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  • Energy Research
  • 12. Responsible consumption
  • Spanish; Castilian

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Giraldo Velasquez, Santiago; Godoy Cocoma, David Alberto;

    Las pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos en el sistema alimentario es un tópico de interés mundial, y desde los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, dados los impactos que esto implica al medio ambiente, la economía y la sociedad. Los restaurantes, como elementos del final de la cadena de alimentos, pueden jugar un rol significativo para disminuir o eliminar estos impactos mediante modificaciones de sus patrones de producción y consumo. Con el propósito de tener un caso exitoso en Medellín, este proyecto tiene como objetivo plantear alternativas que favorezcan la disminución del desperdicio de alimentos en un restaurante de la Universidad EAFIT, soportado en mediciones que evidencien los beneficios económicos y ambientales promoviendo un sistema alimentario sostenible. Esta investigación parte de dos preguntas: ¿Cuánta es la producción de residuos alimenticios en el restaurante y cuál es su composición final?, ¿Qué alternativas viables de gestión se pueden implementar en el restaurante para aumentar la eficiencia del uso de los recursos? Y ¿Qué costo-beneficio trae la optimización del proceso al implementar las acciones propuestas? El proyecto de investigación se estructura en el estudio de caso aplicando la metodología “Target-Measure-Act" para reducción de desperdicios de alimentos. Como resultados se pudo establecer un objetivo de reducción del 7% de los desperdicios de alimentos en conjuntos con el equipo de trabajo del restaurante. Para alcanzarlo se implementaron diferentes acciones en las diferentes etapas de proceso. Se destacan la reutilización de desperdicios tales como la cascara de huevo, la cascara de naranja, cascara de limón y tallos de cilantro. El análisis costo beneficio mostró un ahorro en términos de costos no muy alto para este caso de estudio, pero se pudo concluir que se necesita implementar la metodología no como un piloto sino desarrollando todos los parámetros establecidos por esta y así se pueda determinar mejor el ahorro en términos de costos que puede lograr el restaurante. Food loss and waste in the food system is a topic of global interest, and from the sustainable development objectives, given the impacts that this implies for the environment, the economy and society. Restaurants, as elements at the end of the food chain, can play a significant role in reducing or eliminating these impacts by modifying their production and consumption patterns. With the purpose of having a successful case in Medellin, this project aims to propose alternatives that favor the reduction of food waste in a restaurant of the EAFIT University, supported by measurements that demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits promoting a sustainable food system. This research is based on two questions: How much food waste is produced in the restaurant and what is its final composition; what viable management alternatives can be implemented in the restaurant to increase the efficiency of the use of resources; and what is the cost-benefit of the restaurant's waste management? And what is the cost-benefit of optimizing the process by implementing the proposed actions? The research project is structured as a case study applying the "Target-Measure-Act" methodology for food waste reduction. As a result, it was possible to establish a target of 7% reduction of food waste in conjunction with the restaurant's work team. To achieve this goal, different actions were implemented in the different stages of the process. The reuse of waste such as eggshells, orange peel, lemon peel, and cilantro stems stood out. The cost-benefit analysis showed not very high cost savings for this case study, but it was possible to conclude that the methodology needs to be implemented not as a pilot, but rather by developing all the parameters established by the methodology in order to better determine the cost savings that the restaurant can achieve.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositorio Instituc...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Cisneros, Edgar Espinoza;

    Las crisis, en muchos casos, impulsan cambios que marcan la evolución de las sociedades humanas. Esto ha aplicado en las relaciones sociedad-naturaleza, a través de un vínculo de realimentación donde las crisis determinan estas relaciones y viceversa. En este ensayo se reflexiona sobre algunas posibles avenidas de acción que se pueden tomar hacia sociedades más resilientes y sostenibles, motivadas por la pandemia del COVID-19. Además, se examina brevemente esa relación entre enfermedades infecciosas y acciones humanas sobre el ambiente, así como algunas iniciativas que se promueven actualmente para engendrar cambios sociales hacia la sostenibilidad a raíz de la crisis por la pandemia. In many instances, crisis drive changes that mark societal evolution. This has applied to nature-society relationships by the analysis whereby crises determine this type of relationships and vice-versa. This essay examines some possible avenues of action, motivated by the COVID-19 pandemic, towards more resilient and sustainable societies. Furthermore, it briefly examines the relationship between infectious diseases and human environmental actions, as well as some initiatives that are being promoted to engender social changes towards sustainability.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao LAReferencia - Red F...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao LAReferencia - Red F...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Fernández-Tirado, Francisca; Parra-López, Carlos;

    El fomento de los biocarburantes ha constituido en los últimos años un tema de gran controversia y polémica a nivel académico, político y social, debido a las repercusiones ambientales, económicas y sociales que el uso y la producción de los mismos pueden desencadenar. Mientras la mayoría de los gobiernos están apostando por el fomento de los biocarburantes, principalmente para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y mejorar la seguridad en el abastecimiento de combustibles, numerosas voces están surgiendo en contra de los mismos, haciéndoles responsables de problemas tales como el aumento del precio de los alimentos. En la UE, la propuesta de Directiva relativa al fomento del uso de energía procedente de fuentes renovables, ha condicionado el fomento de los biocarburantes a la sostenibilidad de los mismos, con el objetivo de evitar graves repercusiones negativas. De esta forma los Estados miembros han de diseñar un sistema de apoyo para fomentar el uso de biocarburantes siempre que cumplan con una serie de criterios de sostenibilidad, previéndose un mayor soporte institucional a la producción y consumo de biocarburantes que aporten ventajas adicionales. En este trabajo se ha definido un modelo multicriterio para evaluar la sostenibilidad de la producción y consumo de los biocarburantes en España. Para definir el modelo se ha combinado una metodología de decisión multicriterio discreta, el proceso analítico jerárquico (AHP), con un sistema de indicadores, incluyendo una serie de criterios (ambientales, económicos y sociales) que una serie de expertos han considerado de relevancia en España para evaluar la sostenibilidad de los biocarburantes. AHP es una metodología que permite la resolución de problemas de toma de decisiones complejas, en las que existen múltiples criterios y actores implicados, en escenarios de gran incertidumbre y riesgo, como ocurre en el caso de los biocarburantes. El modelo aquí propuesto permite la evaluación de criterios y variables tanto en un contexto de ‘comparabilidad fuerte’ de valores (sistema de indicadores), como de ‘comparabilidad débil’ (AHP). Mientras los indicadores permiten una medición directa y exacta de las variables, cuando éstas existen o son posibles de calcular, la técnica AHP permite la comparación de variables inconmensurables, para las que no existe una unidad común de medida. El modelo permite establecer un orden de prioridades de naturaleza escalar del nivel de sostenibilidad de diferentes tipos de biocarburantes, que puede orientar a los decisores políticos para establecer un sistema de apoyo a los mismos, teniendo en cuenta tanto las ventajas como los inconvenientes económicos, ambientales y sociales que presentan unos biocarburantes con respecto a otros, tal y como señala la normativa europea. The promotion of biofuels is now a subject of great controversy in academic, political and social contexts, because of potential environmental, economic and social repercussions that biofuels might trigger, such as increasing food prices, or the loss of biodiversity. The European Directive on the promotion of renewable energy use (CE, 2009) has conditioned’the development of biofuels to their sustainability, in order to avoid negative impacts. Thus, Member States will have to design support systems to encourage the use of biofuels provided they meet certain criteria of sustainability, planning further institutional support for those biofuels which provide additional benefits. This work defines a multicriteria model to evaluate the sustainability of biofuels in Spain through a discrete multiple criteria decision methodology, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined with a system of indicators. The proposed model allows the assessment of criteria and variables in a context of 'strong comparability' of values (by the system of indicators), as well as 'weak comparability' (through the AHP technique.) While the indicators provide an estimate of measurable variables, the technique of paired comparisons of AHP allows the comparison of incommensurable variables. Finally, with this model different types of biofuels can be prioritized according to the level of sustainability, which can guide policy makers to create a support system for biofuels. Área de Economía y Sociología Agrarias. Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera. IFAPA Centro Camino de Purchil. Granada.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Repositorio Instituc...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Repositorio Instituc...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Solano-Apuntes, Alex; Ponce-Saltos, Wilmer; Zambrano-Gavilanes, Freddy;

