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La energía es un insumo esencial para atender las diversas necesidades básicas, motivo por el cual resulta fundamental para el desarrollo del país. Asimismo, dentro de este ámbito, el uso de las energías renovables se ha encontrado en aumento conforme su desarrollo sigue progresando. En ese sentido, actualmente resulta posible recurrir a las energías renovables y de forma distribuida para impulsar el sector energía.  El presente artículo se enfoca en analizar las problemáticas que atraviesa la generación distribuida en el Perú. De esa manera, analiza los actores clave, ahonda en el marco regulatorio existente y aborda las barreras existentes para la implementación de la generación distribuida. Finalmente, propone una matriz de soluciones que impulse hacia una red eléctrica descentralizada, distribuida y asequible para todos los peruanos.

{"references": ["Arag\u00f3n-Durand, Fernando y Delgado Ramos, Gian Carlo. 2016. \"Mexico City, Mexico\", en: Bartlett, Sheridan y Satterthwaite, David. Cities on a finite planet. Towards transformative responses to climate change. Earthscan. Nueva York, EUA. Pp. 149 - 168.", "CDHDF. 2008. Informe especial sobre el derecho humano a un medio ambiente sano y la calidad del aire en la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 2008. Comisi\u00f3n de Derechos Humanos del Distrito Federal. CDMX, M\u00e9xico.", "CONAGUA. 2017. Estad\u00edsticas del agua en M\u00e9xico. Edici\u00f3n 2017. CDMX, M\u00e9xico. En l\u00ednea: http://sina.conagua.gob.mx/publicaciones/EAM_2017.pdf", "Delgado Ramos, Gian Carlo. 2019a. Asentamientos urbanos sustentables y resilientes: retos y oportunidades para la transformaci\u00f3n urbana en California y Baja California. CEIICH, UNAM. CDMX, M\u00e9xico. En l\u00ednea: http://computo.ceiich.unam.mx/webceiich/docs/libro/Asentamientos%20Urbanos.pdf", "Delgado Ramos, Gian Carlo. 2019b. \"Real Estate Industry as an Urban Growth Machine: A Review of the Political Economy and Political Ecology of Urban Space Production in Mexico City.\" Sustainability. 11: 1980.", "Delgado Ramos, Gian Carlo. 2015. \"Water and the political ecology of urban metabolism: the case of Mexico City\". Journal of Political Ecology. 22(1): 98-114. En l\u00ednea: https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/JPE/article/view/21080", "Delgado Ramos, Gian Carlo y Blanco, Hilda. 2018. \"La transformaci\u00f3n de la infraestructura de agua ante el cambio clim\u00e1tico: los casos de Los \u00c1ngeles y la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico\", en: Delgado Ramos, Gian Carlo (editor). Ciudades sensibles al cambio clim\u00e1tico: construyendo capacidades para la sustentabilidad y la resiliencia urbana con equidad. PINCC, UNAM. CDMX, M\u00e9xico. Pp. 265 \u2013 321. En l\u00ednea: www.pincc.unam.mx/DOCUMENTOS/Ciudades_sensibles.pdf", "INECC. 2016. Estimaci\u00f3n de impactos en la salud por contaminaci\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica en la regi\u00f3n centro del pa\u00eds y alternativas de gesti\u00f3n. Secretar\u00eda de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. CDMX, M\u00e9xico. En l\u00ednea: www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/208105/INECC_CAME_Final_14022017.pdf", "L\u00f3pez Obrador, Andr\u00e9s Manuel. 2018. Plan Nacional de Paz y Seguridad 2018 \u2013 2024. Transici\u00f3n M\u00e9xico 2018 \u2013 2024. M\u00e9xico. En l\u00ednea: https://lopezobrador.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Plan-Nacional-de-Paz-y-Seguridad_.pdf", "OCDE. 2015. Estudios territoriales de la OCDE. Valle de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico. Par\u00eds, Francia. En l\u00ednea: www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/56213/valle-de-mexico-OCDE.pdf", "Perl\u00f3 Cohen, Manuel y Gonz\u00e1lez Reynoso, Arsenio E. 2005. \u00bfGuerra por el agua en el Valle de M\u00e9xico?, UNAM/Fundaci\u00f3n Friedrich Ebert. CDMX, M\u00e9xico. En l\u00ednea: http://centro.paot.org.mx/documentos/unam/guerra_por_agua_digital.pdf", "Pyh\u00e4l\u00e4, Aili., Hen\u00e1ndez-Llamazares, \u00c1lvaro., Lehv\u00e4virta, Hertta., Byg, Anja., Salpeteur, Matthieu., y Thornton, Thomas. 2016. \"Global environmental change: local perceptions, understandings and explanations.\" Ecology and Society. 21(3): 25. En l\u00ednea: www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol21/iss3/art25/", "SEDATU. 