors on different harvesting systems are compiled. In addition to existing studies, additional time studies have been made. Harvesting systems are then compared on large geographic area.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Kytö, Matti; Ikonen, Markku; Rautiola, Aimo; Kokko; +2 Authors
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 1992
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 1992
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Kosonen, Risto; Laitinen, Ari; Kaappola, Esko;

    Tutkimuksessa selvitetään nykyisten jäähdytysjärjestelmien korjausvaihtoehtoja, kun halutaan parantaa järjestelmien toimintaa ja energiataloutta. Tarkasteltavia järjestelmiä olivat ilmanvaihdon suorahöyrystysjärjestelmät, vedenjäähdytin-koneistot ja vakioilmastointikoneet. Tutkimuksessa analysoitiin nykyisten jäähdytysjärjestelmien vikoja. Ratkaisuina näihin vikoihin esitetään kaavioita vikojen paikantamiseen ja malliratkaisuja järjestelmäkaaviomuodossa korjaus-suunnitteluun. Lisäksi esitetään käytännön näkökohtia jäähdytysjärjestelmien suunnitteluun. Erityistä huomiota kiinnitetään järjestelmän mitoitukseen ja säädettävyyteen osatehoilla. Lisäksi luodaan katsaus kylmäaineiden käytön rajoituksiin ja korvaavien kylmäaineiden nykytilanteeseen. Ilmastoinnin jäähdytysjärjestelmien suunnittelun ja urakoinnin aikaiset virheet korostuvat muuta talotekniikkasuunnittelua enemmän: erityisesti suora-höyrystysjärjestelmien toteutus vaatii suurta ammattitaitoa. Suunnittelussa yleisenä virheenä on ylimitoitus ja ympärivuotisessa käytössä olevan laitoksen suunnittelu ilman talvikäyttövarustusta. Tämän seurauksena laitoksessa on kylminä aikoina käyntihäiriöitä. Urakoinnin yhteydessä tehdyistä virheistä ovat tyypillisimpiä puutteellinen koekäyttö sekä kylmäaine- ja vesiputkistossa olevat epäpuhtaudet. Korjausvaihtoehtojen käytännön soveltamisesta esitetään esimerkkejä neljässä erityyppisessä demonstraatiokohteessa. Kohteista esitetään ongelmat ja korjausmallit kustannuksineen. Mekaaninen kuumakaasuruiskutus ja lohkoihin jaettu patteri eivät säätömuotona mahdollista puhallusilman tarkkaa säätöä. Näihin järjestelmiin on järkevin säätötapa tehontarpeen ohjaus suoraan ulkolämpötilan tai poistoilman avulla. Puhalluslämpötilan säätö on mahdollista mm. elektronisella kuumakaasu-ruiskutusventtiilillä. Vedenjäähdyttimessä käytetty paluuvesisäätö ei kykene pitämään lähtevän veden lämpötilaa vakiona. Elektronisilla säätöjärjestelmillä voidaan hallita menoveden lämpötilaa paremmin kuin paluuvesisäädöllä.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VTT Research Informa...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VTT Research Informa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Fagernäs, Leena;

    Biomassan synteesikaasutuksen kehitettyjä prosesseja ovat UGAS, PEATGAS, HighTemperatureWinkler, Mino, Omnifuel ja Creusot-Loire-prosessit. Kaupallisia biomassan synteesikaasutuslaitoksia on kuitenkin tällä hetkellä toiminnassa maailmassa vain Kemira Oy:n turveammoniakkitehdas Suomessa. Prosessicn jätevesitutkimuksia käyttäen raaka-aineina puuta, turvetta ja jätteitä on tehtylaboratorio ja pilotyksiköissä sekä demonstraatiotaitoksissa. Synteesikaasutuksessa jätevesiä muodostuu biomassan kuivauksesta, kaasun jäähdytyksestä, kaasunpesusta ja jatkojalostuksesta. Jätevesien sisättämiä epäpuhtauksia ovat kiintoaine, ammoniakki, syanidi, fenoli, bentseeni ja polyaromaattiset yhdisteet. Epäpuhtauksien pitoisuuksiin jätevesissä vaikuttaa suuresti kaasutusprosessi, prosessiolosuhteet, kuten paine ja lämpötila, pesuveden määrä ja jäteveden kierrätys. Biomassan kaasutusprosessien jätevedet ovat samantyyppisiä kuin kivihiilen kaasutus ja koksaamojätevedet ja sisältävät suurelta osin samoja epäpuhtauskomponentteja, mutta eri suhteissa.Prosessien jätevedet vaativat käsittelyä ennen niiden laskemista vesistöön tai kunnalliselle puhdistamolle käsiteltäviksi tai ennen uudelleen käyttöä. Jätevesien vaatima käsittely on täysin riippuvainen jätevesien väkevyydestä, määrästä ja käyttötarkoituksesta. Myös viranomaisten vaatimukset ja päästöille annetut enimmäispitoisuudet vaihtelevat eri paikkakuntien ja eri maiden välillä. Jätevesien käsittelyynsopivia menetelmiä ovat kiintoaineksen poisto esimerkiksi sentrifugoinnilla tai suodatuksella, ammoniakin poisto höyrystrippauksella ja fenolien poisto uuttamalla sekä esikäsittelyn jälkeinen käsittely biologisella puhdistuslaitoksella.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 1989
    Data sources: VIRTA
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 1989
      Data sources: VIRTA
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Laihanen, Mika; Ranta, Tapio; Arpiainen, Vesa; Mäkinen, Tuula; +3 Authors
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
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    VIRTA
    Report . 2006
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      Report . 2006
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Alakangas, Eija;
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
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    VIRTA
    Report . 1996
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 1996
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Malinen, Heikki; Viinikainen; Seppo;
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 1991
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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