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Abstract A recent article in this journal claimed to assess the socio-technical potential for onshore wind energy in Europe. We find the article to be severely flawed and raise concerns in five general areas. Firstly, the term socio-technical is not precisely defined, and is used by the authors to refer to a potential that others term as merely technical. Secondly, the study fails to account for over a decade of research in wind energy resource assessments. Thirdly, there are multiple issues with the use of input data and, because the study is opaque about many details, the effect of these errors cannot be reproduced. Fourthly, the method assumes a very high wind turbine capacity density of 10.73 MW/km2 across 40% of the land area in Europe with a generic 30% capacity factor. Fifthly, the authors find an implausibly high onshore wind potential, with 120% more capacity and 70% more generation than the highest results given elsewhere in the literature. Overall, we conclude that new research at higher spatial resolutions can make a valuable contribution to wind resource potential assessments. However, due to the missing literature review, the lack of transparency and the overly simplistic methodology, Enevoldsen et al. (2019) potentially mislead fellow scientists, policy makers and the general public.

AbstractFundamental axes of variation in plant traits result from trade-offs between costs and benefits of resource-use strategies at the leaf scale. However, it is unclear whether similar trade-offs propagate to the ecosystem level. Here, we test whether trait correlation patterns predicted by three well-known leaf- and plant-level coordination theories – the leaf economics spectrum, the global spectrum of plant form and function, and the least-cost hypothesis – are also observed between community mean traits and ecosystem processes. We combined ecosystem functional properties from FLUXNET sites, vegetation properties, and community mean plant traits into three corresponding principal component analyses. We find that the leaf economics spectrum (90 sites), the global spectrum of plant form and function (89 sites), and the least-cost hypothesis (82 sites) all propagate at the ecosystem level. However, we also find evidence of additional scale-emergent properties. Evaluating the coordination of ecosystem functional properties may aid the development of more realistic global dynamic vegetation models with critical empirical data, reducing the uncertainty of climate change projections.

Abstract Purpose of Review What does recent work say about how changes in convective organization could lead to changes in extreme precipitation? Recent Findings Changing convective organization is one mechanism that could explain variation in extreme precipitation increase through dynamics. In models, the effects of convective self-aggregation on extreme precipitation are sensitive to parameterization, among other factors. In both models and observations, whether or not convective organization influences extreme precipitation is sensitive to the time and space scales analyzed, affecting extreme precipitation on some scales but not others. While trends in observations in convective organization associated with mean precipitation have been identified, it has not yet been established whether these trends are robust or relevant for events associated with extreme precipitation. Summary Recent work has documented a somewhat view of how changes in convective organization could affect extreme precipitation with warming, and it remains unclear whether or not they do.

Summary Several decades of research on invasive marine species have yielded a broad understanding of the nature of species invasion mechanisms and associated threats globally. However, this is not true of the Arctic, a region where ongoing climatic changes may promote species invasion. Here, we evaluated risks associated with non‐indigenous propagule loads discharged with ships' ballast water to the high‐Arctic archipelago, Svalbard, as a case study for the wider Arctic. We sampled and identified transferred propagules using traditional and DNA barcoding techniques. We then assessed the suitability of the Svalbard coast for non‐indigenous species under contemporary and future climate scenarios using ecophysiological models based on critical temperature and salinity reproductive thresholds. Ships discharging ballast water in Svalbard carried high densities of zooplankton (mean 1522 ± 335 SE individuals m−3), predominately comprised of indigenous species. Ballast water exchange did not prevent non‐indigenous species introduction. Non‐indigenous coastal species were present in all except one of 16 ballast water samples (mean 144 ± 67 SE individuals m−3), despite five of the eight ships exchanging ballast water en route. Of a total of 73 taxa, 36 species including 23 non‐indigenous species were identified. Of those 23, sufficient data permitted evaluation of the current and future colonization potential for eight widely known invaders. With the exception of one of these species, modelled suitability indicated that the coast of Svalbard is unsuitable presently; under the 2100 Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8·5 climate scenario, however, modelled suitability will favour colonization for six species. Synthesis and applications. We show that current ballast water management practices do not prevent non‐indigenous species from being transferred to the Arctic. Consequences of these shortcomings will be shipping‐route dependent, but will likely magnify over time: our models indicate future conditions will favour the colonization of non‐indigenous species Arctic‐wide. Invasion threats will be greatest where shipping transfers organisms across biogeographic realms, and for these shipping routes ballast water treatment technologies may be required to prevent impacts. Our results also highlight critical gaps in our understanding of ballast water management efficacy and prioritization. Thereby, our study provides an agenda for research and policy development.