2015. Delimitaci\u00f3n de las zonas metropolitanas de M\u00e9xico 2015. CDMX, M\u00e9xico. En l\u00ednea: www.gob.mx/conapo/documentos/delimitacion-de-las-zonas-metropolitanas-de-mexico-2015", "SEDEMA. 2018. Inventario de Emisiones de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 2016. Contaminantes criterio, t\u00f3xicos y compuestos de efecto invernadero. CDMX, M\u00e9xico. En l\u00ednea: www.aire.cdmx.gob.mx/descargas/publicaciones/flippingbook/inventario-emisiones-2016/mobile/#p=1", "SEDESOL. 2012. Programa de Ordenaci\u00f3n de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de M\u00e9xico. CDMX, M\u00e9xico. En l\u00ednea: http://centro.paot.org.mx/documentos/gdf/pozmvm_digital.pdf", "WCRP - World Climate Research Programme. 2019. Global Research and Action Agenda on Cities and Climate Change Science. Full versi\u00f3n. Prieur-Richard et al. WCRP Publication No. 13/2019. En l\u00ednea: www.wcrpclimate. org/WCRP-publications/2019/GRAA-Cities-and-Climate-Change-Science-Full.pdf"]} El presente reporte es parte de los resultados parciales del proyecto “Fomentando la interfaz entre la toma de decisiones y la evidencia basada en la investigación y el conocimiento para la acción climática en ciudades”, apoyado por la International Network for Government Science Advise y el International Development Centre. Resume de manera sucinta las problemáticas climático-ambientales de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle del México y resume las principales propuestas vertidas por 80 parlamentarios y tomadores de decisiones locales en el marco del taller "Hacia una agenda coordinada de acción climática–ambiental" celebrado el 10 de septiembre de 2019 en la Ciudad de México. Para más información: https://transformacionurbana.mx/es/proyectos/interfaz_cp/ Report of the workshop "Towards a coordinated climate-environmental agenda" held on September 10, 2019 in Mexico City. The report is a preliminary outcome of the project "Moving forward the interface policy-making and evidence-based research and knowledge for supporting climate action in cities", supported by the International Network for Government Science Advise and the International Development Centre. Further information at: https://transformacionurbana.mx/en/projects/interface_sp/ With the support of the International Network for Government Science Advise and the International Development Centre

{"references": ["C. W. Taylor, Power System Voltage Stability (McGraw-Hill, Inc.,\nNewYork, America, 1994).", "P. W. Sauer, M. A. Pai, Power system steady-state stability and the loadflow\nJacobian, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 5 n. 4,\nNovember 1990, pp. 1374 - 1383.", "N. Yorino, H. Sasaki, Y. Masuda, Y. Tamura, M. Kitagawa and A.\nOshimo, An investigation of voltage instability problems, IEEE\nTransactions on Power Systems, vol. 7 n. 2, May 1992, pp. 600 - 611.", "P. -A. L\u00f6f, G. Andersson, D. J. Hill, Voltage stability indices for\nstressed power systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 8 n.\n1, February 1993, pp. 326 - 335.", "G. K. Morison, B. Gao, P. Kundur, Voltage stability analysis using static\nand dynamic approaches, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 8\nn. 3, August 1993, pp. 1159 - 1171.", "B. Lee, V. Ajjparapu, Invariant subspace parametric sensitivity (ISPS) of\nstructure-preserving power system models, IEEE Transactions on Power\nSystems, vol. 11 n. 2, May 1996, pp. 845 - 850.", "M. Chakravorty, and D. Das, Voltage stability analysis of radial\ndistribution networks, International Journal of Electrical Power &\nEnergy Systems, vol. 23 n. 2, February 2001, pp. 129 - 135.", "G. Verbic, F. Gubina, A new concept of protection against voltage\ncollapse based on local phasors, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,\nvol. 19 n. 2, April 2004, pp. 576 - 581.", "F. Gubina, B. Strmcnik, Voltage collapse proximity index determination\nusing voltage phasors approach, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,\nvol. 10 n. 2, May 1995, pp. 788 - 794.\n[10] S. Satyanarayana, T. Ramana, S. Sivanagaraju, G. K. Rao and P.V.\nPrasad, A Novel Approach to Evaluate the Maximum Loadability of\nDistribution systems with Voltage dependent load models, ELEKTRIKA,\nvol. 12 n. 1, 2010, pp. 19 - 24.\n[11] M. Moghavemmi, F. M. Omar, Technique for contingency monitoring\nand voltage collapse prediction, IEE Proceedings Generation\nTransmission Distribution, vol. 145 n. 6, November 1998, pp. 634 - 640.