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  • Energy Research
  • 13. Climate action
  • 12. Responsible consumption
  • 8. Economic growth
  • German

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Haas, Stefan;

    Bauherren formulieren immer ��fter den Wunsch nach einem gesunden Wohnumfeld. Aufgrund von verf��gbarem Materialwissen und Baustoffinformationssystemen sind Planer mittlerweile in der Lage, materialspezifische Anforderungen zum schadstoffarmen Planen und Bauen abzuleiten. Aktuell gibt es jedoch keine standardisierten Vorgehensstrategien und Hilfen, die den Planer bei der Umsetzung der daraus entstehenden prozessbezogenen Herausforderungen unterst��tzen. Schadstoffarme Projekte werden h��ufig als Individualwerk, mit immer wieder neu konzipierten Abl��ufen, von Experten durchgef��hrt. Bereits entwickelte Expertenl��sungen verbleiben als exklusives Wissen bei wenigen Fachplanern. Nur einzelne Teilprozesse sind als Strategiewissen f��r alle verf��gbar. Somit bleiben zu viele Fragen und Unsicherheiten zur Planung und Bauausf��hrung offen, Experten sind nach wie vor notwendig, wenn besonders schadstoffarm gebaut werden soll. Ziel der Arbeit ist die Entwicklung einer prozessbezogenen Vorgehensstrategie zur Qualit��tssicherung des schadstoffarmen Planens und Bauens. Eine praxisnahe Systematik soll ���neue��� Abl��ufe und Zusammenh��nge f��r Planer aufzeigen, um fr��hzeitig Risiken zu vermeiden. Aufbauend auf einer Vorstudie zu theoretischen Risikomodellen und beispielhaften Bauteilbetrachtungen wird eine qualitative Studie mit der Methode der Experteninterviews durchgef��hrt, um Expertenwissen und deren Planungswissen zu explizieren und f��r die Ergebniserstellung zu interpretieren. Als Ergebnis der Untersuchung werden sieben sog. ���neue��� Kernprozesse zum schadstoffarmen Planen und Bauen definiert und mit Checklisten hinterlegt. Um aufzuzeigen, wie der theoretische Ansatz in eine praxisnahe Anwendung ��berf��hrt werden muss, folgt eine zweite Ausarbeitungsstufe. In dieser werden die Modelle und die Checklisten zu einem Strategiemuster zusammengef��hrt. F��r zwei Bauteile k��nnen hiernach eine Bauteilmatrix, Bauteilmuster und Hilfetexte erstellt werden. Die entwickelte Vorgehensstrategie stellt eine praxisnahe Planungshilfe zur Qualit��tssicherung dar und besteht aus folgenden 4 Ebenen: - Ebene E.1 ���Strategiemuster��� - ��berblick Risikobereiche. - Ebene E.2 ���Bauteilmuster��� - Vergleichsm��glichkeit Bauteile. - Ebene E.3 ���Bauteilmatrix��� - Kurzhinweise Risiken. - Ebene E.4 ���Strategiebl��tter��� - Handlungsanweisung. Clients more and more ask for healthy living and working environments. Planers see themselves challenged to fulfill these requests. They benefit from product information, which aims to support them, and which evolves ongoing. But nevertheless, currently, there are no standardized and freely accessible procedural strategies and aids, supporting the planner in implementing these specified requirements in planning and construction processes. Project management is often carried by an individual with him constantly redesigned processes. This comes with a large number of questions and uncertainties in regards to planning and construction, resulting in the consultation of an expert. The aim of the following research work is the development of a process-related strategy, which helps to qualitatively manage planning and construction processes of environmentally-friendly projects, projects that contain fewer pollutants. New processes are to modeled in step with actual practice in order to avoid risks early enough. Based on a preliminary study of theoretical risk models and exemplary construction components, a qualitative study helps to explicate expert knowledge and strategies by using the method of expert interviews. As a research result, seven so-called "new" key processes are defined for the planning and construction of projects with fewer pollutants. These results are displayed as two-dimensional models in various levels of detail and are supplemented by so-called checklists. In order to transmit these theoretical approaches into a practical application, a strategy pattern is developed out of the models and the checklists. In addition, this pattern is verified du to an exemplification with the examples of two external walls. As a result, a matrix as well as a pattern for each construction element can be deviated. Due to the complementation by additional information and the design of a so called strategic data sheet, the scheme and its elements for the quality management system can be identified and defined as the following: - Level 1 E.1 ���Strategy Pattern��� - overview risks. - Level 2 E.2 ���Construction Element Matrix��� - comparison of constructions. - Level 3 E.3 ���Construction Element Pattern��� - key information. - Level 4 E.4 ���Strategic Data Sheet��� - additional information.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
    Doctoral thesis . 2022
    License: CC BY
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    Doctoral thesis . 2022
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
      Doctoral thesis . 2022
      License: CC BY
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      Doctoral thesis . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Weck-Ponten, Sebastian;

    In future, heat pumps and shallow geothermal energy will play a central role in the decarbonization of the building and energy sector. The potentials of shallow geothermal energy have not been exploited so far, in particular due to the high complexity of planning and approval processes. In addition, the various stakeholders involved in the planning process create interfaces, which can lead to transfer gaps and barriers for an optimized system design. In order to raise the potentials and optimize the system design, a holistic planning process and the combination of different planning tools are necessary, which enable, among other things, geothermal site evaluations, the representation of the mutual thermal influence of geothermal borehole heat exchangers and their effects on neighboring properties, as well as the evaluation of geothermal systems under consideration of economic and ecological decision parameters. In this context, a simulation-based multi-level planning methodology is presented, which enables the holistic planning of geothermal heat pump systems with borehole heat exchangers on the scales of single buildings up to district level in the early planning phases. By integrating calculation tools for mapping the upper ground and subsurface into a closed simulation chain, existing transfer gaps between different trades can be closed. Using a prototypically implemented system configurator, geothermal heat pump systems can be designed in detail, compared with conventional systems, and evaluated on the basis of technical, energetic, economic, and ecological criteria. The combination of configuration, immediate result plotting and automatically triggered simulations running in the background enables an iterative and practical design process. In this context, a heat pump system model is presented which is adapted to the functionalities of the system configurator and specialized for the early planning process. This model includes thermal storage balances and control algorithms, is applicable on city district level and can be coupled bidirectionally to subsurface models. The tool chain's connection to an existing web- and GIS-based geoportal including databases enables a central data aggregation and geothermal site evaluations. This can provide tool-based support for the application and approval process of shallow geothermal systems and holistic planning approaches such as municipal heat planning. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hardering, Friedericke; Lenz, Sarah;

    In den letzten Jahren lässt sich ein zunehmendes Nachdenken über Nachhaltigkeit beobachten. Wenngleich Nachhaltigkeit zu einem allgegenwärtigen Leitbegriff gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Wandels avanciert, werden Themen der nachhaltigen Entwicklung von Arbeit trotz dieser Dynamiken kaum thematisiert. Es bleibt bisweilen offen, welche Relevanz die Idee von Nachhaltigkeit für die Beschäftigten hat, was sie unter Nachhaltigkeit verstehen und inwieweit sich Ansprüche an Nachhaltigkeit in der Arbeit identifizieren lassen. Vor diesem Hintergrund widmet sich dieser Beitrag der Bedeutung der Nachhaltigkeitsidee in subjektiven Konzepten von guter und sinnvoller Arbeit. Auf der Basis von teilstrukturierten narrativen Interviews werden Phasen der beruflichen Umorientierung als moments critiques analysiert, da diese in verdichteter Form Aufschluss über die zugrunde liegenden Motive, Vorstellungen und Wünsche an eine gute Arbeit geben. Die Analyse zeigt, dass sich Nachhaltigkeitsvorstellungen in drei Dimensionen rekonstruieren lassen: der Arbeitskraft, der Profession und des sozialen wie ökologischen Umweltbezuges. Da Nachhaltigkeit in Verbindung mit anderen Ansprüchen eingefordert wird, lässt sich von einem flankierenden Anspruch sprechen. In recent years, there was a growing interest in sustainability. Although sustainability rises to a leading concept in thinking about social and economic change, sustainable development of work is rarely discussed. How employees understand sustainability in the context of work and if they have any demands on sustainability of work remain open questions. Against this backdrop, this contribution focuses on the relevance of sustainability in subjective concepts of good and meaningful work. Based on semi-structured narrative interviews, we analyze changes of jobs as moments critiques that give insights on motives, visions and demands of good work. Our findings show three dimensions which are linked to sustainability: labor, professions and relations to social and ecological aims. Besides, demands for sustainability always appear in connection with other demands for good work. AIS-Studien

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.21241/ss...
    Other literature type . 2017
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.21241/ss...
      Other literature type . 2017
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hartmann, Niklas;

