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A procedure for analyzing the effectiveness of using fuel and energy resources (FER) in sugar production, based on the developed idealized circuit of the thermal-technological complex (TTC) as the base for comparison was presented. This procedure makes it possible to quantify the level of perfection of existing and proposed thermal circuits, as well as the impact of measures for enhancing energy efficiency on their perfection. By idealizing technological and energy processes, a hypothetical TTC was synthesized, for which the minimum possible energy and entropy characteristics are determined. Under these conditions, the minimum possible heat consumption for the implementation of technological processes according to the classical heat technology circuit was calculated – 118.40 MJ/t; a "minimum" total increase in entropy from irreversible processes of the HTC – 314.68 kJ/(t·K); a minimum complex magnitude of specific consumption of conventional fuel – 0.8 % to m. b. The determined characteristics are absolute criteria for the efficiency of sugar production systems, since it is impossible to reach lower values under existing technology, quality of raw materials and other conditions. The content of the criteria of energy efficiency of TTC was stated and the system of coefficients was proposed: coefficient of total energy efficiency of the TTC, coefficient of energy efficiency of the system of heat supply of the technological processes and coefficients of energy efficiency of internal and external structures of the TTC. The proposed criteria provide an objective and thermodynamically correct characteristic of the TTC of different structures. The presented results of analysis of various measures for increasing the energy efficiency of sugar production show that only a gradual comprehensive reconstruction of an enterprise makes it possible to consistently reduce the FER consumption for technological needs, approaching the boundary values.

Clean energy, in particular wind energy, is a hot issue in a time when fossil fuels are being exhausted. The testing of wind turbine design standards from European, Japanese standards applied in Vietnam is an urgent issue.The article aims to verify the strength and local stability of wind power tower when the ratio of width and height of the leg holes of tower gate is b/h ≤ 3. The article also examines the strength, and the local stability of wind power tower when the ratio of width and height of the leg holes of tower gate is b/h> 3. Thereby, the article proposes equations to determine coefficients that affect the stability calculations of electricity tower.

The increasing number of vehicles with high fuel consumption and weak emission control policies negatively impact the environment. This research designed to projecting comparison of enery consumption of fuel and exaust emissions on bus and travel minibus route Semarang – Solo on 2013- 2040 using LEAP software with two scenarios, as for these scenarios is business as usual (BAU).Test results using LEAP shows the amount of fuel required bus in 2040 based on the BAU scenario amounted to 1.559.800 Gigajoules or to 43.448.467 liters of diesel fuel and 609.700 Gigajoules or 16.983.286 liters of diesel fuel based on the 2040 AFE scenario or fuel savings up to 39 % . The amount of fuel required for travel minibus based on the BAU scenario in 2040 was 1.333.000 Gigajoules or 37.130.919 liters of diesel fuel and 1.308.300 Gigajoules or 37.130.919 liters of diesel fuel based on the 2040 AFE scenario or savings up to 5 %.Carbon Dioxide Non Biogenic emissions produced by buses and travel minibus in 2040 for the AFE scenario decreased by 45 % compare to BAU scenario, but the value of NOx and CO in scenario AFE decrease 20 % compare to BAU scenario.

Theoretical, analytical and experimental studies of the solid materials grinding process in the ball mill have shown that it is possible to improve the energy efficiency of the grinding process by implementing the direct blow effect, ensuring rational grinding mode and correlation of destructive loads during dispersion of specific material with the prescribed physical and mechanical properties. A phenomenological model of energy efficiency of grinding solid materials in the ball mill was developed, and the theory of calculating the grinding mode coefficient, which corresponds to the maximum efficiency factor of the process of grinding the specific material, was scientifically substantiated. The method for comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of implementing the calculated mode with the traditionally recommended was developed. Using the proposed scientifically grounded method of determining the rational coefficient of the grinding mode allowed reducing the grinding time of cement clinker by 28,9 %, coal — by 18,4 %, marble — by 28,9 % and rock salt — by 19,6 %. Herewith, the decrease in energy consumption for the grinding process was 18,3 % for cement clinker, 9,4 % for coal, 18,4 % for marble and 10,4 % for rock salt.