\n[12] V. Balamourougan, T. S. Sidhu, M. S. Sachdev, Technique for online\nprediction of voltage collapse, IEE Proceedings Generation\nTransmission Distribution, vol. 151 n. 4, July 2004, pp. 453 - 460.\n[13] K. Vu, M. M. Begovic, D. Novosel, and M. M. Saha, Use of local\nmeasurements to estimate voltage-stability margin, IEEE Transactions\non Power Systems, vol. 14 n. 3, August 1999, pp. 1029 - 1035.\n[14] M. Begovic, B. Milosevic, D. Novosel, A novel method for voltage\ninstability protection, 35th Hawaii International Conference on System\nSciences~HICSS-35~,January 7-10, 2002, Big Island, HI, USA.\n[15] I. Smon, G. Verbic, F. Gubina, Local voltage-stability index using\nTellegen-s theorem, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 21 n. 3,\nAugust 2006, pp. 1267 - 1275.\n[16] K. Nagaraju, T. Ramana, S. Sivanagaraju and P.V. Prasad, A Novel\nLoad Flow Method for Radial Distribution System, International\nJournal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 31 n. 1, 2011, pp. 73 - 81.\n[17] Power system engineering committee, Bibliography on load models for\npower flow and dynamic performance simulation, IEEE Transactions on\nPower Systems, vol. 10 n. 1, February 1995, pp.523 - 538."]} This paper presents a simple method for estimation of additional load as a factor of the existing load that may be drawn before reaching the point of line maximum loadability of radial distribution system (RDS) with different realistic load models at different substation voltages. The proposed method involves a simple line loadability index (LLI) that gives a measure of the proximity of the present state of a line in the distribution system. The LLI can use to assess voltage instability and the line loading margin. The proposed method also compares with the existing method of maximum loadability index [10]. The simulation results show that the LLI can identify not only the weakest line/branch causing system instability but also the system voltage collapse point when it is near one. This feature enables us to set an index threshold to monitor and predict system stability on-line so that a proper action can be taken to prevent the system from collapse. To demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithm, computer simulations are carried out on two bus and 69 bus RDS.

This Milestone, namely M3.3, is part of Task 3.3 “Downscaling of future climate projections at the case-study scale and their transfer to the Partners”. The aim of M3.3 is to outline the results of the climate change evaluation over the investigated pilot sites. For the future projections of the climate variables (precipitation and temperature), the data provided by EURO-CORDEX initiative under two emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) are used. The main information on the pilot sites, available data, analyses and results are presented. The data are freely downloadable from the web repository https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7247977. This project is part of the PRIMA Programme supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No 1923.

We evaluated a teacher training intervention programme aimed at improving the teaching and learning process relating to history in the secondary classroom. This was carried out via the implementation of several teaching units during the period of teaching practice of trainee teachers specialising in geography and history. The design of the teaching units was based on historical thinking competencies and on the introduction of active learning strategies. The programme was evaluated via a quasi-experimental A-B type methodological approach employing a pretest and a post-test. Both tools were designed on the basis of four dimensions (methodology, motivation, satisfaction and perception). The content of the tools was validated using the interjudge process via a discussion group in the first round and with a Likert scale questionnaire (1–4) with seven experts in the second round. The reliability of the tools has been estimated via three indices (Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability and omega), and the validity of the construct via an exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with the structural equation model. The results regarding reliability and validity have been adequate. Furthermore, the descriptive results show an improvement in all of the dimensions following the implementation of the teaching units, particularly with regard to group work, the use of digital resources and work with primary sources.