    The share of renewable electricity generation of gross electricity consumption in Germany increased from 6.8 % to about 20 % during the years of 2000 and 2011. This share will increase even more in the future. The greater part of the renewable electricity generation is characterized by significant fluctuations, which can only be planned to a limited extent. Hence, the electricity system in Germany faces the challenge to integrate an increasing amount of fluctuating renewable electricity generation. Additionally the system stability needs to be ensured, despite a decreasing capacity in conventional power plants. One option to support the integration of large amounts of renewable electricity generation and to enhance system stability is the deployment of storage technologies. The aim of this research was to analyze the role of storage technologies to integrate high shares of renewable electricity generation into the electricity system of Germany. To achieve this aim, adiabatic compressed air energy storage, diabatic compressed air energy storage and mobile battery storage systems were simulated and compared with a pumped hydro storage as the reference storage system. Key characteristics of these storage systems were modeled within a fundamental stochastic unit commitment model of the German power markets (Joint-Market-Model) in order to analyze the effect of the implementation of these storage systems on the overall cost of the electricity system. Additionally, the operation of the storages in an electricity system with high shares of renewable energy was evaluated. The results show that the integration of large shares of renewable electricity generation into the grid can only be achieved with a substantial implementation of storage systems. To integrate 50 % of renewable energy, a storage power of 27 GW and storage capacity of 245 GWh is needed. For a renewable energy share of 80 %, a storage power of 78 GW and a storage capacity of 6.3 TWh are necessary. A 100 % renewable energy share requires a storage power of 139 GW and a storage capacity of 83 TWh. This also requires a significant capital expenditure. One option to reduce the overall system costs without compromising the system stability is to allow “curtailment” of wind and solar power. Curtailment is hereby only used, if it leads to lower operating costs of the system. For 50 % share of renewable energy the storage power can be reduced from 27 GW to almost 11 GW at constant storage capacity. The required storage capacity is reduced from 6.3 TWh to 5.4 TWh and the storage power from 78 GW to 66 GW for a share of 80 % of renewable energy. For a share of 100\% of renewable energy, the requirement of storage capacity is reduced from 83 TWh to 57 TWh and of storage power from 139 GW to 106 GW. In all assessments, where curtailment is allowed, the system costs are reduced. With this procedure only a minor share of renewable electricity generation (<1 %) is hereby not integrated into the grid. Furthermore, in this research the effects of different charging strategies of electric vehicles are analyzed. An uncontrolled charging, where the electric vehicles are charged at the instant they are connected to the grid is compared with a controlled charging (Vehicle-to-grid, V2G), where the time of charging can be delayed due to economic reasons until the starting time of the next trip. However, the controlled charging strategy of electric vehicles was found to have very little positive effect on the system costs. In a year with low wind and solar supply (reduced wind and solar supply by 15 %), the system stability is not given for a share of renewable electricity generation of 80 % and 100 %. To ensure the system stability for very high shares of renewable electricity generation, the power plant portfolio needs to be determined based on a load curve with yearly low wind and solar supply. Der Anteil der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien am Bruttostromverbrauch ist zwischen den Jahren 2000 und 2011 von 6,8 % auf über 20 % gestiegen. Zukünftig wird dieser Anteil weiter zunehmen. Ein Großteil der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien ist durch erhebliche Fluktuationen, die nur in begrenztem Umfang planbar sind, charakterisiert. Das Elektrizitätssystem Deutschlands steht daher vor der Herausforderung, immer höhere Anteile der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien aufzunehmen und trotz abnehmender Kapazitäten des konventionellen Kraftwerkparks die Versorgungssicherheit zu gewährleisten. Einen Beitrag zur Integration hoher Anteile erneuerbarer Energien an der Stromerzeugung und zur Gewährleistung der Versorgungssicherheit können Speicher liefern. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, die Rolle und Bedeutung von Stromspeichern zur Integration hoher Anteile erneuerbarer Energien in das Elektrizitätssystem Deutschlands zu analysieren und zu bewerten. Hierfür wurde der Speicherbetrieb adiabater Druckluftspeicher, diabater Druckluftspeicher und mobiler Batteriespeicher (in Elektrofahrzeugen) mit Hilfe eines technischen Modells simuliert und anhand einer technisch-ökonomischen Analyse dem Referenzsystem „Pumpspeicher“ gegenübergestellt. Wesentliche Charakteristika wurden anschließend in ein Optimierungsmodell der Einsatzplanung des Elektrizitätssystems Deutschlands (Joint-Market-Model) übernommen, um die Auswirkungen des Speichereinsatzes zur Integration hoher Anteile erneuerbarer Energien auf die Systemkosten und den Speicherbetrieb zu analysieren. Es wurden anhand verschiedener Szenarien die Anteile erneuerbarer Energien von 50 %, 80 % und 100 % am Bruttostromverbrauch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine vollständige Integration hoher Anteile der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien nur mit einem erheblichen Ausbau an Speichern realisiert werden kann. Für einen Anteil von 50 % erneuerbarer Energien an der Elektrizitätsnachfrage in Deutschland wurde ein Bedarf an Speicherleistung von 27 GW und an Speicherkapazität von 245 GWh ermittelt. Zur Integration eines Anteils von 80 % erneuerbaren Energien sind eine Speicherleistung von 78 GW und eine Speicherkapazität von 6,3 TWh erforderlich. Für 100 % erneuerbare Energien werden Speicher mit einer signifikant höheren Speicherleistung von 139 GW und einer Speicherkapazität von 83 TWh benötigt. Dies geht mit einem erheblichen Kapitalaufwand einher. Bei einem Verzicht auf eine vollständige Integration der erneuerbaren Energien, einem „Curtailment“, kann die Stromeinspeisung aus Windenergie- und Photovoltaikanlagen reduziert werden, falls dies zu geringeren Systembetriebskosten führt. Hierdurch verringert sich der Speicherbedarf erheblich. Der Anteil der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien, der aus ökonomischen Gründen nicht aufgenommen wird, ist dabei kleiner als 1 %. Für einen Anteil von 50 % erneuerbarer Energien wird bei gleichbleibender Speicherkapazität eine Speicherleistung von knapp 11 GW (statt 27 GW) benötigt. Bei einem Anteil von 80 % erneuerbarer Energien kann die Speicherleistung von 78 GW auf 66 GW und die Speicherkapazität von 6,3 TWh auf 5,4 TWh verringert werden. Für 100 % erneuerbare Energien liegt der Speicherbedarf bei 106 GW (statt 136 GW) Speicherleistung und 57 TWh (statt 83 TWh) Speicherkapazität. Das „Curtailment" führt somit in allen Szenarien zu einer Reduktion der Systemkosten.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2013
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  • Authors: Trimmel, Filiz;

    Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit befasst sich mit dem Thema ein nachhaltiges, ökologisches und ökonomisches Hotel in Antalya zu entwerfen. Das Klima in Antalya tritt im Allgemeinen in das mediterrane Klima ein. Die Sommer sind heiß und trocken, die Winter regnerisch und stürmisch. Da Antalya eine Touristenstadt ist, gibt es hier Unmengen an Hotels, die vorwiegend für Großfamilien mit Kindern sind. Dieser Entwurf ist anders als die „herkömmlichen“ Hotelprojekte, die es in Antalya schon gibt. Das Ziel des Entwurfes ist ein Treibhaus- und/oder Gewächshaushotel mit all seinen nachhaltigen Nutzen entlang der Küste zu schaffen. Neben der nachhaltigen Gebäudestruktur des Öko-Hotels werden viele energiesparenden Maßnahmen eingesetzt. Im Fokus stehen hierbei die Verwendung von natürlichen Baumaterialien in monolithischer Bauweise, unterirdische monolithische Betonzisterne für Trink- oder Nutzwasser zur Bewässerung des Innengartens und ebenso eine Meerwassersolaranlage, die als zusätzliches Trinkwasser fungieren soll. Durch Gebäudeintegrierte Photovoltaik-Module (GiPV) an der Fassade und auf dem Dach des Atriums wird die Sonnenenergie genutzt und in Strom zur Erwärmung des Duschwassers umgewandelt. Ein Gebäude, dass nicht nur nimmt, sondern auch gibt! Gegen die Monotonie im Alltag soll das Öko-Hotel eine abwechslungsreiche und beruhigende Entspannung fördern. Als therapeutische Zwecke wird die Thalasso- und Kneipp-Therapie angewendet. Thalasso ist einfach eine Heilbehandlung am und mit dem Meer, aber mit allem, was dazugehört: Wasser, Algen, Schlick, Wind, Salz und frischer, daher schadstoff- und pollenfreier Meeresluft. Einzigartige, heilende Kräfte für Körper und Seele! This diploma thesis describes the idea of designing a sustainable, ecological and economical hotel in Antalya. The climate in Antalya generally enters the Mediterranean climate. Summers are hot and dry, winters are rainy and stormy. Antalya is a tourist city, there are tons of hotels here, which are mainly for large families with children. This design is different from the „conventional“ hotel projects that already exist in Antalya. The aim of the design is to create a greenhouse and/or glasshouse hotel with all its sustainable benefits along the coast. In addition to the sustainable building structure of the eco hotel, many energy-saving measures are used. The focus here is on the use of natural building materials in monolithic construction, underground monolithic concrete cisterns for drinking water or water for other purposes to irrigate the inner garden and also a seawater solar system, which is intended to serve as additional drinking water. Building-integrated photovoltaic modules (BiPV) on the facade and on the roof of the atrium use solar energy and convert it into electricity to heat the shower water. A building that not only takes, but also gives! Against the monotony of everyday life, the eco-hotel is intended to promote varied and soothing relaxation. Thalasso and Kneipp therapy are used for therapeutic purposes. Thalasso is simply a healing treatment by and with the sea, but with everything that goes with it: water, algae, mud, wind, salt and fresh sea air, which is therefore free of pollutants and pollen. Unique, healing powers for body and soul!

