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Introduction: The increasing Greenhouse Gases in atmosphere is the main cause of climate and ecosystems changes. The most important greenhouse gas is CO2 that causes global warming or the greenhouse effect. One of the known solutions that reduces atmospheric carbon and helps to improve the situation, is carbon sequestration in vegetation cover and soil. Carbon sequestration refers to the change in atmospheric CO2 into organic carbon compounds by plants and capture it for a certain time . However, the ecosystems with different vegetation have Impressive Influence on soil carbon sequestration (SCS). Soil as the main component of these ecosystems is a world-wide indicator which has been known to play an important role in global balance of carbon sequestration. Furthermore, carbon sequestration can be a standard world trade and becomes guaranteed. Costs of transfer of CO2 (carbon transfer From the atmosphere into the soil) based on the negative effects of increased CO2 on Weather is always increasing, This issue can be faced by developing countries to create a new industry, especially when conservation and restoration of rangeland to follow. This research was regarded due to estimation of SCS in three land use types (orchard, paddy rice and forest) in a Part of Ramsar Lands, Northern Iran. Materials and Methods: Ramsar city with an area of about 729/7 km2 is located in the western part of Mazandaran province. Its height above sea level is 20 meters. Ramsar city is situated in a temperate and humid climate. Land area covered by forest, orchard and paddy rice. After field inspection of the area, detailed topographic maps of the specified zone on the study were also tested. In each of the three land types, 500 hectares in the every growing and totally 1,500 hectares as study area were selected .For evaluation the sequestration of carbon in different vegetation systems,15 soil profile selected and sampling from depth of 0 to 100 centimetres of each profile was done by collecting 15 samples with the total number of 45 samples. Soil sampling (at the 0-100 cm depth) was carried out following determination of points on map. Some of soil features (i.e., Soil structure, Bulk density ,Texture, Acidity, CEC, total Nitrogen and Organic Carbon) were measured in the laboratory. Then, the ANOVA and Duncan tests were employed due to statistical analysis using of SPSS software package. Also The map of carbon sequestration was prepared using of GIS approach. Results and Discussion :According to obtained results, the amounts of SCS were imposed by different land uses as non-significant. The amounts of SCS were found in forest (4532.35 ton/ha), orchard (2997.66 ton/ha) and paddy rice (2682.55 ton/ha) land use, respectively. The differences may be resulted from the variation among the ecosystem types and plant species. Forests are located in wetlands in the high forest and agricultural land more organic carbon levels (0 to 20 cm), but non-significant difference was observed in the soil depth in these areas. The Increased amount of carbon sequestration in the Orchard of the Paddy Rice can be interpreted due to long-term use of fertilizer in the orchards. In Paddy Rice of study due to deep plowing, results showed more decline of organic matter and the loss of carbon from soils.In addition, the maximumtotal nitrogen, organic and sequestrated carbon in top soil (0-10cm depth) were detected in forest (866.968 ton/ha),whereas the least amount dedicated in paddy rice (393.4 ton/ha) land uses. Four classes of detected soil in the study area were included AlfiSols, Inceptisols, Entisols and Mollisols Conclusions: We found no significant differences in terms of carbon sequestration in land use due to the impact of climate, annually high rainfall and washing clay seems logical. The plant communities in forest ecosystems can become more capable to absorb and retain carbon than other vegetation cover. Agriculture and farming operations are due to dispersion aggregates, reduce of organic matter and carbon sequestration compared to forest intact soils. Considering the vital role of soil carbon sequestration as one of the known values in terms of natural ecosystems and the importance of soil conservation programs, further research works are recommended on the effects of biotic factors such as grazing and land-use changes.