Aquaponics systems and technologies are growing primary industries in many countries, with high environmental and socio-economic advantages. Aquaponics is a closed-loop system that produces aquatic animals and plants in a new way using recirculated water and nutrients. With a growing world population expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, food production sustainability is a primary issue in today’s world agenda, and aquaponics and aquaculture systems can be potential contributors to the challenge. Observing the climate changes and global warming’s impact on the ecosystem, decreasing aqua animal stocks, and responding to increasing demand are turning points in the sustainability era. In the past 15 years, fish production has doubled, thus denoting that aquaponics transforms into commercial scales with a revolutionized production, high efficiency, and fewer resources’ utilization, thus requiring proper operation and management standards and practices. Therefore, this study aims to shape a new framework for sustainable aquaponics modeling and utilization as the all-in-one solution platform covering technical, managerial, socio-economic, institutional, and environmental measures within the suitability requirements. The proposed model in this study offers a systematic approach to the design and implementation of sustainability-efficient aquaponics and aquaculture systems. Through an exhaustive coverage of the topic, this research effort can be counted as a practical reference for researchers, scholars, experts, practitioners, and students in the context of aquaponics and aquaculture studies.

Thermodynamic cycles requiring high operating temperatures (≥750 °C up to 1200 °C) are currently being explored to improve the sun-to-electricity conversion efficiency of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants. This is calling for the design of new efficient high-temperature (≥750 °C) Thermochemical Energy Storage (TCES) systems, which are fundamental for supplying power on demand during off-sun periods. Recently, Fe-doped CaMnO3 oxides have been proposed as TCES candidate materials, and the determination of their thermodynamics properties via thermogravimetric (TG) analysis allowed evaluation of their heat storage capacity at a very small scale (mg scale). A 10 % Fe-doped CaMnO3 composition (CaMn0.9Fe0.1O3-δ – CMF91) emerged as optimum candidate material for TCES application due to its large heat storage capacity complemented by enhanced thermal stability over multiple oxidation/reduction cycles. To advance in the thermal characterization of these materials at a multigram scale, here we carried out bench-scale reactor tests using CMF91 under conditions considered representative of future CSP plants. The redox-active material has been extruded in the form of porous pellets through a simple production method that required the use of carboxymethylcellulose as a removable binder and water. With the bench-scale reactor tests, the CMF91 pellets showed fully reversible reduction-oxidation in cycles between 500 and 1100 °C under relevant operating pO2 conditions without any deterioration of the pellet's structural integrity. Remarkably, the material exhibited the same δ(T, pO2) profile at this significantly larger scale (~40 g) than the one derived from thermodynamics. Nevertheless, slight differences in oxygen release/uptake profiles between cooling and heating branches can be tracked down to an excess heat generation in the perovskite bed not efficiently extracted by the carrier gas. These results demonstrate that CMF91 oxide is ideally suited for thermal energy storage applications with a large total (thermochemical and sensible) heat storage capacity (~ 916 kJ/kgABO3 or ~ 400 kWh/m3) and good scalability. © 2022 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska- Curie grant agreement N◦ 74616. Support of the ACES2030-CM from “Comunidad de Madrid” and European Structural Funds to (P2018/EMT-4319), and the Spanish “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad” through Research Challenges project ARROPAR-CEX (ENE2015-71254-C3-1-R) are also fully acknowledged. M. S´anchez is grateful to Spanish “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad” by funding through internship FPI (BES-2016-077031). It is greatly acknowledged the Technical Research Support Unit of the Institute of Catalysis and Petroleum Chemistry (ICP-CSIC). The authors fully appreciate the advice provided by Prof. Pedro Avila and Dr. Raquel Portela from the SpeICat group of ICP-CSIC, about the procedure for pellets preparation. Supporting Information Peer reviewed