    Ecuador es un país donde se han identificado tres sectores con potencial bioenergético: en primer lugar, el agrícola, con productos como el arroz, banano, cacao, café, caña de azúcar, maíz duro, palma africana, palmito, piña y plátano. El segundo es el sector pecuario, con las actividades avícola, porcina y vacuna. El tercero es el forestal. Los residuos que generan las Musáceas (Banano y Plátano) no son bien aprovechados eficientemente debido a que son desechados al aire libre y presenta problemas ambientales y económicos para los bananeros, sin embargo, esta fruta ofrece la oportunidad de obtener bioproductos de valor agregado debido su composición química. Los cultivos de Musáceas se han establecido predominantemente en tierras de alta vocación agrícola mecanizada y con gran riqueza hidrológica, estas zonas son de mediana y alta vulnerabilidad a los procesos productivos, y no son recomendables para el desarrollo urbano intensivo, industrial, minero y de recreación. El correcto manejo de los residuos orgánicos se logra a través de diferentes tratamientos que implican un reciclaje de estas materias orgánicas, transformándolas en productos con valor agregado. El reciclaje de materia orgánica ha recibido un fuerte impulso con el alto costo de los fertilizantes químicos, con la búsqueda de alternativas no tradicionales de energía, así como también, la necesidad de vías de descontaminación y eliminación de residuos. La digestión aeróbica es un proceso realizado por diversos grupos de microorganismos, principalmente bacterias y protozoos que, en presencia de oxígeno actúan sobre la materia orgánica disuelta, transformándola en productos finales inocuos y materia celular. La presente investigación surge como una alternativa para el manejo y aprovechamiento de la biomasa residual de las Musáceas principalmente en los residuos orgánicos que estas generan y así darle una adecuada utilización mediante la elaboración de biogás en el Ecuador. Ecuador is a country where three sectors with bioenergy potential have been identifi ed: fi rstly, agriculture, with products such as rice, bananas, cocoa, coff ee, sugar cane, hard corn, African palm, hearts of palm, pineapple, and plantain. Th e second is the livestock sector, with poultry, pig, and beef activities. Th e third is the forester. The residues generated by Musaceae (Banana and Plantain) are not well used effi ciently because they are disposed of in the open air and present environmental and economic problems for banana growers, however, this fruit off ers the opportunity to obtain valueadded bioproducts due to its chemical composition. Musaceae crops have been established predominantly in lands with a high mechanized agricultural vocation and with great hydrological wealth, these areas are of medium and high vulnerability to productive processes, and are not recommended for intensive urban, industrial, mining, and recreational development. Th e correct management of organic waste is achieved through diff erent treatments that involve recycling these organic materials, transforming them into value-added products. The recycling of organic matter has received a strong boost with the high cost of chemical fertilizers, with the search for non-traditional energy alternatives, as well as the need for decontamination and waste disposal routes. Aerobic digestion is a process carried out by various groups of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, and protozoa, which, in the presence of oxygen, act on dissolved organic matter, transforming it into harmless end products and cellular matter. Th e present investigation arises as an alternative for the management and use of the residual biomass of the Musaceae, mainly in the organic waste that they generate, and thus give it an adequate use through the production of biogas in Ecuador.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ LAReferencia - Red F...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ LAReferencia - Red F...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Izquierdo Apolo, Carlos Andrés;