Introduction In recent years human activities induced increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Increases in [CO2] caused global warming and Climate change. Climate change is anticipated to cause negative and adverse impacts on agricultural systems throughout the world. Higher temperatures are expected to lead to a host of problems. On the other hand, increasing of [CO2] anticipated causing positive impacts on crop yield. Considering the socio-economic importance of agriculture for food security, it is essential to undertake assessments of how future climate change could affect crop yields, so as to provide necessary information to implement appropriate adaptation strategies. In this perspective, the aim of this study was to assess potential climate change impacts and on production for one of the most important varieties of wheat (chamran) in Khouzestan plain and provide directions for possible adaptation strategies. Materials and Methods: For this study, The Ahvaz region located in the Khuzestan province of Iran was selected. Ahvaz has a desert climate with long, very hot summers and mild, short winters. At first, thirteen GCM models and two greenhouse gases emission (GHG) scenarios (A2 and B1) was selected for determination of climate change scenarios. ∆P and ∆T parameters at monthly scale were calculated for each GCM model under each GHG emissions scenario by following equation: Where ∆P, ∆T are long term (thirty years) precipitation and temperature differences between baseline and future period, respectively. average future GCM temperature (2015-2044) for each month, , average baseline period GCM temperature (1971-2000) for each month, , average future GCM precipitation for each month, , average baseline period GCM temperature (1971-2000) for each month and i is index of month. Using calculated ∆Ps for each month via AOGCM models and Beta distribution, Cumulative probability distribution function (CDF) determined for generated ∆Ps. ∆P was derived for risk level 0.10 from CDF. Using the measured precipitation for the 30 years baseline period (1971-2000) and LARS-WG model, daily precipitation time series under risk level 0.10 were generated for future periods (2015-2045 and 2070-2100). Mentioned process in above was performed for temperature. Afterwards, wheat growth was simulated during future and baseline periods using DSSAT, CERES-Wheat model. DSSAT, CERES4.5 is a model based on the crop growth module in which crop growth and development are controlled by phenological development processes. The DSSAT model contains the soil water, soil dynamic, soil temperature, soil nitrogen and carbon, individual plant growth module and crop management module (including planting, harvesting, irrigation, fertilizer and residue modules). This model is not only used to simulate the crop yield, but also to explore the effects of climate change on agricultural productivity and irrigated water. For model validation, field data from different years of observations were used in this study. Experimental data for the simulation were collected at the experimental farm of the Khuzestan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center (KANRC), located at Ahwaz in south western Iran. Results and Discussion: Results showed that wheat growth season was shortened under climate change, especially during 2070-2100 periods. Daily evapotranspiration increased and cumulative evapotranspiration decreased due to increasing daily temperatures and shortening of growth season, respectively. Comparing the wheat yield under climate change with base period based on the considered risk value (0.10) showed that wheat yield in 2015-2045 and 2070-2100 was decreased about 4 and 15 percent, respectively. Four adaptation strategies were assessed (shifting in the planting date, changing the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer, irrigation regime and breeding strategies) in response to climate change. Results indicated that Nov, 21 and Dec, 11 are the best planting dates for 2015-2045 and 2070-2100, respectively. The late season varieties with heat-tolerant characteristic had higher yield in comparison with short and normal season varieties. It indicated that breeding strategy was an appropriate adaptation under climate change. It was also found that the amount of nitrogen application will be reduced by 20 percent in future periods. The increase and decease of one irrigation application (40mm) to irrigation regime of base period resulted in maximum yield for 2015-2045 and 2070-2100, respectively. But, reduction of two irrigation application (80mm) resulted in maximum water productivity (WPI). Conclusions In the present study, four adaptation strategies of wheat (shifting in the planting date, changing the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer, irrigation regime and breeding strategies) under climate change in Ahvaz region were investigated. Result showed that Nov, 21 and Dec, 11 were the best planting dates for 2015-2045 and 2070-2100, respectively. The late season varieties with heat-tolerant characteristic had higher yield in comparison with short and normal season varieties. It indicated that breeding strategy was an appropriate adaptation strategy under climate change. It was also found that the amount of nitrogen application will be reduced by 20 percent in future periods. The increase and decease of one irrigation application (40mm) to irrigation regime of base period resulted in maximum yield for 2015-2045 and 2070-2100, respectively.

