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Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are among the most sensitive marine taxa to the pH changes predicted with ocean acidification (OA). However, many CCA exist in habitats where diel cycles in pH can surpass near-future OA projections. The prevailing theory that natural variability increases the tolerance of calcifiers to OA has not been widely tested with tropical CCA. Here, we assess the response of the reef-building species Lithophyllum congestum to stable and variable pH treatments, including an ambient control (amb/stable). The amb/variable treatment simulated an ambient diel cycle in pH (7.65–7.95), OA/stable simulated constant low pH reflecting worst-case year 2100 predictions (7.7), and OA/variable combined diel cycling with lower mean pH (7.45–7.75). We monitored the effects of pH on total calcification rate and photophysiology (maximum quantum yield) over 16 weeks. To assess the potential for acclimatization, we also quantified calcification rates during the first (0–8 weeks), and second (8–16 weeks) halves of the experiment. Calcification rates were lower in all pH treatments relative to ambient controls and photophysiology was unaffected. At the end of the 16-week experiment, total calcification rates were similarly low in the amb/variable and OA/stable treatment (27–29%), whereas rates declined by double in the OA/variable treatment (60%). When comparing the first and second halves of the experiment, there was no acclimatization in stable treatments as calcification rates remained unchanged in both the amb/stable and OA/stable treatments. In contrast, calcification rates deteriorated between periods in the variable treatments: from a 16–47% reduction in the amb/variable treatment to a 49–79% reduction in the OA/variable treatment, relative to controls. Our findings provide compelling evidence that pH variability can heighten CCA sensitivity to reductions in pH. Moreover, the decline in calcification rate over time directly contrasts prevailing theory that variability inherently increases organismal tolerances to low pH, and suggests that mechanisms of tolerance may become limited with increasing time of exposure. The significant role of diel pH cycling in CCA responses to OA indicates that organisms in habitats with diel variability could respond more severely to rapid changes in ocean pH associated with OA than predicted by experiments conducted under static conditions. In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2019) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2019-10-24. Supplement to: Johnson, Maggie Dorothy; Rodriguez Bravo, Lucia M; O'Connor, Shevonne E; Varley, Nicholas F; Altieri, Andrew H (2019): pH Variability Exacerbates Effects of Ocean Acidification on a Caribbean Crustose Coralline Alga. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6

This dataset is the original data for the experiments in the paper “Multiple-globe thermometer for obtaining the air temperature without an aspirated radiation shield”. The csv file contains the air temperature observed using a standard thermometer equipped with an aspirated radiation shield (STD), temperature of the globe (T), and meteorological data of weather station (Ta, RH, U, Rs). T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 denote the temperatures for globes with diameters of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mm, respectively. The diameter of the smallest globe slightly deviated from 0.25 mm owing to the hand-processing of thermocouples (the actual diameter was 0.28 mm). 10-min data are average values of the temperature measured every 10 s for 10-min. 1-min data are raw values sampled every 1-min.

Long-term coral reef resilience to multiple stressors depends on their ability to maintain positive calcification rates. Estimates of coral ecosystem calcification and organic productivity provide insight into the environmental drivers and temporal changes in reef condition. Here, we analyse global spatiotemporal trends and drivers of coral reef calcification using a meta-analysis of ecosystem-scale case studies. A linear mixed-effects regression model was used to test whether ecosystem-scale calcification is related to seasonality, methodology, calcifier cover, year, depth, wave action, latitude, duration of data collection, coral reef state, Ωar, temperature, and organic productivity. Global ecosystem calcification estimated from changes in seawater carbonate chemistry was driven primarily by depth and benthic calcifier cover. Current and future declines in coral cover will significantly affect the global reef carbonate budget, even before considering the effects of sub-lethal stressors on calcification rates. Repeatedly-studied reefs exhibited declining calcification of 4.3% ± 1.9% per year (1.8 ± 0.5 mmol m-2 d-1 yr-1), and increasing organic productivity at 3.0 ± 0.8 mmol m-2 d-1 per year since 1970. Therefore, coral reef ecosystems are experiencing a shift in their essential metabolic processes of calcification and photosynthesis and could become net dissolving worldwide around 2054.

This is the dataset for Kyoto City electric load, weather file, SAM files in Japanese, etc.

These data are from the publication: Mao, J., Burdett, H. L., McGill, R. A. R., Newton, J., Gulliver, P., & Kamenos, N. A. (2020). Carbon burial over the last four millennia is regulated by both climatic and land use change. Global Change Biology, https ://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15021 Abstract: Carbon sequestration by sediments and vegetated marine systems contributes to atmospheric carbon drawdown, but little empirical evidence is available to help separate the effects of climate change and other anthropogenic activities on carbon burial over centennial time scales. We used marine sediment organic carbon to determine the role of historic climate variability and human habitation in carbon burial over the past 5071 years. There was centennial-scale sensitivity of carbon supply and burial to climatic variability, with Little Ice Age cooling causing an abrupt ecosystem shift and an increase in marine carbon contributions compared to terrestrial carbon. Although land use changes during the late 1800s did not cause marked alteration in average carbon burial, they did lead to marked increases in the spatial variability of carbon burial. Thus, while carbon burial by vegetated systems is expected to increase with projected climate warming over the coming century, ecosystem restructuring caused by abrupt climate change may produce unexpected change in carbon burial whose variability is also modulated by land use change.