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    Authors: Büngeler, Johannes;

    The replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors has been identified as a way to achieve widely-accepted international climate protection goals. Especially in the material handling sector, vehicles with electric drives have gained increasing market acceptance over the past decades. However, the electrification of counterbalanced forklift trucks with high tonnages requires batteries with extended energy capacity. Higher energy capacity usually correlates with higher volume-to-surface ratios resulting in decreased heat dissipation and, therefore, increased average operating temperatures of the commonly used lead acid batteries. As a consequence, battery lifetime is greatly reduced. Without design changes, one possibility for avoiding high operating temperatures is an adapted battery management strategy. This thesis reports on results obtained with flooded lead acid batteries, demonstrating that, with management strategies which include operation in a partial state of charge, energy efficiencies can be increased from about 0.7 to about 0.85 with minimal impact on lifetime.

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  • Authors: Merl, Stefan;

    Mit der Taxonomieverordnung hat die EU Kommission erstmals ein Klassifizie-rungssystem dafür geschaffen, ab wann eine wirtschaftliche Tätigkeit eines Un-ternehmens tatsächlich als nachhaltig zu betrachten ist. Damit Unternehmen ihre wirtschaftlichen Tätigkeiten als nachhaltig ausweisen dürfen, müssen sie unter-schiedlichste Kriterien erfüllen, nur eine Anforderung ist bei allen Tätigkeiten dieselbe: die Durchführung einer Klimarisiko- und Vulnerabilitätsanalyse. Mit dieser soll erhoben werden, ob die Geschäftstätigkeit und in weiterem Sinne das Geschäftsmodell klimafit und somit zukunftsfähig ist oder ob Anpassungsmaß-nahmen zur Erhöhung der Anpassungsfähigkeit erforderlich sind, um das Ge-schäft wirtschaftlich nachhaltig, d. h. profitabel zu halten. Die Durchführung von Klimarisiko- und Vulnerabilitätsanalyse ist für Unterneh-men noch großteils unbekanntes Terrain und aktuell existieren noch keine Leit-fäden für Unternehmen, wie sie solche standortbezogenen Analysen zeit- und ressourcenschonend durchführen können. In dieser Arbeit werden daher aus den zwei bekanntesten und umfangreichsten Rahmenwerken für Klimarisiko-analysen die wesentlichen Aspekte herausgearbeitet, um darauf basierend eine Vorgehensweise zu definieren, die Unternehmen als Leitfaden zur Durchfüh-rung eigener Klimarisikoanalysen dienen kann. Zudem wird die erarbeitete Vor-gehensweise am Beispiel eines fiktiven Unternehmens vorgeführt, um vor allem den Umgang mit Klimaszenarien zu demonstrieren und wie die darin enthalte-nen Prognosen für einzelne Klimagefahren interpretiert werden können. Zu gu-ter Letzt wird in dieser Arbeit auch auf Quellen für belastbare Daten und Klimamodelle hingewiesen, wodurch die Durchführung von adäquaten Klimari-sikoanalysen ermöglicht wird, die den Anforderungen der TaxonomieVO Genüge tun. With the Taxonomy Regulation, the EU Commission has for the first time created a classification system for determining when an economic activity of a company can actually be considered sustainable. In order for companies to be allowed to classify their economic activities as sustainable, they must fulfill a wide variety of criteria, but only one requirement is the same for all activities: the performance of a climate risk and vulnerability analysis. The purpose of this is to determine whe-ther the business activity and, in a broader sense, the business model are clima-te-compatible and thus fit for the future, or whether adaptation measures are re-quired to increase adaptive capacity in order to keep the business economically sustainable, i.e. profitable. The performance of climate risk and vulnerability analysis is still largely unknown territory for companies and currently there are no guidelines on how to perform such location-based analyses in a time- and resource-saving manner. In this master thesis, therefore, the essential aspects of the two best-known and most comprehensive frameworks for climate risk analyses are elaborated in order to define a procedure based on them that can serve as a guideline for companies to carry out their own climate risk analyses. In addition, the approach developed is demonstrated using the example of a fictitious company, in order to show how climate scenarios are handled and how the forecasts they contain can be used for a single company. Last but not least, this work also points to sources of robust data and climate models, enabling the performance of adequate climatic risk ana-lyses that meet the requirements of the Taxonomy Regulation. Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers Masterarbeit Wien, FH Campus Wien 2023

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    Authors: Aida Anguiano de Miguel;

    I mean to analyze the reciprocity between urban policies and economic growth; and the role of agents and estate developers in China. Emergent economy with high inequality rates. The roles of capitalist corporations and the Government in the construction and reconstruction of cities, Examine the infrastructures, business and commerce developers, sport and leisure areas, academic and cultural centers, and housing in the Chinese metropolis. The Asian country has become one of the most polluting ones as result of the fast urbanization, and the rapid growth of industry and infrastructures. Teams of architects have planned sustainable building but megalopoleis make eco-cities necessary.

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  • Authors: Deuchar, Gordon;

    In wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht wurden zu errichtende Geb��ude bisher lediglich unter dem Aspekt der Investitions- bzw. Baukosten betrachtet.1 Baunutzungskosten, also alle Kapital- und Verwaltungskosten, Abschreibungen, Steuern, Betriebs- und Bauunterhaltungskosten / Bewirtschaftungskosten, wurden bisher vernachl��ssigt.2, 3 Bei Betreiberimmobilien ist eine grunds��tzliche Ver��nderung des Nachfragemarktes mit einem verst��rkten Fokus auf lebenszyklusorientierte Immobilienkonzepte und somit eine ganzheitliche Betrachtungsweise festzustellen.4 Die Errichtungskosten einer Immobilie liegen bei etwa 20 Prozent, wohingegen die Baunutzungskosten einen Kostenanteil von bis zu 80 Prozent im Laufe eines Immobilienlebenszyklus haben k��nnen.5 Diese Kosten in der Baunutzungsphase lassen sich durch einen nachhaltigen Planungsansatz erheblich reduzieren.6Insbesondere bei Planungsbeginn sind die ��ber den Immobilienlebenszyklus entstehenden Kosten maximal beeinflussbar, da zu diesem Zeitpunkt Kosten- und Qualit��tsentscheidungen getroffen werden.7 Unter Ber��cksichtigung der Lebenszyklusanalyse soll im Bereich des Industrie- und Produktionsbaus ein nachhaltiges Entwurfskonzept am Beispiel eines neu zu entwickelnden Weingutes im Bestand entwickelt werden. Motivationsgrundlage und Forschungsumfeld sind die Themenfelder Nachhaltigkeit, Nachhaltiges Bauen und Bauen im Bestand. 1 S. 1,Hofer/Herzog (2011): Planungsunterst��tzende Lebenszyklusanalyse f��r nachhaltige Geb��ude. 2 S. 84, Sch��nweitz (2012): Geb��ude wirtschaftlich planen. Kalkulierbare, niedrige Lebenszykluskosten geben dem Bauherrn Kostensicherheit. 3 S. 50, Steger (2011): Lebenszykluskosten und die ��konomische Nachhaltigkeit von Geb��uden. 4 ebd., Hofer/Herzog (2011) 5 S. 76 Escher (2008) Planen f��r den Lebenszyklus. Risiken und Grenzen von PPP-Modellen. 6 ebd. Steger (2011) 7 ebd., Sch��nweitz (2012) In economic terms, buildings to be constructed have only been considered under the aspect of investment- and construction-costs until now. Occupancy costs, involving all capital and administrative expenses, depreciation, taxes, operating- and maintenance-costs / management costs have so far been neglected. Regarding operator properties, a fundamental change in the demand market with an increased focus on life-cycle based real estate concepts and thus a holistic approach can be observed.The construction costs of a property are about 20 percent, whereas the occupancy costs can have a cost share of up to 80 percent during a real estate life cycle.These costs in the use-phase can be significantly reduced through a sustainable planning approach.In particular at the start of planning, arising costs in the real estate life cycle can be influenced maximum, because cost and quality decisions are made at this time. Exemplary in the field of industrial architecture, a sustainable design concept will be developed for a new winery within existing buildings. In particular, the life cycle analysis will be considered. Motivation and research context are the topics sustainability, sustainable construction and construction in existing contexts.