    ABSTRACTThis article aims to develop a methodological proposal for the application of the proportionality test as a conflict resolution mechanism in the new environmental damage declaration procedure in Ecuador, based on the systematization of theoretical conceptions and legal and administrative procedures, and constitutional principles that regulate economic activities with criteria of environmental sustainability, and the recognition of the rights of nature. Consequently, the research allowed us to extract the main results: (a) to conceive proportionality as a methodological criterion and legal construction; (b) the proportionality test becomes a mechanism at the service of the judge that seeks to provide solutions to adequately resolve conflicts, subject to the principles that govern the rights of nature and economic activities, directly established in the Constitution; and, (c) the proportionality test can be a tool for the motivation of administrative resolutions of declaration of environmental damage, as it will be useful to determine: 1) whether a fact can be considered environmental damage, 2) the amount of the fine imposed, 3) the minimum measures to approve remediation or environmental reparation plan, and 4) the amount of compensation to the victims of the environmental damage. Because of these results, it can be concluded that the normative vacuum in this matter lends itself to the discretion and arbitrary interpretation of the authority, justifying, therefore, the present methodological proposal of the proportionality test for the declaration of environmental damage. KEYWORDS: Environmental legislation, resources, environmental law, sustainable development, energy resources. RESUMENEste artículo tiene como objetivo desarrollar una propuesta metodológica para la aplicación de la prueba de proporcionalidad como mecanismo de resolución de conflictos en el nuevo procedimiento de declaración de daños ambientales en Ecuador, a partir de la sistematización de concepciones teóricas y procedimientos legales y administrativos, y principios constitucionales que regulan actividades económicas con criterios de sostenibilidad ambiental y reconocimiento de los derechos de la naturaleza. En consecuencia, la investigación permitió extraer los principales resultados: (a) concebir la proporcionalidad como criterio metodológico y construcción jurídica; (b) la prueba de proporcionalidad se convierte en un mecanismo al servicio del juez que busca brindar soluciones para resolver adecuadamente los conflictos, sujeto a los principios que rigen los derechos de la naturaleza y las actividades económicas, directamente establecidos en la Constitución; y, (c) la prueba de proporcionalidad puede ser una herramienta para la motivación de resoluciones administrativas de declaración de daño ambiental, ya que será útil para determinar: 1) si un hecho puede ser considerado daño ambiental, 2) el monto de la multa impuesto, 3) las medidas mínimas para aprobar el plan de remediación o reparación ambiental, y 4) el monto de la indemnización a las víctimas del daño ambiental. De estos resultados se puede concluir que el vacío normativo en esta materia se presta a la discrecionalidad y arbitrariedad de la interpretación de la autoridad, justificando, por tanto, la presente propuesta metodológica de la prueba de proporcionalidad para la declaración de daño ambiental. CÓDIGO JEL: F18, O13 The objective of this research is to develop a methodological proposal for the application of the proportionality test as a conflict resolution mechanism in the new perspective of the declaration of environmental damage in Ecuador, based on the systematization of the principles, theoretical conceptions and legal procedures and administrative that regulate economic activities with criteria of environmental remediation and ecosystem sustainability. Consequently, the research allowed to extract the main results: (a) Conceiving proportionality as a methodological criterion and legal construction; (b) the proportionality test becomes a mechanism at the service of the judge that seeks to provide solutions to adequately resolve conflicts, subject to the principles that govern the rights of nature and economic activities, directly established in the Constitution ; and, c) The proportionality test can be a motivational tool for administrative decisions declaring environmental damage, as it will be useful to determine: 1) if an event can be considered environmental damage, 2) the amount of the fine imposed, 3) the minimum measures to approve an environmental remediation or repair plan, and 4) the amount of compensation to victims of environmental damage. Given these results, it can be concluded that the regulatory void of this matter lends itself to the discretion and arbitrary interpretation of the authority, thus justifying the present methodological proposal of the proportionality test of the declaration of environmental damage. JEL CODE: F18, O13

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ LAReferencia - Red F...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Quirós-Aguilar, Natalie;

    Cette étude vise à analyser les conditions territoriales que possède le canton d’Esparza à Puntarenas afin de promouvoir le tourisme durable comme un outil utile pour le développement des communautés. Le but a été de décrire certaines conditions territoriales du canton qui peuvent influer l’activité touristique et ainsi que de décrire comment elles influencent le tourisme durable et les communautés locales. Pour ce faire, on a collecté de l’information à travers des entretiens semi-structurées et a fait une révision documentaire afin de générer des données qui ont été analysées sous la perspective d’une recherche qualitative du type descriptive et transversale. Parmi les principales conclusions on remarque l’intérêt de la population pour le développement des entreprises de type communautaire. En outre, on recommande de promouvoir des actions de la part des chefs d’entreprises touristiques locales, ce qui peut permettre d’unifier des efforts pour atteindre des objectifs concrets, ainsi que d’encourager des initiatives en ce qui concerne la protection et la préservation des ressources naturelles. La investigación propuesta cumple como objetivo analizar las condiciones territoriales presentes en el cantón de Esparza de Puntarenas para el fomento del turismo sostenible como una herramienta útil para el desarrollo de las comunidades. La finalidad es describir algunas de las condiciones territoriales presentes en el cantón, que inciden en la actividad turística, y cómo estas afectan el desarrollo del turismo sostenible y pueden incidir en las comunidades locales. Para la recolección de información, se plantea el uso de entrevistas semiestructuradas y de la revisión documental para generar datos que se analizan desde la perspectiva de una investigación cualitativa de corte descriptiva y tipo transversal. Entre las principales conclusiones se destaca el interés de la población local por el desarrollo de emprendimientos turísticos de base comunal. Así mismo se recomienda promover acciones por parte de los empresarios turísticos locales, lo cual permite unificar esfuerzos en objetivos concretos, así como las iniciativas en la protección y la conservación de los recursos naturales. The proposed research aims to analyze the territorial conditions present in the Esparza Canton of Puntarenas for the promotion of sustainable tourism as a useful tool for community development. The purpose is to describe some of the territorial conditions present in the canton that affect tourist activity, how they affect the development of sustainable tourism, and how they can impact local communities. Semi-structured interviews and document review are proposed for data collection, which will be analyzed from the perspective of a descriptive and cross-sectional qualitative research approach. Among the main conclusions, the interest of the local population in the development of community-based tourism ventures stands out. Likewise, it is recommended to promote actions by local tourism entrepreneurs, which allows efforts to be unified towards concrete objectives, as well as initiatives for the protection and conservation of natural resources.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao LAReferencia - Red F...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Castillo Alvarez, Yoisdel; Patiño Vidal, Carlos Diego; Monteagudo Yanes, José Pedro; Jiménez Borges, Reinier;

    El presente trabajo está enmarcado en el diseño de una planta de biogás que utiliza cachaza como sustrato. El estudio de los diferentes campos de utilización de biogás y su eficiencia en la generación de electricidad mediante grupos electrógenos. Para el diseño de la planta se han propuesto seis biodigestores industriales y seis grupos electrógenos para una capacidad de generación de 24 MW para la venta de energía eléctrica generando un ingreso 1 756 093,11 $/año. Fueron determinados a partir de la metodología presentada las características constructivas del biodigestor, el volumen de biogás generado, así como la cantidad necesaria para satisfacer la demanda de biogás. El comportamiento a nivel mundial de los principales países productores de biogás ofrece costos de construcción de las plantas por metro cúbico de biogás generado en el orden de 200 $ a 500 $. Se determina el potencial de generación de cachaza por la fábrica de azúcar que es de 144 t/d con una capacidad de generación de biogás de 13 038 Nm3 /d. La planta propuesta tiene una capacidad de generación de 24 MWh/d de energía eléctrica suministrada a la red. La evaluación económica de la planta muestra que la inversión de 4 237 000,00 $ tiene una Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) de un 8% y un Periodo de Recuperación de la Inversión (PRI) de 6 años. The present work is framed in the design of a biogas plant that uses filter-cake as a substrate. The study of the different fields of use of biogas and its efficiency in the generation of electricity through generator sets. For the design of the plant, six industrial biodigesters and six generator sets have been proposed for a generation capacity of 24 MW for the sale of electrical energy generating an income of $1,756,093.11$year. The constructive characteristics of the biodigester, the volume of biogas generated, as well as the amount needed to meet the demand for biogas were determined from the methodology presented. The worldwide performance of the main biogas producing countries offers plant construction costs per cubic meter of biogas generated in the order of $200 to $500. The potential for the generation of filter-cake by the sugar factory is determined to be 144 t/d with a biogas generation capacity of 13 038 Nm3/d. The proposed plant has a generating capacity of 24 MWh/d of electricity supplied to the grid. The economic evaluation of the plant shows that the investment of $4,237,000.00 has an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 8% and an Investment Recovery Period (PRI) of 6 years. Campus Lima Sur