Contexte et objectif : Les partenariats sont un mécanisme clé dans la planification, la prestation et la gestion de la foresterie urbaine (FU) et des infrastructures vertes (IG). Ils peuvent faciliter la cogestion ancrée localement et la gouvernance polycentrique. Ils peuvent également réaliser des synergies en combinant les ressources, l'engagement et l'expertise de divers groupes de parties prenantes afin de générer des résultats précieux et de construire un capital social. Néanmoins, le terme « partenariats » n'est pas utilisé de manière cohérente dans la littérature et nécessite une clarification. Les caractéristiques qui distinguent une approche de partenariat des autres modes de coopération sont identifiées et décrites. La diversité des partenariats existants axés sur la FU et les IG est décrite, en référence à leurs parties prenantes, moteurs, activités et objectifs, ainsi que les avantages potentiels de l'approche de partenariat. Les considérations à faire dans leur évaluation sont dérivées de cette analyse de fond et les facteurs de réussite possibles sont discutés. Matériels et méthodes :La diversité, les objectifs et les caractéristiques d'une approche de partenariat sont basés sur une analyse documentaire approfondie.Résultats : Les partenariats se concentrent sur divers aspects et phases de prestation de l'UF, allant de la planification, de la conception et de la création de forêts urbaines et d'IG à leur gestion et utilisation.Les avantages fournis par de tels partenariats comprennent les services environnementaux et économiques ainsi que les services sociaux et culturels tels que l'éducation environnementale, la santé, les loisirs et le tourisme.Générer des services précieux tout en entretenant des relations entre les parties prenantes contribue à développer le capital social et à renforcer les capacités.En plus des avantages environnementaux, économiques et sociaux, l'évaluation des partenariats peut également aborder des variables de processus internes telles que l'apprentissage social, la relation entre les partenaires et les résultats de motivation qui peuvent influencer la coopération future.conclusions : Les partenariats coopératifs offrent une approche prometteuse pour la prestation de l'UF.Le développement des relations entre les partenaires maximise le potentiel de développement d'une coopération efficace à long terme et de renforcement du capital social en tant qu'aide à la promotion du développement durable. Antecedentes y propósito: Las asociaciones son un mecanismo clave en la planificación, entrega y gestión de la silvicultura urbana (UF) y la infraestructura verde (GI). Pueden facilitar la cogestión arraigada localmente y la gobernanza policéntrica. También pueden lograr sinergias combinando los recursos, el compromiso y la experiencia de diversos grupos de partes interesadas para generar resultados valiosos y construir capital social. Desafortunadamente, el término "asociaciones" no se usa de manera consistente en la literatura y requiere aclaración. Se identifican y describen las características que distinguen un enfoque de asociación de otros modos de cooperación. Se describe la diversidad de las asociaciones orientadas a UF y GI existentes, con referencia a sus partes interesadas, impulsores, actividades y objetivos, junto con las posibles ventajas del enfoque de asociación. Las consideraciones que se deben hacer en su evaluación se derivan de este análisis de antecedentes y se discuten los posibles factores de éxito. Materiales y métodos:La diversidad, los objetivos y las características definitorias de un enfoque de asociación se basan en una extensa revisión de la literatura. Resultados: Las asociaciones se centran en diversos aspectos y fases de entrega de UF, que van desde la planificación, el diseño y la creación de bosques urbanos e IG hasta su gestión y uso. Los beneficios obtenidos por dichas asociaciones incluyen servicios ambientales y económicos, así como servicios sociales y culturales como la educación ambiental, la salud, el ocio y el turismo. La generación de servicios valiosos y, al mismo tiempo, el fomento de las relaciones entre las partes interesadas ayuda a desarrollar el capital social y a desarrollar la capacidad. Además de los beneficios ambientales, económicos y sociales, la evaluación de las asociaciones también puede