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  • Authors: Berchtold, Mark;

    Der globale Energiebedarf nimmt aufgrund der stetig anwachsenden Weltbev��lkerung und der fortschreitenden Industrialisierung kontinuierlich zu. Gegenw��rtig wird der ��berwiegende Anteil des globalen Energiebedarfs immer noch durch fossile Brennstoffe abgedeckt. In diesem Zusammenhang scheint das Erd��l als wichtigster Prim��renergietr��ger auf, da es f��r die Erzeugung von fl��ssigen Kraftstoffen und Synthesechemikalien unverzichtbar ist. Jedoch werden durch die intensive Nutzung der Erd��lprodukte auch gro��e Mengen an Kohlendioxid freigesetzt, wessen Treibhauseffekt ma��geblich an dem sich abzeichnenden Klimawandel mitbeteiligt ist. Dar��ber hinaus ist die Kapazit��t des Erd��ls letztendlich begrenzt, weshalb die ��lf��rderung auch immer schwieriger und kostspieliger wird. Aufgrund dieser Umst��nde werden schon seit l��ngerer Zeit Technologien zur Herstellung von Kraftstoffen aus biogenen Ressourcen entwickelt. Allerdings ist der Marktanteil dieser Bio-Kraftstoffe noch sehr gering, da der technische Aufwand hierf��r wesentlich h��her und kostenintensiver ist. Daher sollte auch die Effizienz bei der Gewinnung und Verarbeitung von Erd��l weiterhin zus��tzlich gesteigert werden. Gerade die Effizienzsteigerung bei der Erd��lverarbeitung stellt die Raffineriebetreiber aber zunehmend vor eine immer gr����er werdende Herausforderung. Die Qualit��t der am Markt erh��ltlichen Roh��lsorten verschlechtert sich von Jahr zu Jahr. Die Roh��le weisen eine h��here Dichte sowie h��here Schwefelgehalte auf, wodurch die Aufarbeitung zu nutzbaren Produkten immer aufw��ndiger wird. Der FCC- (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) bzw. RFCC- (Resid Fluid Catalytic Cracking) Prozess bietet sich diesbez��glich als ein innovatives und wandlungsf��higes Konvertierungs-Verfahren an, durch das Produkte mit hoher Wertsch��pfung auf eine wirtschaftliche Art und Weise generiert werden k��nnen. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation werden verschiedenartige Optionen zur katalytischen Konversion von schweren Eins��tzen fossilen und biogenen Ursprungs n��her untersucht. Der Schwerpunkt aller Untersuchungen liegt dabei in der Optimierung der Prozesscharakteristik, wobei das entstehende qualitative und quantitative Produktspektrum hierf��r ma��geblich ist. Zur Bewerkstelligung der Experimente stehen zwei vollkontinuierliche FCC-Pilotanlagen mit intern zirkulierender Wirbelschicht zur Verf��gung. Ein Themenkomplex widmet sich dem Recycling von gebrauchtem FCC-Katalysator in einem typischen RFCC-Prozessszenario, wobei der eingesetzte Katalysator aus einem FCC-Prozess mit hohem Konversionsgrad und hoher Olefin-Selektivit��t entstammt. Ein weiterer Themenkomplex befasst sich mit der katalytischen Aufarbeitung von Pyrolyser��ckst��nden zur Gewinnung von Biokraftstoffen der zweiten Generation. Dar��ber hinaus wurde die Betriebscharakteristik einer neu konstruierten Pilotanlage, welche insbesondere f��r die Verarbeitung von schweren Einsatzstoffen konzipiert wurde, evaluiert und durch anschlie��ende Modifikationen optimiert. Im Zuge dieser Optimierungen wurde auch eine Katalysator- und Feed-Vergleichsstudie erstellt, welche die Funktionalit��t und Einsatzf��higkeit der Pilotanlage zugleich validieren soll. Die dargestellten Untersuchungsergebnisse dieser Dissertation zeigen auf, dass die Verarbeitung von schweren Eins��tzen im FCC- bzw. RFCC-Prozess nach wie vor ��ber ein hohes Potenzial verf��gt. Die Ergebnisse des Themenkomplexes Katalysator-Recycling legten einen gr����eren Einfluss des gebrauchten Katalysators auf das Produktspektrum dar als anf��nglich angenommen. Dennoch stellt die Zumischung von gebrauchten Katalysatoren eine wirtschaftliche Option zur Optimierung von RFCC-Prozessen dar. Allerdings w��ren zu diesem Zweck auch weitere Adaptionen hinsichtlich der Prozessf��hrung notwendig. Die Ergebnisse des Themenkomplexes Pyrolyser��ckst��nde bringen eine neuartige M��glichkeit f��r die parallele Verarbeitung von holzartiger Biomasse in der klassischen Erd��lraffinerie zutage. Die eingesetzten Pyrolyser��ckst��nde konnten bei nur geringf��gig verminderter Konversion und leicht erh��hter Koksbildung zu typischen FCC-Produkten konvertiert werden. Dabei wurde ebenso festgestellt, dass sich die Quantit��t sowie Qualit��t der FCC-Produkte ��ber eine vor- bzw. nachgeschaltete Hydrierung der Pyrolyser��ckst��nde noch weiter verbessern l��sst. Die Inbetriebnahme der neu konstruierten Pilotanlage konnte erfolgreich abgeschlossen werden. Die durchgef��hrten Gasverteilungsmessungen zeigten nur sehr geringe Leckagen zwischen dem Reaktions- und Regenerationsbereich auf. ��ber die Modifikation des vorhandenen Katalysator-Regelsystems konnte die Betriebscharakteristik der zirkulierenden Wirbelschicht derart verbessert werden, dass das C/O-Verh��ltnis (Catalyst/Oil) nun in einem Bereich von 10-60 eingestellt werden kann. Die begleitend durchgef��hrte Feed- und Katalysatorstudie untermauert die uneingeschr��nkte Einsatzf��higkeit der neu konstruierten Pilotanlage. So konnte dargelegt werden, dass die Tendenz zur Koksbildung nur geringf��gig von der Risertemperatur abh��ngig ist. Demgegen��ber nimmt mit steigendem C/O-Verh��ltnis der Koksanteil ausgepr��gt zu. Der ausgewiesene Koksanteil ist dabei eigentlich nur scheinbar erh��ht, da eine gr����ere Menge an FCC-Produkten aufgrund der gestiegenen Anzahl an Katalysatorporen in den Regenerator verschleppt wird. Bei der Verarbeitung von schweren Eins��tzen kann sich die Erh��hung des C/O-Verh��ltnisses dennoch positiv auswirken, da der schwer verdampfbare Feed hierdurch wesentlich effektiver in die Gasphase ��berf��hrt werden kann. Global energy demand has been rising continuously due to the fast growing world population and the proceeding industrialization. Currently the major part of the global energy demand is covered by fossil fuels. In this context, crude oil appears as the most important primary energy carrier, since it is indispensable for the production of liquid fuels and synthesis chemicals. However, due to intensive utilization of crude oil products large quantities of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere, whose greenhouse effect has a significant influence onto climate change. Furthermore, resources of crude oil are depleting, whereby oil production is getting more difficult and more expensive. Because of these circumstances technologies for the production of biofuels have already been developed. However, the market share of these biofuels is quite low in the current situation, since the technical effort is much higher and more expensive than the production of fossil fuels. Hence, efficiency of the production and processing of crude oil should be raised additionally. Nevertheless, especially efficiency enhancement in processing of crude oil is getting more and more difficult for the refinery operators. The quality of the available crude oil species declines from one year to the next. Crude oils show a higher density as well as higher sulfur content, whereby the processing of useful products requires higher efforts. Concerning this matter the FCC/RFCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking/ Resid Fluid Catalytic Cracking) process provides an innovative and versatile conversion procedure, which generates products with high value added in an economical way. In the scope of this doctoral thesis, different options for the catalytic conversion of heavy feeds of fossil and biogenic origin are investigated. Thereby focus of all investigations lies in the optimization of the process characteristics, whereby the formed qualitative and quantitative product spectrum is relevant for this purpose. For the achievement of the experiments two continuous FCC pilot plants with internally circulating fluidized bed are available. One complex of themes deals with the recycling of a used catalyst in a typical RFCC process scenario, whereby the catalyst used derives from an FCC process with high conversion degree and high olefin selectivity. Another complex of themes is devoted to the catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis-oil residues for the production of second-generation biofuels. Moreover, operational characteristics of a newly constructed pilot plant, which has been especially designed for upgrading heavy feeds, is evaluated and optimized by subsequent modifications. In the course of these optimizations a catalyst and feed comparative study is performed, which should validate functionality and operability of the new pilot plant at the same time. The research results displayed in this doctoral thesis demonstrate that processing of heavy feeds in the FCC/RFCC process still holds considerable potential. The results of the catalyst recycling experiments showed a higher influence of the recycled catalyst onto product range than initially assumed. Nevertheless, the admixture of used catalyst represents an economical way to optimize RFCC processes. However, for this purpose additional adaptions with regard to process management are required. The results of the pyrolysis-oil residue experiments point out a new possibility for parallel processing of woody biomass in a classical crude oil refinery. The pyrolysis-oil residues used could be converted into typical FCC products with little loss of conversion and slightly increased coke formation. It has equally been verified that the quantity and quality of the FCC products can be raised through a pre- or post-hydrogenation step of the pyrolysis oil residues. The commissioning of the newly constructed pilot plant could be completed successfully. The distribution of the fluidization gases exhibited only small leakages between the reaction and the regeneration area. Through modification of the catalyst control-system, the operational characteristic of the internally circulating fluidized bed system could be improved such that the C/O-ratio (Catalyst/Oil) now can be set in a range between 10 and 60. The associated performed feed and catalyst comparative study underpins the unrestricted availability of the newly constructed pilot plant. It has been shown that the tendency of coke formation is only slightly influenced by riser temperature. In contrast to that the amount of coke raises pronouncedly with an increasing C/O-ratio. In this case the amount of coke identified is increased only apparently, since a larger quantity of FCC products is displaced into the regeneration area by the increased number of catalyst pores. When processing heavy feeds the increase of the C/O-ratio can still have a positive effect, since the less vaporizable feed can be transferred into gas-phase more effectively.