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ LAReferencia - Red F...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Oliva Abarca, Jesús Eduardo;

    La base de la relación entre cultura y desarrollo podría ubicarse en el concepto de capital cultural, entendido como la reserva de símbolos, narrativas, imágenes, ideas y valores que hacen posible la existencia de prácticas y expresiones culturales variadas, y que se actualizan en función de la creatividad humana. Pese a los méritos que se le atribuyen, la tesis de la cultura como factor de desarrollo enfrenta diversos dilemas y problemáticas. El propósito de este ensayo es examinar las formas en que se legitima el discurso de la cultura como recurso para el desarrollo, analizar las relaciones entre capital cultural, creatividad y desarrollo humano sostenible, y ofrecer un panorama de las problemáticas que enfrenta la producción cultural en la actualidad. The basis of the relationship between culture and development could be located on the concept of cultural capital, which is defined as the reservoir of symbols, narratives, images, ideas and values that enables the existence of diverse cultural practices and expresions that are updated by human creativity. Despite the benefits, the idea of culture as development factor deals with many problems. The aim of this paper is to examine how is legitimated the discourse of culture as a resource for develpment, to analyze the relations between cultural capital, creativity and sustainable human development and, also, to indicate the challenges that cultural production faces nowadays.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Duque-Jaimes, Weimar; Ortega-Velásquez, Jefferson Ferney; Ortiz-Villanueva, Carlos Arturo;

    El proyecto consiste en la implementación de un sistema de aprovechamiento de agua de lluvia en una comunidad ubicada en una zona con alta precipitación pluvial. El objetivo principal es reducir el consumo de agua potable para usos no potables como el riego de jardines y limpieza de espacios públicos, contribuyendo así a la conservación de los recursos hídricos y al cuidado del medio ambiente. Para lograr este objetivo, se plantea la instalación de componentes como captadores de agua de lluvia en los techos, conductos para la conducción del agua, almacenamiento y bombeo para su posterior uso en actividades no potables. Se prevé una capacidad de almacenamiento que permita una autonomía de varios días en caso de periodos prolongados de sequía o baja precipitación. El diseño del sistema contempla la captación de las primeras lluvias para su posterior descarte, con el fin de eliminar los sedimentos y contaminantes que puedan acumularse en los techos durante periodos sin lluvia. De esta manera, se asegura que el agua almacenada sea apta para los usos previstos sin afectar la salud de los usuarios ni la integridad de los equipos y materiales. Además de los beneficios ambientales, la implementación del sistema de aprovechamiento de agua de lluvia tendrá un impacto económico positivo para la comunidad, al reducir el consumo de agua potable y disminuir los costos asociados a su uso en actividades no potables. Finalmente, se buscará socializar el proyecto con la comunidad, explicando su funcionamiento, los beneficios ambientales y económicos que traerá su implementación, y la importancia de fomentar el cuidado y la conservación de los recursos naturales. The project involves the implementation of a rainwater harvesting system in a community located in an area with high rainfall. The main objective is to reduce the consumption of potable water for non-potable uses such as garden irrigation and cleaning of public spaces, thus contributing to the conservation of water resources and environmental stewardship. To achieve this goal, the installation of components such as rainwater collectors on rooftops, conduits for water conveyance, storage, and pumping systems for subsequent non-potable use is proposed. The storage capacity is designed to provide several days of autonomy in case of prolonged periods of drought or low rainfall. The system design includes capturing the initial rainfall and discarding it to remove sediment and contaminants that may accumulate on the rooftops during dry periods. This ensures that the stored water is suitable for the intended uses without compromising the health of the users or the integrity of the equipment and materials. In addition to the environmental benefits, the implementation of the rainwater harvesting system will have a positive economic impact on the community by reducing the consumption of potable water and lowering associated costs for non-potable activities. Lastly, the project aims to engage the community by explaining the system's operation, the environmental and economic benefits of its implementation, and the importance of promoting the care and conservation of natural resources. Introducción Objetivos Objetivo General Objetivos Específicos Desarrollo del Proyecto Componentes del Sistema Ventajas Desventajas Análisis Preliminar. Digitalización de Medidas Cálculo del Caudal Caudal de Diseño Utilizando el Método Racional Intensidad de Precipitación de Agua Lluvia La Curva IDF-(Intensidad-Duración-Frecuencia) Coeficiente de Escorrentías Sistema de Recolección Presupuesto Socialización Conclusiones Recomendaciones. Referencias Bibliográficas Apéndices Tecnólogo en Supervisión de Obras Civiles Pregrado Digital

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Posada Martínez, Diego Alejandro;

    ilustraciones, diagramas, fotografías La presente investigación creó una herramienta que permite evaluar las construcciones de vivienda de carácter informal existentes en la ciudad de Bogotá D.C. respecto a las condiciones de sostenibilidad presentes en su infraestructura física. Esta evaluación pretende generar estrategias que permitan la habilitación de este tipo de construcciones hacia un entorno digno, funcional y potenciador de su territorio. Para ello, se realizó un análisis de las herramientas de evaluación de sostenibilidad más relevantes a nivel nacional, lo que permitió evidenciar cómo se realizan actualmente este tipo de mediciones, cuál es el factor diferenciador en cada una de las herramientas, cómo los lineamientos establecidos dentro de cada medición se pueden compilar y discriminar en pro de la construcción de una nueva herramienta que sea accesible, de fácil aplicación y que responda a el contexto de vivienda informal en Bogotá. Por último, se realizó un análisis de seis casos particulares de vivienda informal consolidada, usando la herramienta creada con el fin de entender de primera mano las lógicas existentes en este tipo de construcciones y a su vez contribuir con una propuesta de rehabilitación sostenible para un caso en particular. (Texto tomado de la fuente). The current investigation created a tool that allows the evaluation of the existing informal housing in Bogotá D.C. about the sustainability conditions in their physic infrastructure. This evaluation is guided to generate strategies that complement each other and to allow the transformation and qualification of this kind of buildings to have a dignified, functional, and enhancer environment of its territory. For this reason, it was investigated and did an analysis of tools of sustainability assessment more relevant in national level, this allowed prove how was done this kind of measurements, which is the differentiator factor in each one of the tools, how the guidelines established within each measurement can be compiled and discriminated in favor of the construction of a new tool that is accessible, easy to apply, and that responds to the context of informal housing in Bogotá. Finally, an analysis of six particular cases of consolidated informal housing was done, using the tool created in order to understand first-hand the existing logics in this type of construction and contribute to a sustainable rehabilitation proposal for a particular case. Maestría Magíster en Construcción Sostenibilidad Arquitectura y Urbanismo