abordar variables de procesos internos como el aprendizaje social, la relación entre los socios y los resultados motivacionales que pueden influir en la cooperación futura. Conclusiones: Las asociaciones cooperativas ofrecen un enfoque prometedor para la entrega en UF. El desarrollo de las relaciones entre los socios maximiza el potencial para desarrollar una cooperación efectiva a largo plazo y para construir capital social como una ayuda para la promoción del desarrollo sostenible. Background and Purpose: Partnerships are a key mechanism in the planning, delivery and management of urban forestry (UF) and green infrastructure (GI).They can facilitate locally rooted co-management and polycentric governance.They can also achieve synergies by combining the resources, commitment and expertise of diverse stakeholder groups in order to generate valuable outcomes and build social capital.Unfortunately, the term "partnerships" is not used consistently in literature and requires clarification.The characteristics which distinguish a partnership approach from other modes of cooperation are identified and described.The diversity of existing UF and GI oriented partnerships is outlined, with reference to their stakeholders, drivers, activities and goals, together with potential advantages of the partnership approach.Considerations to be made in their evaluation are derived from this background analysis and possible success factors are discussed. Materials and Methods:The diversity, aims and defining characteristics of a partnership approach are based on an extensive literature review.Results: Partnerships focus on diverse aspects and delivery phases of UF, ranging from the planning, design and creation of urban forests and GI to their management and use.Benefits delivered by such partnerships include environmental and economic services as well as social and cultural services such as environmental education, health, leisure and tourism.Generating valuable services whilst at the same time nurturing relationships between stakeholders helps to develop social capital and build capacity.In addition to environmental, economic and social benefits, the evaluation of partnerships may also address internal process variables such as social learning, the relationship between partners, and motivational outcomes that can influence future co-operation.conclusions: Co-operative partnerships offer a promising approach for delivery in UF.The development of relationships between partners maximises the potential for developing effective long term co-operation and for building social capital as an aid to the promotion of sustainable development. الخلفية والغرض: الشراكات هي آلية رئيسية في تخطيط وتسليم وإدارة الحراجة الحضرية (UF) والبنية التحتية الخضراء (GI). يمكن أن تسهل الإدارة المشتركة ذات الجذور المحلية والحوكمة متعددة المراكز. كما يمكنها تحقيق التآزر من خلال الجمع بين الموارد والالتزام والخبرة لمجموعات أصحاب المصلحة المتنوعة من أجل توليد نتائج قيمة وبناء رأس المال الاجتماعي. لسوء الحظ، لا يتم استخدام مصطلح "الشراكات" باستمرار في الأدبيات ويتطلب توضيحًا. يتم تحديد ووصف الخصائص التي تميز نهج الشراكة عن أساليب التعاون الأخرى. يتم تحديد تنوع الشراكات الحالية الموجهة نحو UF و GI، مع الإشارة إلى أصحاب المصلحة والدوافع والأنشطة والأهداف، جنبًا إلى جنب مع المزايا المحتملة لنهج الشراكة. يتم استخلاص الاعتبارات التي يجب مراعاتها في تقييمها من هذا التحليل الأساسي وتتم مناقشة عوامل النجاح المحتملة. المواد والأساليب:يعتمد التنوع والأهداف والخصائص المميزة لنهج الشراكة على مراجعة شاملة للأدبيات .النتائج: تركز الشراكات على جوانب متنوعة ومراحل تسليم UF، بدءًا من تخطيط وتصميم وإنشاء الغابات الحضرية و GI إلى إدارتها واستخدامها. وتشمل الفوائد التي تقدمها هذه الشراكات الخدمات البيئية والاقتصادية بالإضافة إلى الخدمات الاجتماعية والثقافية مثل التعليم البيئي والصحة والترفيه والسياحة .توليد خدمات قيمة وفي الوقت نفسه رعاية العلاقات بين أصحاب المصلحة يساعد على تطوير رأس المال الاجتماعي وبناء القدرات .بالإضافة إلى الفوائد البيئية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية، قد يعالج تقييم الشراكات أيضًا متغيرات العملية الداخلية مثل التعلم الاجتماعي، والعلاقة بين الشركاء، والنتائج التحفيزية التي يمكن أن تؤثر على التعاون في المستقبل .الاستنتاجات: تقدم الشراكات التعاونية نهجًا واعدًا للتسليم في UF .إن تطوير العلاقات بين الشركاء يزيد من إمكانات تطوير التعاون الفعال طويل الأجل وبناء رأس المال الاجتماعي كمساعدة لتعزيز التنمية المستدامة.