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    Authors: Haas, Stefan;

    Bauherren formulieren immer ��fter den Wunsch nach einem gesunden Wohnumfeld. Aufgrund von verf��gbarem Materialwissen und Baustoffinformationssystemen sind Planer mittlerweile in der Lage, materialspezifische Anforderungen zum schadstoffarmen Planen und Bauen abzuleiten. Aktuell gibt es jedoch keine standardisierten Vorgehensstrategien und Hilfen, die den Planer bei der Umsetzung der daraus entstehenden prozessbezogenen Herausforderungen unterst��tzen. Schadstoffarme Projekte werden h��ufig als Individualwerk, mit immer wieder neu konzipierten Abl��ufen, von Experten durchgef��hrt. Bereits entwickelte Expertenl��sungen verbleiben als exklusives Wissen bei wenigen Fachplanern. Nur einzelne Teilprozesse sind als Strategiewissen f��r alle verf��gbar. Somit bleiben zu viele Fragen und Unsicherheiten zur Planung und Bauausf��hrung offen, Experten sind nach wie vor notwendig, wenn besonders schadstoffarm gebaut werden soll. Ziel der Arbeit ist die Entwicklung einer prozessbezogenen Vorgehensstrategie zur Qualit��tssicherung des schadstoffarmen Planens und Bauens. Eine praxisnahe Systematik soll ���neue��� Abl��ufe und Zusammenh��nge f��r Planer aufzeigen, um fr��hzeitig Risiken zu vermeiden. Aufbauend auf einer Vorstudie zu theoretischen Risikomodellen und beispielhaften Bauteilbetrachtungen wird eine qualitative Studie mit der Methode der Experteninterviews durchgef��hrt, um Expertenwissen und deren Planungswissen zu explizieren und f��r die Ergebniserstellung zu interpretieren. Als Ergebnis der Untersuchung werden sieben sog. ���neue��� Kernprozesse zum schadstoffarmen Planen und Bauen definiert und mit Checklisten hinterlegt. Um aufzuzeigen, wie der theoretische Ansatz in eine praxisnahe Anwendung ��berf��hrt werden muss, folgt eine zweite Ausarbeitungsstufe. In dieser werden die Modelle und die Checklisten zu einem Strategiemuster zusammengef��hrt. F��r zwei Bauteile k��nnen hiernach eine Bauteilmatrix, Bauteilmuster und Hilfetexte erstellt werden. Die entwickelte Vorgehensstrategie stellt eine praxisnahe Planungshilfe zur Qualit��tssicherung dar und besteht aus folgenden 4 Ebenen: - Ebene E.1 ���Strategiemuster��� - ��berblick Risikobereiche. - Ebene E.2 ���Bauteilmuster��� - Vergleichsm��glichkeit Bauteile. - Ebene E.3 ���Bauteilmatrix��� - Kurzhinweise Risiken. - Ebene E.4 ���Strategiebl��tter��� - Handlungsanweisung. Clients more and more ask for healthy living and working environments. Planers see themselves challenged to fulfill these requests. They benefit from product information, which aims to support them, and which evolves ongoing. But nevertheless, currently, there are no standardized and freely accessible procedural strategies and aids, supporting the planner in implementing these specified requirements in planning and construction processes. Project management is often carried by an individual with him constantly redesigned processes. This comes with a large number of questions and uncertainties in regards to planning and construction, resulting in the consultation of an expert. The aim of the following research work is the development of a process-related strategy, which helps to qualitatively manage planning and construction processes of environmentally-friendly projects, projects that contain fewer pollutants. New processes are to modeled in step with actual practice in order to avoid risks early enough. Based on a preliminary study of theoretical risk models and exemplary construction components, a qualitative study helps to explicate expert knowledge and strategies by using the method of expert interviews. As a research result, seven so-called "new" key processes are defined for the planning and construction of projects with fewer pollutants. These results are displayed as two-dimensional models in various levels of detail and are supplemented by so-called checklists. In order to transmit these theoretical approaches into a practical application, a strategy pattern is developed out of the models and the checklists. In addition, this pattern is verified du to an exemplification with the examples of two external walls. As a result, a matrix as well as a pattern for each construction element can be deviated. Due to the complementation by additional information and the design of a so called strategic data sheet, the scheme and its elements for the quality management system can be identified and defined as the following: - Level 1 E.1 ���Strategy Pattern��� - overview risks. - Level 2 E.2 ���Construction Element Matrix��� - comparison of constructions. - Level 3 E.3 ���Construction Element Pattern��� - key information. - Level 4 E.4 ���Strategic Data Sheet��� - additional information.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
    Doctoral thesis . 2022
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
      Doctoral thesis . 2022
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    Authors: Weck-Ponten, Sebastian;

    In future, heat pumps and shallow geothermal energy will play a central role in the decarbonization of the building and energy sector. The potentials of shallow geothermal energy have not been exploited so far, in particular due to the high complexity of planning and approval processes. In addition, the various stakeholders involved in the planning process create interfaces, which can lead to transfer gaps and barriers for an optimized system design. In order to raise the potentials and optimize the system design, a holistic planning process and the combination of different planning tools are necessary, which enable, among other things, geothermal site evaluations, the representation of the mutual thermal influence of geothermal borehole heat exchangers and their effects on neighboring properties, as well as the evaluation of geothermal systems under consideration of economic and ecological decision parameters. In this context, a simulation-based multi-level planning methodology is presented, which enables the holistic planning of geothermal heat pump systems with borehole heat exchangers on the scales of single buildings up to district level in the early planning phases. By integrating calculation tools for mapping the upper ground and subsurface into a closed simulation chain, existing transfer gaps between different trades can be closed. Using a prototypically implemented system configurator, geothermal heat pump systems can be designed in detail, compared with conventional systems, and evaluated on the basis of technical, energetic, economic, and ecological criteria. The combination of configuration, immediate result plotting and automatically triggered simulations running in the background enables an iterative and practical design process. In this context, a heat pump system model is presented which is adapted to the functionalities of the system configurator and specialized for the early planning process. This model includes thermal storage balances and control algorithms, is applicable on city district level and can be coupled bidirectionally to subsurface models. The tool chain's connection to an existing web- and GIS-based geoportal including databases enables a central data aggregation and geothermal site evaluations. This can provide tool-based support for the application and approval process of shallow geothermal systems and holistic planning approaches such as municipal heat planning. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Hardering, Friedericke; Lenz, Sarah;

    In den letzten Jahren lässt sich ein zunehmendes Nachdenken über Nachhaltigkeit beobachten. Wenngleich Nachhaltigkeit zu einem allgegenwärtigen Leitbegriff gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Wandels avanciert, werden Themen der nachhaltigen Entwicklung von Arbeit trotz dieser Dynamiken kaum thematisiert. Es bleibt bisweilen offen, welche Relevanz die Idee von Nachhaltigkeit für die Beschäftigten hat, was sie unter Nachhaltigkeit verstehen und inwieweit sich Ansprüche an Nachhaltigkeit in der Arbeit identifizieren lassen. Vor diesem Hintergrund widmet sich dieser Beitrag der Bedeutung der Nachhaltigkeitsidee in subjektiven Konzepten von guter und sinnvoller Arbeit. Auf der Basis von teilstrukturierten narrativen Interviews werden Phasen der beruflichen Umorientierung als moments critiques analysiert, da diese in verdichteter Form Aufschluss über die zugrunde liegenden Motive, Vorstellungen und Wünsche an eine gute Arbeit geben. Die Analyse zeigt, dass sich Nachhaltigkeitsvorstellungen in drei Dimensionen rekonstruieren lassen: der Arbeitskraft, der Profession und des sozialen wie ökologischen Umweltbezuges. Da Nachhaltigkeit in Verbindung mit anderen Ansprüchen eingefordert wird, lässt sich von einem flankierenden Anspruch sprechen. In recent years, there was a growing interest in sustainability. Although sustainability rises to a leading concept in thinking about social and economic change, sustainable development of work is rarely discussed. How employees understand sustainability in the context of work and if they have any demands on sustainability of work remain open questions. Against this backdrop, this contribution focuses on the relevance of sustainability in subjective concepts of good and meaningful work. Based on semi-structured narrative interviews, we analyze changes of jobs as moments critiques that give insights on motives, visions and demands of good work. Our findings show three dimensions which are linked to sustainability: labor, professions and relations to social and ecological aims. Besides, demands for sustainability always appear in connection with other demands for good work. AIS-Studien

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.21241/ss...
    Other literature type . 2017
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    Authors: Hartmann, Niklas;