IntroductionThe problem of energy efficiency is one of the key pillars of economics, especially agricultural sector. In term of energy efficiency, a similar estimation for human actions and their consequents can be applied to the landscape system, which first introduced by Hall et al. (1986), and now referred to Energy Return on Investment (EROI). Many energy analyzes have been done, take into account a social system boundary and an input and output approach. This approach will inevitably hide the system's internal performance inside a black box. Recently, Tello et al. (2016) have proposed a novel approach for analyzing energy at the agricultural landscape scale with the aim of evaluating energy sustainability under multiple EROIs that views the landscape as a set of energy cycles between nature and society.The proposes of this study have been to consideration the theory and methodology of multiple EROIs, to investigate the efficiency of energy flow in Qazvin agricultural landscape and, to examine the relationship between energy efficiency and landscape heterogeneity in order to describe the interaction of landscape structure and energy efficiency.Materials and MethodsThe database of this case study was prepared from 46 counties of Agricultural Organization of Iran and land use map. Agricultural database was created based on agriculture, livestock, and pasture subsystems. Agricultural yield for each crop, number of agricultural, and horticultural labors, number and type of agricultural machinery, amount of fertilizers, herbicides and fungicides, used fossil fuels, electricity, and agricultural waste belonged to the agricultural sub-sector. Census of livestock, livestock and poultry production, livestock and poultry feed, livestock and poultry production, workers and machinery, fossil fuel and electricity needed and livestock waste were collected for the livestock sector. Pasture production used for livestock grazing, amount of livestock manure going back to rangelands were belong to pasture sector.All energy flows were converted to gross caloric value following research by Guzmán et al. (2014). In this method, the calculation of multiple EROIs has replaced the conventional methods of energy efficiency calculation. Landscape heterogeneity calculated using landscape metrics. Correlation coefficient was performed using SPSS between EROIs and heterogeneity.Results and DiscussionThe highest value of FEROI was found in Bashariyate Sharghi with 0.25 and the lowest was in Kharghane Gharbi with 0.018. EFEROI, which is the most similar to the conventional method of energy efficiency, had the highest rate with 0.666 in Bashariate Gharbi and the lowest rate with 0.020 in Kharqan Gharbi. IFEROI was 0.95 in Narjah and the lowest was in Shahidabad with 0.168. Lower IFEROI indicates a higher return biomass in the production system, which seeks to maintain reproduction in the system by closing the biophysical cycles. The highest NPPEROI were reported by Bashariate Gharbi at 1.122 and lowest by Kharqan Gharbi at 0.173.In this study the relationship between the EROIs index and the heterogeneity of the landscape structure was shown. The results have showed the inverse correlation between heterogeneity and energy efficiency, indicating the heterogeneous impact of landscape structure on these indicators. It can be deduced that the heterogeneity created by human in Qazvin province has reduced energy efficiency. To explain this inverse correlation between energy efficiency and the heterogeneity of the landscape, it should be noted that one of the factors affecting efficiency is that may final production come from land uses that needed more input energy and produce less output. By examining the relationship between these indices with land use and land cover of each county, it was found that these indices had their lowest level in dry farming. It means that in Qazvin province, energy efficiency in dry farming is low, and relay on external inputs, which was mainly fossil fuel.ConclusionThis study has explained how the calculation of several energy efficiency coefficients provides more complete information than conventional methods for decision making. The results of this study can be applied in land use planning to integrate energy considerations in planning and comprehensive agricultural development plan.

Economic growth planning and policy making is one of the macrocosmic goals which it need to pay specific attention to energy and environmental sector and their relationship with production. Therefore, this study has conducted to investigate the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and environmental pollution using a Spatial Panel Simultaneous-Equations model for 9 developing countries during 2000-2011. Empirical results of this method show that energy consumption, economic growth and environmental pollution in each country is affected by these factors in neighboring countries. The results of research confirm there exists bidirectional causality between energy consumption and environmental pollution, economic growth and environmental pollution. Thus, there is a bidirectional causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. Regarding to result of this study suggests to achieve the sustainable economic growth should be used tax tools for controlling the emissions of CO2 and replacement of the renewable energies with fossil fuels.