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Giraldo Velasquez, Santiago; Godoy Cocoma, David Alberto;

    Las pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos en el sistema alimentario es un tópico de interés mundial, y desde los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, dados los impactos que esto implica al medio ambiente, la economía y la sociedad. Los restaurantes, como elementos del final de la cadena de alimentos, pueden jugar un rol significativo para disminuir o eliminar estos impactos mediante modificaciones de sus patrones de producción y consumo. Con el propósito de tener un caso exitoso en Medellín, este proyecto tiene como objetivo plantear alternativas que favorezcan la disminución del desperdicio de alimentos en un restaurante de la Universidad EAFIT, soportado en mediciones que evidencien los beneficios económicos y ambientales promoviendo un sistema alimentario sostenible. Esta investigación parte de dos preguntas: ¿Cuánta es la producción de residuos alimenticios en el restaurante y cuál es su composición final?, ¿Qué alternativas viables de gestión se pueden implementar en el restaurante para aumentar la eficiencia del uso de los recursos? Y ¿Qué costo-beneficio trae la optimización del proceso al implementar las acciones propuestas? El proyecto de investigación se estructura en el estudio de caso aplicando la metodología “Target-Measure-Act" para reducción de desperdicios de alimentos. Como resultados se pudo establecer un objetivo de reducción del 7% de los desperdicios de alimentos en conjuntos con el equipo de trabajo del restaurante. Para alcanzarlo se implementaron diferentes acciones en las diferentes etapas de proceso. Se destacan la reutilización de desperdicios tales como la cascara de huevo, la cascara de naranja, cascara de limón y tallos de cilantro. El análisis costo beneficio mostró un ahorro en términos de costos no muy alto para este caso de estudio, pero se pudo concluir que se necesita implementar la metodología no como un piloto sino desarrollando todos los parámetros establecidos por esta y así se pueda determinar mejor el ahorro en términos de costos que puede lograr el restaurante. Food loss and waste in the food system is a topic of global interest, and from the sustainable development objectives, given the impacts that this implies for the environment, the economy and society. Restaurants, as elements at the end of the food chain, can play a significant role in reducing or eliminating these impacts by modifying their production and consumption patterns. With the purpose of having a successful case in Medellin, this project aims to propose alternatives that favor the reduction of food waste in a restaurant of the EAFIT University, supported by measurements that demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits promoting a sustainable food system. This research is based on two questions: How much food waste is produced in the restaurant and what is its final composition; what viable management alternatives can be implemented in the restaurant to increase the efficiency of the use of resources; and what is the cost-benefit of the restaurant's waste management? And what is the cost-benefit of optimizing the process by implementing the proposed actions? The research project is structured as a case study applying the "Target-Measure-Act" methodology for food waste reduction. As a result, it was possible to establish a target of 7% reduction of food waste in conjunction with the restaurant's work team. To achieve this goal, different actions were implemented in the different stages of the process. The reuse of waste such as eggshells, orange peel, lemon peel, and cilantro stems stood out. The cost-benefit analysis showed not very high cost savings for this case study, but it was possible to conclude that the methodology needs to be implemented not as a pilot, but rather by developing all the parameters established by the methodology in order to better determine the cost savings that the restaurant can achieve.

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    Authors: Cisneros, Edgar Espinoza;

    Las crisis, en muchos casos, impulsan cambios que marcan la evolución de las sociedades humanas. Esto ha aplicado en las relaciones sociedad-naturaleza, a través de un vínculo de realimentación donde las crisis determinan estas relaciones y viceversa. En este ensayo se reflexiona sobre algunas posibles avenidas de acción que se pueden tomar hacia sociedades más resilientes y sostenibles, motivadas por la pandemia del COVID-19. Además, se examina brevemente esa relación entre enfermedades infecciosas y acciones humanas sobre el ambiente, así como algunas iniciativas que se promueven actualmente para engendrar cambios sociales hacia la sostenibilidad a raíz de la crisis por la pandemia. In many instances, crisis drive changes that mark societal evolution. This has applied to nature-society relationships by the analysis whereby crises determine this type of relationships and vice-versa. This essay examines some possible avenues of action, motivated by the COVID-19 pandemic, towards more resilient and sustainable societies. Furthermore, it briefly examines the relationship between infectious diseases and human environmental actions, as well as some initiatives that are being promoted to engender social changes towards sustainability.

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    Authors: Fernández-Tirado, Francisca; Parra-López, Carlos;

    El fomento de los biocarburantes ha constituido en los últimos años un tema de gran controversia y polémica a nivel académico, político y social, debido a las repercusiones ambientales, económicas y sociales que el uso y la producción de los mismos pueden desencadenar. Mientras la mayoría de los gobiernos están apostando por el fomento de los biocarburantes, principalmente para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y mejorar la seguridad en el abastecimiento de combustibles, numerosas voces están surgiendo en contra de los mismos, haciéndoles responsables de problemas tales como el aumento del precio de los alimentos. En la UE, la propuesta de Directiva relativa al fomento del uso de energía procedente de fuentes renovables, ha condicionado el fomento de los biocarburantes a la sostenibilidad de los mismos, con el objetivo de evitar graves repercusiones negativas. De esta forma los Estados miembros han de diseñar un sistema de apoyo para fomentar el uso de biocarburantes siempre que cumplan con una serie de criterios de sostenibilidad, previéndose un mayor soporte institucional a la producción y consumo de biocarburantes que aporten ventajas adicionales. En este trabajo se ha definido un modelo multicriterio para evaluar la sostenibilidad de la producción y consumo de los biocarburantes en España. Para definir el modelo se ha combinado una metodología de decisión multicriterio discreta, el proceso analítico jerárquico (AHP), con un sistema de indicadores, incluyendo una serie de criterios (ambientales, económicos y sociales) que una serie de expertos han considerado de relevancia en España para evaluar la sostenibilidad de los biocarburantes. AHP es una metodología que permite la resolución de problemas de toma de decisiones complejas, en las que existen múltiples criterios y actores implicados, en escenarios de gran incertidumbre y riesgo, como ocurre en el caso de los biocarburantes. El modelo aquí propuesto permite la evaluación de criterios y variables tanto en un contexto de ‘comparabilidad fuerte’ de valores (sistema de indicadores), como de ‘comparabilidad débil’ (AHP). Mientras los indicadores permiten una medición directa y exacta de las variables, cuando éstas existen o son posibles de calcular, la técnica AHP permite la comparación de variables inconmensurables, para las que no existe una unidad común de medida. El modelo permite establecer un orden de prioridades de naturaleza escalar del nivel de sostenibilidad de diferentes tipos de biocarburantes, que puede orientar a los decisores políticos para establecer un sistema de apoyo a los mismos, teniendo en cuenta tanto las ventajas como los inconvenientes económicos, ambientales y sociales que presentan unos biocarburantes con respecto a otros, tal y como señala la normativa europea. The promotion of biofuels is now a subject of great controversy in academic, political and social contexts, because of potential environmental, economic and social repercussions that biofuels might trigger, such as increasing food prices, or the loss of biodiversity. The European Directive on the promotion of renewable energy use (CE, 2009) has conditioned’the development of biofuels to their sustainability, in order to avoid negative impacts. Thus, Member States will have to design support systems to encourage the use of biofuels provided they meet certain criteria of sustainability, planning further institutional support for those biofuels which provide additional benefits. This work defines a multicriteria model to evaluate the sustainability of biofuels in Spain through a discrete multiple criteria decision methodology, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined with a system of indicators. The proposed model allows the assessment of criteria and variables in a context of 'strong comparability' of values (by the system of indicators), as well as 'weak comparability' (through the AHP technique.) While the indicators provide an estimate of measurable variables, the technique of paired comparisons of AHP allows the comparison of incommensurable variables. Finally, with this model different types of biofuels can be prioritized according to the level of sustainability, which can guide policy makers to create a support system for biofuels. Área de Economía y Sociología Agrarias. Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera. IFAPA Centro Camino de Purchil. Granada.