Tutkimus käsittelee sään ja ilmaston vaikutuksia suomalaisten kuntien toimintaan ja riskienhallintaan, sää- ja ilmastotiedon lähteitä ja niiden koettua hyödyllisyyttä riskien hallinnan kannalta, sekä sää- ja ilmastoriskien ennakoinnin ja varautumisen kehittämistä. Aluksi pyrittiin selvittämään sään ja ilmaston vaikutuksia kuntien toimintaan. Kysyttiin kunnan tavoista käsitellä ilmastostrategiatyössä ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumista ja onko strategiatyössä arvioitu nykyisiä ja tulevia sää- ja ilmastoriskejä. Kysyttiin myös, mitkä ovat kaksi tärkeintä sää- ja ilmastoriskien hallinnan ajuria kunnissa ja pyydettiin arvioita sää- ja ilmastoilmiöiden merkittävyydestä kunnan elinkeinojen, palveluiden ja asukkaiden hyvinvoinnin kannalta. Lisäksi haluttiin tietää, mitkä ovat merkittävimpiä haitallisia sääilmiöitä kunnan kannalta ja onko ilmastonmuutoksella kunnalle myönteisiä vaikutuksia. Seuraavaksi vastaajille lueteltiin erilaisia sää- ja ilmastotietojen lähteitä ja kysyttiin, kuinka usein niitä käytettiin ja kuinka hyödyllisiksi käyttäjät ne kokivat. Kysyttiin myös mitä sää- ja ilmastotiedon lähteitä kunnassa käytetään sekä kerätäänkö kunnassa tietoa poikkeuksellisten sääolojen ja ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutuksista ja onko tämä tieto ulkopuolisille saatavissa. Lopuksi kysymykset käsittelivät ennakoinnin ja varautumisen kehittämistä. Vastaajille lueteltiin rajoittavia tekijöitä, jotka saattavat vaikeuttaa sää-ja ilmastoriskien hallintaa ja pyydettiin arviota niiden merkittävyydestä kunnan ilmastotyön kannalta. Lisäksi lueteltiin erilaisia tapoja edistää sää- ja ilmastoriskien hallintaa ja kysyttiin, miten merkittäviä ne ovat kunnan kannalta. Taustamuuttujina olivat kunta, kunnan koko, vastaajan asema kunnassa, vastaajan työkokemus nykyisellä alalla sekä vastaajan ensisijainen toimiala. The study was part of the ELASTINEN project funded by the Prime Minister's Office Finland whose aim was to produce information and seek solutions to improve weather and climate risk management. The survey was conducted by a reasearch consortium consisting of the Finnish Meteorological Institute, University of Helsinki, Finnish Environment Institute, Natural Resources Institute Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, and Gaia Consulting. The survey charted the effects of weather and climate on the activities and risk management of Finnish municipalities. The study surveyed sources of weather and climate information and views on the usefulness of these sources in risk management. In addition, the improvement of weather and climate risk prevention and preparedness was studied. The respondents were first asked whether preparing for climate change had been discussed in the climate strategy work of the municipality, and how current and future weather and climate risks had been assessed. Further, the respondents were asked whether they had assessed the impact of climate change and weather phenomena regionally and on the activities of the municipality, and whether they had assessed how to mitigate the effects of these phenomena. With regard to management of weather and climate risks, the respondents were asked what the most important motivators for managing weather and climate risks were in the municipality and how big the risks were compared to other risks. Significance of different weather conditions and phenomena in terms of municipal industry and services and well-being of residents were charted (e.g. severe weather phenomena occurring in Finland). Potential positive impacts of climate change on the municipality and the most significant harmful weather phenomena for the municipality and its residents were surveyed. Use and awareness of different sources of weather and climate information were canvassed (e.g. long-term forecasts of the Finnish Meteorological Institute, climate change scenarios of the IPCC) as well as opinions on the usefulness of some sources of information in terms of climate risk management (e.g. scientific publications, social media, websites on weather and climate). The respondents were also asked whether they collected data on the effects of exceptional weather phenomena and climate change in the municipality and whether geographic data were available to outsiders. Finally, relating to improvement of risk preparedness, the respondents were asked how significant they regarded different factors that hinder the management of climate risks (e.g. limited resources, lack or problems of technological solutions) and how significant different ways of improving weather and climate risk management were for the climate work in the municipality. Background variables included the municipality and number of inhabitants in the municipality as well as the respondent's position and field in the municipality, and work experience in the field. KokonaisaineistoTotalUniverseCompleteEnumeration Total universe/Complete enumerationTotalUniverseCompleteEnumeration Itsetäytettävä lomake: verkkolomakeSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.CAWI Self-administered questionnaire: Web-based (CAWI)SelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.CAWI

Ocean acidification affects species populations and biodiversity through direct negative effects on physiology and behaviour. The indirect effects of elevated CO2 are less well known and can sometimes be counterintuitive. Reproduction lies at the crux of species population replenishment, but we do not know how ocean acidification affects reproduction in the wild. Here, we use natural CO2 vents at a temperate rocky reef and show that even though ocean acidification acts as a direct stressor, it can indirectly increase energy budgets of fish to stimulate reproduction at no cost to physiological homeostasis. Female fish maintained energy levels by compensation: They reduced activity (foraging and aggression) to increase reproduction. In male fish, increased reproductive investment was linked to increased energy intake as mediated by intensified foraging on more abundant prey. Greater biomass of prey at the vents was linked to greater biomass of algae, as mediated by a fertilisation effect of elevated CO2 on primary production. Additionally, the abundance and aggression of paternal carers were elevated at the CO2 vents, which may further boost reproductive success. These positive indirect effects of elevated CO2 were only observed for the species of fish that was generalistic and competitively dominant, but not for 3 species of subordinate and more specialised fishes. Hence, species that capitalise on future resource enrichment can accelerate their reproduction and increase their populations, thereby altering species communities in a future ocean. In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2021) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2021-04-19.