    The share of renewable electricity generation of gross electricity consumption in Germany increased from 6.8 % to about 20 % during the years of 2000 and 2011. This share will increase even more in the future. The greater part of the renewable electricity generation is characterized by significant fluctuations, which can only be planned to a limited extent. Hence, the electricity system in Germany faces the challenge to integrate an increasing amount of fluctuating renewable electricity generation. Additionally the system stability needs to be ensured, despite a decreasing capacity in conventional power plants. One option to support the integration of large amounts of renewable electricity generation and to enhance system stability is the deployment of storage technologies. The aim of this research was to analyze the role of storage technologies to integrate high shares of renewable electricity generation into the electricity system of Germany. To achieve this aim, adiabatic compressed air energy storage, diabatic compressed air energy storage and mobile battery storage systems were simulated and compared with a pumped hydro storage as the reference storage system. Key characteristics of these storage systems were modeled within a fundamental stochastic unit commitment model of the German power markets (Joint-Market-Model) in order to analyze the effect of the implementation of these storage systems on the overall cost of the electricity system. Additionally, the operation of the storages in an electricity system with high shares of renewable energy was evaluated. The results show that the integration of large shares of renewable electricity generation into the grid can only be achieved with a substantial implementation of storage systems. To integrate 50 % of renewable energy, a storage power of 27 GW and storage capacity of 245 GWh is needed. For a renewable energy share of 80 %, a storage power of 78 GW and a storage capacity of 6.3 TWh are necessary. A 100 % renewable energy share requires a storage power of 139 GW and a storage capacity of 83 TWh. This also requires a significant capital expenditure. One option to reduce the overall system costs without compromising the system stability is to allow “curtailment” of wind and solar power. Curtailment is hereby only used, if it leads to lower operating costs of the system. For 50 % share of renewable energy the storage power can be reduced from 27 GW to almost 11 GW at constant storage capacity. The required storage capacity is reduced from 6.3 TWh to 5.4 TWh and the storage power from 78 GW to 66 GW for a share of 80 % of renewable energy. For a share of 100\% of renewable energy, the requirement of storage capacity is reduced from 83 TWh to 57 TWh and of storage power from 139 GW to 106 GW. In all assessments, where curtailment is allowed, the system costs are reduced. With this procedure only a minor share of renewable electricity generation (<1 %) is hereby not integrated into the grid. Furthermore, in this research the effects of different charging strategies of electric vehicles are analyzed. An uncontrolled charging, where the electric vehicles are charged at the instant they are connected to the grid is compared with a controlled charging (Vehicle-to-grid, V2G), where the time of charging can be delayed due to economic reasons until the starting time of the next trip. However, the controlled charging strategy of electric vehicles was found to have very little positive effect on the system costs. In a year with low wind and solar supply (reduced wind and solar supply by 15 %), the system stability is not given for a share of renewable electricity generation of 80 % and 100 %. To ensure the system stability for very high shares of renewable electricity generation, the power plant portfolio needs to be determined based on a load curve with yearly low wind and solar supply. Der Anteil der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien am Bruttostromverbrauch ist zwischen den Jahren 2000 und 2011 von 6,8 % auf über 20 % gestiegen. Zukünftig wird dieser Anteil weiter zunehmen. Ein Großteil der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien ist durch erhebliche Fluktuationen, die nur in begrenztem Umfang planbar sind, charakterisiert. Das Elektrizitätssystem Deutschlands steht daher vor der Herausforderung, immer höhere Anteile der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien aufzunehmen und trotz abnehmender Kapazitäten des konventionellen Kraftwerkparks die Versorgungssicherheit zu gewährleisten. Einen Beitrag zur Integration hoher Anteile erneuerbarer Energien an der Stromerzeugung und zur Gewährleistung der Versorgungssicherheit können Speicher liefern. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, die Rolle und Bedeutung von Stromspeichern zur Integration hoher Anteile erneuerbarer Energien in das Elektrizitätssystem Deutschlands zu analysieren und zu bewerten. Hierfür wurde der Speicherbetrieb adiabater Druckluftspeicher, diabater Druckluftspeicher und mobiler Batteriespeicher (in Elektrofahrzeugen) mit Hilfe eines technischen Modells simuliert und anhand einer technisch-ökonomischen Analyse dem Referenzsystem „Pumpspeicher“ gegenübergestellt. Wesentliche Charakteristika wurden anschließend in ein Optimierungsmodell der Einsatzplanung des Elektrizitätssystems Deutschlands (Joint-Market-Model) übernommen, um die Auswirkungen des Speichereinsatzes zur Integration hoher Anteile erneuerbarer Energien auf die Systemkosten und den Speicherbetrieb zu analysieren. Es wurden anhand verschiedener Szenarien die Anteile erneuerbarer Energien von 50 %, 80 % und 100 % am Bruttostromverbrauch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine vollständige Integration hoher Anteile der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien nur mit einem erheblichen Ausbau an Speichern realisiert werden kann. Für einen Anteil von 50 % erneuerbarer Energien an der Elektrizitätsnachfrage in Deutschland wurde ein Bedarf an Speicherleistung von 27 GW und an Speicherkapazität von 245 GWh ermittelt. Zur Integration eines Anteils von 80 % erneuerbaren Energien sind eine Speicherleistung von 78 GW und eine Speicherkapazität von 6,3 TWh erforderlich. Für 100 % erneuerbare Energien werden Speicher mit einer signifikant höheren Speicherleistung von 139 GW und einer Speicherkapazität von 83 TWh benötigt. Dies geht mit einem erheblichen Kapitalaufwand einher. Bei einem Verzicht auf eine vollständige Integration der erneuerbaren Energien, einem „Curtailment“, kann die Stromeinspeisung aus Windenergie- und Photovoltaikanlagen reduziert werden, falls dies zu geringeren Systembetriebskosten führt. Hierdurch verringert sich der Speicherbedarf erheblich. Der Anteil der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien, der aus ökonomischen Gründen nicht aufgenommen wird, ist dabei kleiner als 1 %. Für einen Anteil von 50 % erneuerbarer Energien wird bei gleichbleibender Speicherkapazität eine Speicherleistung von knapp 11 GW (statt 27 GW) benötigt. Bei einem Anteil von 80 % erneuerbarer Energien kann die Speicherleistung von 78 GW auf 66 GW und die Speicherkapazität von 6,3 TWh auf 5,4 TWh verringert werden. Für 100 % erneuerbare Energien liegt der Speicherbedarf bei 106 GW (statt 136 GW) Speicherleistung und 57 TWh (statt 83 TWh) Speicherkapazität. Das „Curtailment" führt somit in allen Szenarien zu einer Reduktion der Systemkosten.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2013
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  • Authors: Trimmel, Filiz;

    Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit befasst sich mit dem Thema ein nachhaltiges, ökologisches und ökonomisches Hotel in Antalya zu entwerfen. Das Klima in Antalya tritt im Allgemeinen in das mediterrane Klima ein. Die Sommer sind heiß und trocken, die Winter regnerisch und stürmisch. Da Antalya eine Touristenstadt ist, gibt es hier Unmengen an Hotels, die vorwiegend für Großfamilien mit Kindern sind. Dieser Entwurf ist anders als die „herkömmlichen“ Hotelprojekte, die es in Antalya schon gibt. Das Ziel des Entwurfes ist ein Treibhaus- und/oder Gewächshaushotel mit all seinen nachhaltigen Nutzen entlang der Küste zu schaffen. Neben der nachhaltigen Gebäudestruktur des Öko-Hotels werden viele energiesparenden Maßnahmen eingesetzt. Im Fokus stehen hierbei die Verwendung von natürlichen Baumaterialien in monolithischer Bauweise, unterirdische monolithische Betonzisterne für Trink- oder Nutzwasser zur Bewässerung des Innengartens und ebenso eine Meerwassersolaranlage, die als zusätzliches Trinkwasser fungieren soll. Durch Gebäudeintegrierte Photovoltaik-Module (GiPV) an der Fassade und auf dem Dach des Atriums wird die Sonnenenergie genutzt und in Strom zur Erwärmung des Duschwassers umgewandelt. Ein Gebäude, dass nicht nur nimmt, sondern auch gibt! Gegen die Monotonie im Alltag soll das Öko-Hotel eine abwechslungsreiche und beruhigende Entspannung fördern. Als therapeutische Zwecke wird die Thalasso- und Kneipp-Therapie angewendet. Thalasso ist einfach eine Heilbehandlung am und mit dem Meer, aber mit allem, was dazugehört: Wasser, Algen, Schlick, Wind, Salz und frischer, daher schadstoff- und pollenfreier Meeresluft. Einzigartige, heilende Kräfte für Körper und Seele! This diploma thesis describes the idea of designing a sustainable, ecological and economical hotel in Antalya. The climate in Antalya generally enters the Mediterranean climate. Summers are hot and dry, winters are rainy and stormy. Antalya is a tourist city, there are tons of hotels here, which are mainly for large families with children. This design is different from the „conventional“ hotel projects that already exist in Antalya. The aim of the design is to create a greenhouse and/or glasshouse hotel with all its sustainable benefits along the coast. In addition to the sustainable building structure of the eco hotel, many energy-saving measures are used. The focus here is on the use of natural building materials in monolithic construction, underground monolithic concrete cisterns for drinking water or water for other purposes to irrigate the inner garden and also a seawater solar system, which is intended to serve as additional drinking water. Building-integrated photovoltaic modules (BiPV) on the facade and on the roof of the atrium use solar energy and convert it into electricity to heat the shower water. A building that not only takes, but also gives! Against the monotony of everyday life, the eco-hotel is intended to promote varied and soothing relaxation. Thalasso and Kneipp therapy are used for therapeutic purposes. Thalasso is simply a healing treatment by and with the sea, but with everything that goes with it: water, algae, mud, wind, salt and fresh sea air, which is therefore free of pollutants and pollen. Unique, healing powers for body and soul!