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    Authors: Solano-Apuntes, Alex; Ponce-Saltos, Wilmer; Zambrano-Gavilanes, Freddy;

    Ecuador es un país donde se han identificado tres sectores con potencial bioenergético: en primer lugar, el agrícola, con productos como el arroz, banano, cacao, café, caña de azúcar, maíz duro, palma africana, palmito, piña y plátano. El segundo es el sector pecuario, con las actividades avícola, porcina y vacuna. El tercero es el forestal. Los residuos que generan las Musáceas (Banano y Plátano) no son bien aprovechados eficientemente debido a que son desechados al aire libre y presenta problemas ambientales y económicos para los bananeros, sin embargo, esta fruta ofrece la oportunidad de obtener bioproductos de valor agregado debido su composición química. Los cultivos de Musáceas se han establecido predominantemente en tierras de alta vocación agrícola mecanizada y con gran riqueza hidrológica, estas zonas son de mediana y alta vulnerabilidad a los procesos productivos, y no son recomendables para el desarrollo urbano intensivo, industrial, minero y de recreación. El correcto manejo de los residuos orgánicos se logra a través de diferentes tratamientos que implican un reciclaje de estas materias orgánicas, transformándolas en productos con valor agregado. El reciclaje de materia orgánica ha recibido un fuerte impulso con el alto costo de los fertilizantes químicos, con la búsqueda de alternativas no tradicionales de energía, así como también, la necesidad de vías de descontaminación y eliminación de residuos. La digestión aeróbica es un proceso realizado por diversos grupos de microorganismos, principalmente bacterias y protozoos que, en presencia de oxígeno actúan sobre la materia orgánica disuelta, transformándola en productos finales inocuos y materia celular. La presente investigación surge como una alternativa para el manejo y aprovechamiento de la biomasa residual de las Musáceas principalmente en los residuos orgánicos que estas generan y así darle una adecuada utilización mediante la elaboración de biogás en el Ecuador. Ecuador is a country where three sectors with bioenergy potential have been identifi ed: fi rstly, agriculture, with products such as rice, bananas, cocoa, coff ee, sugar cane, hard corn, African palm, hearts of palm, pineapple, and plantain. Th e second is the livestock sector, with poultry, pig, and beef activities. Th e third is the forester. The residues generated by Musaceae (Banana and Plantain) are not well used effi ciently because they are disposed of in the open air and present environmental and economic problems for banana growers, however, this fruit off ers the opportunity to obtain valueadded bioproducts due to its chemical composition. Musaceae crops have been established predominantly in lands with a high mechanized agricultural vocation and with great hydrological wealth, these areas are of medium and high vulnerability to productive processes, and are not recommended for intensive urban, industrial, mining, and recreational development. Th e correct management of organic waste is achieved through diff erent treatments that involve recycling these organic materials, transforming them into value-added products. The recycling of organic matter has received a strong boost with the high cost of chemical fertilizers, with the search for non-traditional energy alternatives, as well as the need for decontamination and waste disposal routes. Aerobic digestion is a process carried out by various groups of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, and protozoa, which, in the presence of oxygen, act on dissolved organic matter, transforming it into harmless end products and cellular matter. Th e present investigation arises as an alternative for the management and use of the residual biomass of the Musaceae, mainly in the organic waste that they generate, and thus give it an adequate use through the production of biogas in Ecuador.

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    Authors: Izquierdo Apolo, Carlos Andrés;

    ABSTRACTThis article aims to develop a methodological proposal for the application of the proportionality test as a conflict resolution mechanism in the new environmental damage declaration procedure in Ecuador, based on the systematization of theoretical conceptions and legal and administrative procedures, and constitutional principles that regulate economic activities with criteria of environmental sustainability, and the recognition of the rights of nature. Consequently, the research allowed us to extract the main results: (a) to conceive proportionality as a methodological criterion and legal construction; (b) the proportionality test becomes a mechanism at the service of the judge that seeks to provide solutions to adequately resolve conflicts, subject to the principles that govern the rights of nature and economic activities, directly established in the Constitution; and, (c) the proportionality test can be a tool for the motivation of administrative resolutions of declaration of environmental damage, as it will be useful to determine: 1) whether a fact can be considered environmental damage, 2) the amount of the fine imposed, 3) the minimum measures to approve remediation or environmental reparation plan, and 4) the amount of compensation to the victims of the environmental damage. Because of these results, it can be concluded that the normative vacuum in this matter lends itself to the discretion and arbitrary interpretation of the authority, justifying, therefore, the present methodological proposal of the proportionality test for the declaration of environmental damage. KEYWORDS: Environmental legislation, resources, environmental law, sustainable development, energy resources. RESUMENEste artículo tiene como objetivo desarrollar una propuesta metodológica para la aplicación de la prueba de proporcionalidad como mecanismo de resolución de conflictos en el nuevo procedimiento de declaración de daños ambientales en Ecuador, a partir de la sistematización de concepciones teóricas y procedimientos legales y administrativos, y principios constitucionales que regulan actividades económicas con criterios de sostenibilidad ambiental y reconocimiento de los derechos de la naturaleza. En consecuencia, la investigación permitió extraer los principales resultados: (a) concebir la proporcionalidad como criterio metodológico y construcción jurídica; (b) la prueba de proporcionalidad se convierte en un mecanismo al servicio del juez que busca brindar soluciones para resolver adecuadamente los conflictos, sujeto a los principios que rigen los derechos de la naturaleza y las actividades económicas, directamente establecidos en la Constitución; y, (c) la prueba de proporcionalidad puede ser una herramienta para la motivación de resoluciones administrativas de declaración de daño ambiental, ya que será útil para determinar: 1) si un hecho puede ser considerado daño ambiental, 2) el monto de la multa impuesto, 3) las medidas mínimas para aprobar el plan de remediación o reparación ambiental, y 4) el monto de la indemnización a las víctimas del daño ambiental. De estos resultados se puede concluir que el vacío normativo en esta materia se presta a la discrecionalidad y arbitrariedad de la interpretación de la autoridad, justificando, por tanto, la presente propuesta metodológica de la prueba de proporcionalidad para la declaración de daño ambiental. CÓDIGO JEL: F18, O13 The objective of this research is to develop a methodological proposal for the application of the proportionality test as a conflict resolution mechanism in the new perspective of the declaration of environmental damage in Ecuador, based on the systematization of the principles, theoretical conceptions and legal procedures and administrative that regulate economic activities with criteria of environmental remediation and ecosystem sustainability. Consequently, the research allowed to extract the main results: (a) Conceiving proportionality as a methodological criterion and legal construction; (b) the proportionality test becomes a mechanism at the service of the judge that seeks to provide solutions to adequately resolve conflicts, subject to the principles that govern the rights of nature and economic activities, directly established in the Constitution ; and, c) The proportionality test can be a motivational tool for administrative decisions declaring environmental damage, as it will be useful to determine: 1) if an event can be considered environmental damage, 2) the amount of the fine imposed, 3) the minimum measures to approve an environmental remediation or repair plan, and 4) the amount of compensation to victims of environmental damage. Given these results, it can be concluded that the regulatory void of this matter lends itself to the discretion and arbitrary interpretation of the authority, thus justifying the present methodological proposal of the proportionality test of the declaration of environmental damage. JEL CODE: F18, O13