Objective Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) is a fast-growing oil crop belonging to the Brassicaceae family that can tolerate drought, salinity, cold, and many diseases and pests. Camelina seed has precious oil and protein with a number of potential attributes or benefits in both the human food and animal feed industry. Camelina also is being deemed as promising species to produce biodiesel and jet fuel in margin lands of the globe. Monolignols, as the precursor of lignin, are the common compounds in both lignification and soluble chemicals that have important roles in both normal development of healthy plants and defense-related responses in infected plant subjects. The regulatory mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of these multifaceted secondary metabolites are poorly understood. Material and Methods Our current study presents the mode of gene expression and analyzes data to investigate the role of monolignol biosynthesis genes in the normal development growth of Camelina. We considered the transcript level of those genes that were covered 12 different tissues in major developmental stages during the life cycle of the Camelina. Using the R programming environment, we could have visualized the pattern of gene expressions with transcript per million (TPM) data in the heatmap. Results The results revealed the similarities as well as differences in gene expression patterns in both regulatory and functional gene groups among different tissues. Moreover, tissue-specific genes in different developmental stages were recognized. Conclusions The scrutiny in the literature related on biotic stress experiments in Camelina and also other species determined considerable differences in transcript levels and gene regulation patterns for the genes especially for members of the gene group encoding cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR). Association of the latter genes CsCCR4 and CsCCR2 in particular involved in monolignol biosynthesis with the resistance of Camelina to pathogens contributes to providing a preliminary view to contemplate the future research options in various Camelina breeding programs.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between ecological awareness and rice-field knowledge of paddy field women in Bandar- E Anzali and sustainable agriculture criteria observation extent. The research method used descriptive-analytic that is performed relative – causal method. The population included paddy field women, over 25 years old in two region. In this research, 275 women were selected with systematic sampling method. Instruments reliability was estimated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient by SPSS/win. The descriptive findings showed that the research's paddy field women have good knowledge regarding ecological awareness and rice-field. Also, they are observing sustainability criteria in farming approximately. The analytic finding showed that there exists significant difference (%1) between the mean of observing sustainability criteria in farming, level of education, kind of ownership to field-rice and kind of used seed. Also, there exists positive significant correlation (p=%99) between age, past record paddy field, the measure of social participation, paddy field annual income, ecological awareness and paddy field knowledge and observing sustainability criteria in agriculture. But there exists negative significant correlation (p=%99) between the measure of paddy field participation and number of member household and observing sustainability criteria in farming. The measure of rice production and paddy field annual income as independent variable have maximum role and rate in analyzing of dependent variable.

In spite the global efforts to reduce energy intensity; Iran’s energy intensity has been increasing during the recent decades. To get a more detailed investigation of energy intensity, this study aims at decomposing energy intensity into its components including efficiency and structural change as well as at examining driving forces behind Iran’s energy intensity components during 1973-2011. Energy intensity decomposition showed that efficiency changes accounts for the most of increased energy intensity. It is found in this study that income (GDP), capital- labor ratio and urbanization are the most determinants of energy intensity and its components. Regarding the non-linear relationship between energy intensity and driving forces of income and capital-labor ratio as well as the estimated turning points, income plays a significant role in increase of energy intensity while capital-labor ratio tends to induce a reduction in energy intensity. Although urbanization has a positive contribution to energy intensity via structural changes component, its dominant effect on improved energy efficiency leads to an overall effect of reduced energy intensity by more than 1.8% as 1% increase in urbanization. The results showed a limited effect for price and share of industry in GDP and left no significant role for economic integration and foreign direct investment. The corresponding value for these variables remain less than 0.05%. 1.0pt;line-height:85%;font-family:"B Zar";letter-spacing: -.2pt;mso-bidi-language:FA;mso-ansi-font-style:italic'>کار با شاخص‌های شدت انرژی و نقطه عطف مترتب بر آنها در مجموع اثر درآمد در جهت افزایش شدت انرژی و اثر سرمایه در جهت کاهش شدت انرژی ارزیابی شد. اما شهرنشینی با وجود افزایش شدت انرژی از طریق تغییرات ساختاری از طریق بهبود کارایی در مجموع موجب کاهش شدت انرژی فراتر از 8/1 درصد به ازای 1 درصد افزایش شهرنشینی خواهد شد. اثر قیمت و سهم صنعت از تولید ناخالص داخلی بر شاخص‌های فوق محدود و اثر متغیرهای شاخص ادغام تجاری و سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی قابل اغماض ارزیابی شد. رقم متناظر برای متغیرهای یاد شده بیشتر کمتر از 05/0 درصد به دست آمد.