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    Authors: Büngeler, Johannes;

    The replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors has been identified as a way to achieve widely-accepted international climate protection goals. Especially in the material handling sector, vehicles with electric drives have gained increasing market acceptance over the past decades. However, the electrification of counterbalanced forklift trucks with high tonnages requires batteries with extended energy capacity. Higher energy capacity usually correlates with higher volume-to-surface ratios resulting in decreased heat dissipation and, therefore, increased average operating temperatures of the commonly used lead acid batteries. As a consequence, battery lifetime is greatly reduced. Without design changes, one possibility for avoiding high operating temperatures is an adapted battery management strategy. This thesis reports on results obtained with flooded lead acid batteries, demonstrating that, with management strategies which include operation in a partial state of charge, energy efficiencies can be increased from about 0.7 to about 0.85 with minimal impact on lifetime.

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  • Authors: Merl, Stefan;

    Mit der Taxonomieverordnung hat die EU Kommission erstmals ein Klassifizie-rungssystem dafür geschaffen, ab wann eine wirtschaftliche Tätigkeit eines Un-ternehmens tatsächlich als nachhaltig zu betrachten ist. Damit Unternehmen ihre wirtschaftlichen Tätigkeiten als nachhaltig ausweisen dürfen, müssen sie unter-schiedlichste Kriterien erfüllen, nur eine Anforderung ist bei allen Tätigkeiten dieselbe: die Durchführung einer Klimarisiko- und Vulnerabilitätsanalyse. Mit dieser soll erhoben werden, ob die Geschäftstätigkeit und in weiterem Sinne das Geschäftsmodell klimafit und somit zukunftsfähig ist oder ob Anpassungsmaß-nahmen zur Erhöhung der Anpassungsfähigkeit erforderlich sind, um das Ge-schäft wirtschaftlich nachhaltig, d. h. profitabel zu halten. Die Durchführung von Klimarisiko- und Vulnerabilitätsanalyse ist für Unterneh-men noch großteils unbekanntes Terrain und aktuell existieren noch keine Leit-fäden für Unternehmen, wie sie solche standortbezogenen Analysen zeit- und ressourcenschonend durchführen können. In dieser Arbeit werden daher aus den zwei bekanntesten und umfangreichsten Rahmenwerken für Klimarisiko-analysen die wesentlichen Aspekte herausgearbeitet, um darauf basierend eine Vorgehensweise zu definieren, die Unternehmen als Leitfaden zur Durchfüh-rung eigener Klimarisikoanalysen dienen kann. Zudem wird die erarbeitete Vor-gehensweise am Beispiel eines fiktiven Unternehmens vorgeführt, um vor allem den Umgang mit Klimaszenarien zu demonstrieren und wie die darin enthalte-nen Prognosen für einzelne Klimagefahren interpretiert werden können. Zu gu-ter Letzt wird in dieser Arbeit auch auf Quellen für belastbare Daten und Klimamodelle hingewiesen, wodurch die Durchführung von adäquaten Klimari-sikoanalysen ermöglicht wird, die den Anforderungen der TaxonomieVO Genüge tun. With the Taxonomy Regulation, the EU Commission has for the first time created a classification system for determining when an economic activity of a company can actually be considered sustainable. In order for companies to be allowed to classify their economic activities as sustainable, they must fulfill a wide variety of criteria, but only one requirement is the same for all activities: the performance of a climate risk and vulnerability analysis. The purpose of this is to determine whe-ther the business activity and, in a broader sense, the business model are clima-te-compatible and thus fit for the future, or whether adaptation measures are re-quired to increase adaptive capacity in order to keep the business economically sustainable, i.e. profitable. The performance of climate risk and vulnerability analysis is still largely unknown territory for companies and currently there are no guidelines on how to perform such location-based analyses in a time- and resource-saving manner. In this master thesis, therefore, the essential aspects of the two best-known and most comprehensive frameworks for climate risk analyses are elaborated in order to define a procedure based on them that can serve as a guideline for companies to carry out their own climate risk analyses. In addition, the approach developed is demonstrated using the example of a fictitious company, in order to show how climate scenarios are handled and how the forecasts they contain can be used for a single company. Last but not least, this work also points to sources of robust data and climate models, enabling the performance of adequate climatic risk ana-lyses that meet the requirements of the Taxonomy Regulation. Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers Masterarbeit Wien, FH Campus Wien 2023

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    Authors: Aida Anguiano de Miguel;

    I mean to analyze the reciprocity between urban policies and economic growth; and the role of agents and estate developers in China. Emergent economy with high inequality rates. The roles of capitalist corporations and the Government in the construction and reconstruction of cities, Examine the infrastructures, business and commerce developers, sport and leisure areas, academic and cultural centers, and housing in the Chinese metropolis. The Asian country has become one of the most polluting ones as result of the fast urbanization, and the rapid growth of industry and infrastructures. Teams of architects have planned sustainable building but megalopoleis make eco-cities necessary.

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    Barataria
    Article . 2016
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  • Authors: Deuchar, Gordon;

    In wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht wurden zu errichtende Geb��ude bisher lediglich unter dem Aspekt der Investitions- bzw. Baukosten betrachtet.1 Baunutzungskosten, also alle Kapital- und Verwaltungskosten, Abschreibungen, Steuern, Betriebs- und Bauunterhaltungskosten / Bewirtschaftungskosten, wurden bisher vernachl��ssigt.2, 3 Bei Betreiberimmobilien ist eine grunds��tzliche Ver��nderung des Nachfragemarktes mit einem verst��rkten Fokus auf lebenszyklusorientierte Immobilienkonzepte und somit eine ganzheitliche Betrachtungsweise festzustellen.4 Die Errichtungskosten einer Immobilie liegen bei etwa 20 Prozent, wohingegen die Baunutzungskosten einen Kostenanteil von bis zu 80 Prozent im Laufe eines Immobilienlebenszyklus haben k��nnen.5 Diese Kosten in der Baunutzungsphase lassen sich durch einen nachhaltigen Planungsansatz erheblich reduzieren.6Insbesondere bei Planungsbeginn sind die ��ber den Immobilienlebenszyklus entstehenden Kosten maximal beeinflussbar, da zu diesem Zeitpunkt Kosten- und Qualit��tsentscheidungen getroffen werden.7 Unter Ber��cksichtigung der Lebenszyklusanalyse soll im Bereich des Industrie- und Produktionsbaus ein nachhaltiges Entwurfskonzept am Beispiel eines neu zu entwickelnden Weingutes im Bestand entwickelt werden. Motivationsgrundlage und Forschungsumfeld sind die Themenfelder Nachhaltigkeit, Nachhaltiges Bauen und Bauen im Bestand. 1 S. 1,Hofer/Herzog (2011): Planungsunterst��tzende Lebenszyklusanalyse f��r nachhaltige Geb��ude. 2 S. 84, Sch��nweitz (2012): Geb��ude wirtschaftlich planen. Kalkulierbare, niedrige Lebenszykluskosten geben dem Bauherrn Kostensicherheit. 3 S. 50, Steger (2011): Lebenszykluskosten und die ��konomische Nachhaltigkeit von Geb��uden. 4 ebd., Hofer/Herzog (2011) 5 S. 76 Escher (2008) Planen f��r den Lebenszyklus. Risiken und Grenzen von PPP-Modellen. 6 ebd. Steger (2011) 7 ebd., Sch��nweitz (2012) In economic terms, buildings to be constructed have only been considered under the aspect of investment- and construction-costs until now. Occupancy costs, involving all capital and administrative expenses, depreciation, taxes, operating- and maintenance-costs / management costs have so far been neglected. Regarding operator properties, a fundamental change in the demand market with an increased focus on life-cycle based real estate concepts and thus a holistic approach can be observed.The construction costs of a property are about 20 percent, whereas the occupancy costs can have a cost share of up to 80 percent during a real estate life cycle.These costs in the use-phase can be significantly reduced through a sustainable planning approach.In particular at the start of planning, arising costs in the real estate life cycle can be influenced maximum, because cost and quality decisions are made at this time. Exemplary in the field of industrial architecture, a sustainable design concept will be developed for a new winery within existing buildings. In particular, the life cycle analysis will be considered. Motivation and research context are the topics sustainability, sustainable construction and construction in existing contexts.