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    Authors: Quirós-Aguilar, Natalie;

    Cette étude vise à analyser les conditions territoriales que possède le canton d’Esparza à Puntarenas afin de promouvoir le tourisme durable comme un outil utile pour le développement des communautés. Le but a été de décrire certaines conditions territoriales du canton qui peuvent influer l’activité touristique et ainsi que de décrire comment elles influencent le tourisme durable et les communautés locales. Pour ce faire, on a collecté de l’information à travers des entretiens semi-structurées et a fait une révision documentaire afin de générer des données qui ont été analysées sous la perspective d’une recherche qualitative du type descriptive et transversale. Parmi les principales conclusions on remarque l’intérêt de la population pour le développement des entreprises de type communautaire. En outre, on recommande de promouvoir des actions de la part des chefs d’entreprises touristiques locales, ce qui peut permettre d’unifier des efforts pour atteindre des objectifs concrets, ainsi que d’encourager des initiatives en ce qui concerne la protection et la préservation des ressources naturelles. La investigación propuesta cumple como objetivo analizar las condiciones territoriales presentes en el cantón de Esparza de Puntarenas para el fomento del turismo sostenible como una herramienta útil para el desarrollo de las comunidades. La finalidad es describir algunas de las condiciones territoriales presentes en el cantón, que inciden en la actividad turística, y cómo estas afectan el desarrollo del turismo sostenible y pueden incidir en las comunidades locales. Para la recolección de información, se plantea el uso de entrevistas semiestructuradas y de la revisión documental para generar datos que se analizan desde la perspectiva de una investigación cualitativa de corte descriptiva y tipo transversal. Entre las principales conclusiones se destaca el interés de la población local por el desarrollo de emprendimientos turísticos de base comunal. Así mismo se recomienda promover acciones por parte de los empresarios turísticos locales, lo cual permite unificar esfuerzos en objetivos concretos, así como las iniciativas en la protección y la conservación de los recursos naturales. The proposed research aims to analyze the territorial conditions present in the Esparza Canton of Puntarenas for the promotion of sustainable tourism as a useful tool for community development. The purpose is to describe some of the territorial conditions present in the canton that affect tourist activity, how they affect the development of sustainable tourism, and how they can impact local communities. Semi-structured interviews and document review are proposed for data collection, which will be analyzed from the perspective of a descriptive and cross-sectional qualitative research approach. Among the main conclusions, the interest of the local population in the development of community-based tourism ventures stands out. Likewise, it is recommended to promote actions by local tourism entrepreneurs, which allows efforts to be unified towards concrete objectives, as well as initiatives for the protection and conservation of natural resources.

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    Authors: Castillo Alvarez, Yoisdel; Patiño Vidal, Carlos Diego; Monteagudo Yanes, José Pedro; Jiménez Borges, Reinier;

    El presente trabajo está enmarcado en el diseño de una planta de biogás que utiliza cachaza como sustrato. El estudio de los diferentes campos de utilización de biogás y su eficiencia en la generación de electricidad mediante grupos electrógenos. Para el diseño de la planta se han propuesto seis biodigestores industriales y seis grupos electrógenos para una capacidad de generación de 24 MW para la venta de energía eléctrica generando un ingreso 1 756 093,11 $/año. Fueron determinados a partir de la metodología presentada las características constructivas del biodigestor, el volumen de biogás generado, así como la cantidad necesaria para satisfacer la demanda de biogás. El comportamiento a nivel mundial de los principales países productores de biogás ofrece costos de construcción de las plantas por metro cúbico de biogás generado en el orden de 200 $ a 500 $. Se determina el potencial de generación de cachaza por la fábrica de azúcar que es de 144 t/d con una capacidad de generación de biogás de 13 038 Nm3 /d. La planta propuesta tiene una capacidad de generación de 24 MWh/d de energía eléctrica suministrada a la red. La evaluación económica de la planta muestra que la inversión de 4 237 000,00 $ tiene una Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) de un 8% y un Periodo de Recuperación de la Inversión (PRI) de 6 años. The present work is framed in the design of a biogas plant that uses filter-cake as a substrate. The study of the different fields of use of biogas and its efficiency in the generation of electricity through generator sets. For the design of the plant, six industrial biodigesters and six generator sets have been proposed for a generation capacity of 24 MW for the sale of electrical energy generating an income of $1,756,093.11$year. The constructive characteristics of the biodigester, the volume of biogas generated, as well as the amount needed to meet the demand for biogas were determined from the methodology presented. The worldwide performance of the main biogas producing countries offers plant construction costs per cubic meter of biogas generated in the order of $200 to $500. The potential for the generation of filter-cake by the sugar factory is determined to be 144 t/d with a biogas generation capacity of 13 038 Nm3/d. The proposed plant has a generating capacity of 24 MWh/d of electricity supplied to the grid. The economic evaluation of the plant shows that the investment of $4,237,000.00 has an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 8% and an Investment Recovery Period (PRI) of 6 years. Campus Lima Sur