Nowadays, in water resources management, climate change is one of the main challenges. Changes in the water cycle are one of the most important of ground responses to warming it (IPCC 2014). Changes of precipitation and temperature caused by climate change, will damage to the products of garden and agricultural. Therefore, in order to increase the food security in future periods, it is necessary to evaluate the climate change impacts on the agricultural of regions and provide adaptation strategies its. So Regarding the importance of climate change, the purpose of this study is simulating the performance of the agricultural sector Hashtgerd Plain under climate change impacts in the future period (2020-2049).

Introduction: Spices and herbs are part of daily food intake in many regions of the world. They have been used as natural sources of flavorings and preservatives. Yarrow (Achillea spp.) belongs to Asteraceae family and more than 100 species have been recognized in this genus. This plantis reportedto be a diaphoretic, astringent, tonic, stimulant and mild aromatic plant. It contains isovaleric acid, salicylic acid, asparagin, sterols, flavonoids, bitters, tannins, and coumarins. The plant also has a long history as a powerful 'healing herb' used topically for wounds, cuts and abrasions. The genus name Achillea is derived from the mythical Greek character, Achilles. Action is also reflected in some of the common names mentioned below, such as staunchweed and soldier's woundwort. The genus Achillea is a well-known medicinal plant, widely used in folk medicine against gastrointestinal disorders such as lack of appetite. This plant is native to Europe and Western Asia but isalso found in Australia, New Zealand and North America. Nineteen species of Achillea have been recognized in Iran distributed in different geographical and ecological regions. Achillea spp. are diaphoretic, astringent, tonic, stimulant and mild aromatic. Major components in Achillea spp. essential oil are sabinene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, α-pinene, β-pinene, borneol and bornyl acetate. The aim of this work is to investigate growth, essential oil yield and chemical composition of essential oils of A. eriophora, A. millefolium, A. biebersteinii and A. tenuifolia. Material and Methods: This study investigated the growth and essential oil yield of four Achillea species in the North of Khuzestan situation,Shoushtar, in2008-2010. An experiment was conducted in combined analysis based on complete block design with 4 replicates. Achillea species examined concluded Achillea eriophora, A. millefolium, A. biebersteinii and A. nobilis. Seedling establishment, essential oil percentage andyield, flowering period and shoot dry weight was measured during the experiment. The clevenger apparatus was used to extract oils by hydro-distillation of leaf and head branches for 3 hours according to the method described in the British Pharmacopeia. For identification of components, Agilent gas chromatography model 6890 N, was equipped with MSD model 5973 N and fused with the silica capillary column (HP-5MS, 30m- 0.25mm) were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.Analysis of variance was employed for statistical analysis of the data using a MSTATC software. The mean values were compared with the Duncan test. Results and Discussion: The results showed that year, species and their interaction (year×species) had significant (p

Planting of narrow leaf cover crops may have an important effect in reducing the use of herbicide. Cover crops, therefore, are an effective tools in the non-chemical weed management in sustainable agriculture. To evaluate the effect of cover crops on weeds control and essential oil yield of mint, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blok design with three replications was conducted at the Research Field Mohagheghe Ardabili University, Iran, in 2015. First factor consisted of: spring wheat, spring barley, winter rye, winter wheat, winter barley, mixed winter rye + winter barley and second factor consisted of: cutting mulch near ground, heading living mulch 20-30 cm. from ground and killing ground cover by herbicide. Also, two controls were: without cover crop and weeding without cover crop and without weeding, inside conducted experiments. The results showed that the main effect of cover crops management had significant effect on peppermint content and dry weight and density of weeds. Comparison of interaction effects showed that highest leaf oil yield in heading living mulch of winter wheat, undercutting spring barley and winter rye was (52g/h). On the average in three stages of sampling the percent biomass control of redroot pigweed andfield bindweed in undercutting mulch, heading living mulch, killing cover crops with herbicide were 38% and 66% and their density control were 44% and 70%, respectively.