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  • Authors: Berchtold, Mark;

    Der globale Energiebedarf nimmt aufgrund der stetig anwachsenden Weltbev��lkerung und der fortschreitenden Industrialisierung kontinuierlich zu. Gegenw��rtig wird der ��berwiegende Anteil des globalen Energiebedarfs immer noch durch fossile Brennstoffe abgedeckt. In diesem Zusammenhang scheint das Erd��l als wichtigster Prim��renergietr��ger auf, da es f��r die Erzeugung von fl��ssigen Kraftstoffen und Synthesechemikalien unverzichtbar ist. Jedoch werden durch die intensive Nutzung der Erd��lprodukte auch gro��e Mengen an Kohlendioxid freigesetzt, wessen Treibhauseffekt ma��geblich an dem sich abzeichnenden Klimawandel mitbeteiligt ist. Dar��ber hinaus ist die Kapazit��t des Erd��ls letztendlich begrenzt, weshalb die ��lf��rderung auch immer schwieriger und kostspieliger wird. Aufgrund dieser Umst��nde werden schon seit l��ngerer Zeit Technologien zur Herstellung von Kraftstoffen aus biogenen Ressourcen entwickelt. Allerdings ist der Marktanteil dieser Bio-Kraftstoffe noch sehr gering, da der technische Aufwand hierf��r wesentlich h��her und kostenintensiver ist. Daher sollte auch die Effizienz bei der Gewinnung und Verarbeitung von Erd��l weiterhin zus��tzlich gesteigert werden. Gerade die Effizienzsteigerung bei der Erd��lverarbeitung stellt die Raffineriebetreiber aber zunehmend vor eine immer gr����er werdende Herausforderung. Die Qualit��t der am Markt erh��ltlichen Roh��lsorten verschlechtert sich von Jahr zu Jahr. Die Roh��le weisen eine h��here Dichte sowie h��here Schwefelgehalte auf, wodurch die Aufarbeitung zu nutzbaren Produkten immer aufw��ndiger wird. Der FCC- (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) bzw. RFCC- (Resid Fluid Catalytic Cracking) Prozess bietet sich diesbez��glich als ein innovatives und wandlungsf��higes Konvertierungs-Verfahren an, durch das Produkte mit hoher Wertsch��pfung auf eine wirtschaftliche Art und Weise generiert werden k��nnen. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation werden verschiedenartige Optionen zur katalytischen Konversion von schweren Eins��tzen fossilen und biogenen Ursprungs n��her untersucht. Der Schwerpunkt aller Untersuchungen liegt dabei in der Optimierung der Prozesscharakteristik, wobei das entstehende qualitative und quantitative Produktspektrum hierf��r ma��geblich ist. Zur Bewerkstelligung der Experimente stehen zwei vollkontinuierliche FCC-Pilotanlagen mit intern zirkulierender Wirbelschicht zur Verf��gung. Ein Themenkomplex widmet sich dem Recycling von gebrauchtem FCC-Katalysator in einem typischen RFCC-Prozessszenario, wobei der eingesetzte Katalysator aus einem FCC-Prozess mit hohem Konversionsgrad und hoher Olefin-Selektivit��t entstammt. Ein weiterer Themenkomplex befasst sich mit der katalytischen Aufarbeitung von Pyrolyser��ckst��nden zur Gewinnung von Biokraftstoffen der zweiten Generation. Dar��ber hinaus wurde die Betriebscharakteristik einer neu konstruierten Pilotanlage, welche insbesondere f��r die Verarbeitung von schweren Einsatzstoffen konzipiert wurde, evaluiert und durch anschlie��ende Modifikationen optimiert. Im Zuge dieser Optimierungen wurde auch eine Katalysator- und Feed-Vergleichsstudie erstellt, welche die Funktionalit��t und Einsatzf��higkeit der Pilotanlage zugleich validieren soll. Die dargestellten Untersuchungsergebnisse dieser Dissertation zeigen auf, dass die Verarbeitung von schweren Eins��tzen im FCC- bzw. RFCC-Prozess nach wie vor ��ber ein hohes Potenzial verf��gt. Die Ergebnisse des Themenkomplexes Katalysator-Recycling legten einen gr����eren Einfluss des gebrauchten Katalysators auf das Produktspektrum dar als anf��nglich angenommen. Dennoch stellt die Zumischung von gebrauchten Katalysatoren eine wirtschaftliche Option zur Optimierung von RFCC-Prozessen dar. Allerdings w��ren zu diesem Zweck auch weitere Adaptionen hinsichtlich der Prozessf��hrung notwendig. Die Ergebnisse des Themenkomplexes Pyrolyser��ckst��nde bringen eine neuartige M��glichkeit f��r die parallele Verarbeitung von holzartiger Biomasse in der klassischen Erd��lraffinerie zutage. Die eingesetzten Pyrolyser��ckst��nde konnten bei nur geringf��gig verminderter Konversion und leicht erh��hter Koksbildung zu typischen FCC-Produkten konvertiert werden. Dabei wurde ebenso festgestellt, dass sich die Quantit��t sowie Qualit��t der FCC-Produkte ��ber eine vor- bzw. nachgeschaltete Hydrierung der Pyrolyser��ckst��nde noch weiter verbessern l��sst. Die Inbetriebnahme der neu konstruierten Pilotanlage konnte erfolgreich abgeschlossen werden. Die durchgef��hrten Gasverteilungsmessungen zeigten nur sehr geringe Leckagen zwischen dem Reaktions- und Regenerationsbereich auf. ��ber die Modifikation des vorhandenen Katalysator-Regelsystems konnte die Betriebscharakteristik der zirkulierenden Wirbelschicht derart verbessert werden, dass das C/O-Verh��ltnis (Catalyst/Oil) nun in einem Bereich von 10-60 eingestellt werden kann. Die begleitend durchgef��hrte Feed- und Katalysatorstudie untermauert die uneingeschr��nkte Einsatzf��higkeit der neu konstruierten Pilotanlage. So konnte dargelegt werden, dass die Tendenz zur Koksbildung nur geringf��gig von der Risertemperatur abh��ngig ist. Demgegen��ber nimmt mit steigendem C/O-Verh��ltnis der Koksanteil ausgepr��gt zu. Der ausgewiesene Koksanteil ist dabei eigentlich nur scheinbar erh��ht, da eine gr����ere Menge an FCC-Produkten aufgrund der gestiegenen Anzahl an Katalysatorporen in den Regenerator verschleppt wird. Bei der Verarbeitung von schweren Eins��tzen kann sich die Erh��hung des C/O-Verh��ltnisses dennoch positiv auswirken, da der schwer verdampfbare Feed hierdurch wesentlich effektiver in die Gasphase ��berf��hrt werden kann. Global energy demand has been rising continuously due to the fast growing world population and the proceeding industrialization. Currently the major part of the global energy demand is covered by fossil fuels. In this context, crude oil appears as the most important primary energy carrier, since it is indispensable for the production of liquid fuels and synthesis chemicals. However, due to intensive utilization of crude oil products large quantities of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere, whose greenhouse effect has a significant influence onto climate change. Furthermore, resources of crude oil are depleting, whereby oil production is getting more difficult and more expensive. Because of these circumstances technologies for the production of biofuels have already been developed. However, the market share of these biofuels is quite low in the current situation, since the technical effort is much higher and more expensive than the production of fossil fuels. Hence, efficiency of the production and processing of crude oil should be raised additionally. Nevertheless, especially efficiency enhancement in processing of crude oil is getting more and more difficult for the refinery operators. The quality of the available crude oil species declines from one year to the next. Crude oils show a higher density as well as higher sulfur content, whereby the processing of useful products requires higher efforts. Concerning this matter the FCC/RFCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking/ Resid Fluid Catalytic Cracking) process provides an innovative and versatile conversion procedure, which generates products with high value added in an economical way. In the scope of this doctoral thesis, different options for the catalytic conversion of heavy feeds of fossil and biogenic origin are investigated. Thereby focus of all investigations lies in the optimization of the process characteristics, whereby the formed qualitative and quantitative product spectrum is relevant for this purpose. For the achievement of the experiments two continuous FCC pilot plants with internally circulating fluidized bed are available. One complex of themes deals with the recycling of a used catalyst in a typical RFCC process scenario, whereby the catalyst used derives from an FCC process with high conversion degree and high olefin selectivity. Another complex of themes is devoted to the catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis-oil residues for the production of second-generation biofuels. Moreover, operational characteristics of a newly constructed pilot plant, which has been especially designed for upgrading heavy feeds, is evaluated and optimized by subsequent modifications. In the course of these optimizations a catalyst and feed comparative study is performed, which should validate functionality and operability of the new pilot plant at the same time. The research results displayed in this doctoral thesis demonstrate that processing of heavy feeds in the FCC/RFCC process still holds considerable potential. The results of the catalyst recycling experiments showed a higher influence of the recycled catalyst onto product range than initially assumed. Nevertheless, the admixture of used catalyst represents an economical way to optimize RFCC processes. However, for this purpose additional adaptions with regard to process management are required. The results of the pyrolysis-oil residue experiments point out a new possibility for parallel processing of woody biomass in a classical crude oil refinery. The pyrolysis-oil residues used could be converted into typical FCC products with little loss of conversion and slightly increased coke formation. It has equally been verified that the quantity and quality of the FCC products can be raised through a pre- or post-hydrogenation step of the pyrolysis oil residues. The commissioning of the newly constructed pilot plant could be completed successfully. The distribution of the fluidization gases exhibited only small leakages between the reaction and the regeneration area. Through modification of the catalyst control-system, the operational characteristic of the internally circulating fluidized bed system could be improved such that the C/O-ratio (Catalyst/Oil) now can be set in a range between 10 and 60. The associated performed feed and catalyst comparative study underpins the unrestricted availability of the newly constructed pilot plant. It has been shown that the tendency of coke formation is only slightly influenced by riser temperature. In contrast to that the amount of coke raises pronouncedly with an increasing C/O-ratio. In this case the amount of coke identified is increased only apparently, since a larger quantity of FCC products is displaced into the regeneration area by the increased number of catalyst pores. When processing heavy feeds the increase of the C/O-ratio can still have a positive effect, since the less vaporizable feed can be transferred into gas-phase more effectively.

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