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Oliva Abarca, Jesús Eduardo;

    La base de la relación entre cultura y desarrollo podría ubicarse en el concepto de capital cultural, entendido como la reserva de símbolos, narrativas, imágenes, ideas y valores que hacen posible la existencia de prácticas y expresiones culturales variadas, y que se actualizan en función de la creatividad humana. Pese a los méritos que se le atribuyen, la tesis de la cultura como factor de desarrollo enfrenta diversos dilemas y problemáticas. El propósito de este ensayo es examinar las formas en que se legitima el discurso de la cultura como recurso para el desarrollo, analizar las relaciones entre capital cultural, creatividad y desarrollo humano sostenible, y ofrecer un panorama de las problemáticas que enfrenta la producción cultural en la actualidad. The basis of the relationship between culture and development could be located on the concept of cultural capital, which is defined as the reservoir of symbols, narratives, images, ideas and values that enables the existence of diverse cultural practices and expresions that are updated by human creativity. Despite the benefits, the idea of culture as development factor deals with many problems. The aim of this paper is to examine how is legitimated the discourse of culture as a resource for develpment, to analyze the relations between cultural capital, creativity and sustainable human development and, also, to indicate the challenges that cultural production faces nowadays.

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    Authors: Duque-Jaimes, Weimar; Ortega-Velásquez, Jefferson Ferney; Ortiz-Villanueva, Carlos Arturo;

    El proyecto consiste en la implementación de un sistema de aprovechamiento de agua de lluvia en una comunidad ubicada en una zona con alta precipitación pluvial. El objetivo principal es reducir el consumo de agua potable para usos no potables como el riego de jardines y limpieza de espacios públicos, contribuyendo así a la conservación de los recursos hídricos y al cuidado del medio ambiente. Para lograr este objetivo, se plantea la instalación de componentes como captadores de agua de lluvia en los techos, conductos para la conducción del agua, almacenamiento y bombeo para su posterior uso en actividades no potables. Se prevé una capacidad de almacenamiento que permita una autonomía de varios días en caso de periodos prolongados de sequía o baja precipitación. El diseño del sistema contempla la captación de las primeras lluvias para su posterior descarte, con el fin de eliminar los sedimentos y contaminantes que puedan acumularse en los techos durante periodos sin lluvia. De esta manera, se asegura que el agua almacenada sea apta para los usos previstos sin afectar la salud de los usuarios ni la integridad de los equipos y materiales. Además de los beneficios ambientales, la implementación del sistema de aprovechamiento de agua de lluvia tendrá un impacto económico positivo para la comunidad, al reducir el consumo de agua potable y disminuir los costos asociados a su uso en actividades no potables. Finalmente, se buscará socializar el proyecto con la comunidad, explicando su funcionamiento, los beneficios ambientales y económicos que traerá su implementación, y la importancia de fomentar el cuidado y la conservación de los recursos naturales. The project involves the implementation of a rainwater harvesting system in a community located in an area with high rainfall. The main objective is to reduce the consumption of potable water for non-potable uses such as garden irrigation and cleaning of public spaces, thus contributing to the conservation of water resources and environmental stewardship. To achieve this goal, the installation of components such as rainwater collectors on rooftops, conduits for water conveyance, storage, and pumping systems for subsequent non-potable use is proposed. The storage capacity is designed to provide several days of autonomy in case of prolonged periods of drought or low rainfall. The system design includes capturing the initial rainfall and discarding it to remove sediment and contaminants that may accumulate on the rooftops during dry periods. This ensures that the stored water is suitable for the intended uses without compromising the health of the users or the integrity of the equipment and materials. In addition to the environmental benefits, the implementation of the rainwater harvesting system will have a positive economic impact on the community by reducing the consumption of potable water and lowering associated costs for non-potable activities. Lastly, the project aims to engage the community by explaining the system's operation, the environmental and economic benefits of its implementation, and the importance of promoting the care and conservation of natural resources. Introducción Objetivos Objetivo General Objetivos Específicos Desarrollo del Proyecto Componentes del Sistema Ventajas Desventajas Análisis Preliminar. Digitalización de Medidas Cálculo del Caudal Caudal de Diseño Utilizando el Método Racional Intensidad de Precipitación de Agua Lluvia La Curva IDF-(Intensidad-Duración-Frecuencia) Coeficiente de Escorrentías Sistema de Recolección Presupuesto Socialización Conclusiones Recomendaciones. Referencias Bibliográficas Apéndices Tecnólogo en Supervisión de Obras Civiles Pregrado Digital

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    Authors: Posada Martínez, Diego Alejandro;

    ilustraciones, diagramas, fotografías La presente investigación creó una herramienta que permite evaluar las construcciones de vivienda de carácter informal existentes en la ciudad de Bogotá D.C. respecto a las condiciones de sostenibilidad presentes en su infraestructura física. Esta evaluación pretende generar estrategias que permitan la habilitación de este tipo de construcciones hacia un entorno digno, funcional y potenciador de su territorio. Para ello, se realizó un análisis de las herramientas de evaluación de sostenibilidad más relevantes a nivel nacional, lo que permitió evidenciar cómo se realizan actualmente este tipo de mediciones, cuál es el factor diferenciador en cada una de las herramientas, cómo los lineamientos establecidos dentro de cada medición se pueden compilar y discriminar en pro de la construcción de una nueva herramienta que sea accesible, de fácil aplicación y que responda a el contexto de vivienda informal en Bogotá. Por último, se realizó un análisis de seis casos particulares de vivienda informal consolidada, usando la herramienta creada con el fin de entender de primera mano las lógicas existentes en este tipo de construcciones y a su vez contribuir con una propuesta de rehabilitación sostenible para un caso en particular. (Texto tomado de la fuente). The current investigation created a tool that allows the evaluation of the existing informal housing in Bogotá D.C. about the sustainability conditions in their physic infrastructure. This evaluation is guided to generate strategies that complement each other and to allow the transformation and qualification of this kind of buildings to have a dignified, functional, and enhancer environment of its territory. For this reason, it was investigated and did an analysis of tools of sustainability assessment more relevant in national level, this allowed prove how was done this kind of measurements, which is the differentiator factor in each one of the tools, how the guidelines established within each measurement can be compiled and discriminated in favor of the construction of a new tool that is accessible, easy to apply, and that responds to the context of informal housing in Bogotá. Finally, an analysis of six particular cases of consolidated informal housing was done, using the tool created in order to understand first-hand the existing logics in this type of construction and contribute to a sustainable rehabilitation proposal for a particular case. Maestría Magíster en Construcción Sostenibilidad Arquitectura y Urbanismo

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