Hyacinth (Eichhorhia crassipes) is a weed on waters which is a big problem for damage the environment but it contains materials that can be fermented and produce biogas, there are hemicellulose and cellulose. This research head for produce biogas from hyacinth by anaerob fermentation process with microorganizm on batch system and determine optimum ratio of hyacinth and water along with the effect to the stability of system. There were stages on this research, including seeding, acclimatization, and anaerob batch fermentation. Seeding was doing in ten days with ratio hyacinth and water was 75%:25%, then continued to acclimatization in 48 days. The anaerob batch fermentation was doing with variation of ratio hyacinth and water 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 in anaerob batch bioreactor during 32 days. Analysis of pH, biogas volume, volatile acid, and alkalinity was analized every two days during anaerob batch fermentation. The result of this research showed that in 48 days acclimatization process was produced biogas about 75.840 mL. In the fermentation process was resulted biogas about 23.300 mL with methane contents was 11.924,56 ppm or 1,19%; pH optimum 6,8-7,2; volatile acid concentration 145,8 mg/L; alkalinity concentration 1684,13 mg/L, and ratio of AV/alkalinity 0,087 on the rasio of hyacinth and water at 1:2. In conclusion, the stability of system will decrease along with increasing amount of water in the substrat of anaerob batch fermentation.

Various methods of organizing water disposal at the aviation enterprises were considered, and their main common shortcomings were characterized. It was shown that modern technologies of water disposal system do not allow reaching a proper level of ecological safety mainly due to the insufficient degree of wastewater treatment and existing environmental risks associated with the recycling of their sediments. We made a conclusion about the need for improvement of the environmental safety of water disposal systems functioning due to the development of a new technology. For this, when applying traditional mechanical and biological treatment methods, it was proposed to carry out additional wastewater purification and to improve the ways of treatment and recycling of their sediments. For additional treatment, it was proposed to use wastewater as a medium for the cultivation of energy microalgae in photobioreactors of the closed type with subsequent production of liquid biofuel of the third generation. For sediment treatment and recycling, it was proposed to use anaerobic digestion with the scheme organization in compliance with the kinetics of digestion processes and subsequent use of digested masses organic fertilizer.Based on this, we proposed a new technological water disposal scheme, which would make it possible to obtain renewable energy sources for partial or full provision of the needs of enterprises for thermal and electrical energy, and in case of its excess to obtain commercal renewable energy sources, to receive environmentally safe organic fertilizer, commercial carbon dioxide, as well as to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide from cogeneration plants of local thermal and electric power plants into the atmosphere.

Indonesia is located in equator line with it’s avarage temperature is 35°C. Its humidity is high, it can reach 85% (hot humid tropical climate). There are two things that cause extreme climate. Firstly the position between 2 continent and two ocean. Secondly big different between the area of continent and ocean. This condition makes disadvantage for human being in doing their activities becaused of up and down of the temperature that is not comfort for the human body. The best range of temperature for Indonesian people in doing their activities is 22,8°C - 25,8°C and the humidity 70%. Easiest step to create thermal comfort in building is using air condition system. How ever it affects to the electrical energy used. This paper proposes to solve the thermal comfort in building by architectural solution, designing building by considering orientation to wind direction and sun, using of architecture element and building material, and also elements of landscape. sti-jul2005- (26)

One of the most important control objectives for Standalone Wind Energy Conversion Systems (SWECS) is to optimize the power conversion from wind. This goal is normally achieved by Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms. However, such algorithms are simple and ineffective in response to additional complex control requirements. Alternatively, the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) technique can be applied for the optimal power conversion of SWECS. However, the PID control normally provides low performance for highly nonlinear, time-varying nature of SWECS and stochastic change of wind. To overcome the MPPT and PID control performance limitations, this paper presents a sliding mode control (SMC) design for standalone SWECS. The proposed sliding mode controller has been designed and validated by computer simulations in Matlab and Simulink.

ENGLISHResearch on alternative energy and fertilizer has been done and applied, but the public not interest yet to make this alternative energy and fertilizer. This is due to the huge costs, the process is complicated, and low economic value . Biogas processing, liquid fertilizers and solid. If the large volume of water mix will increase the volume of the reactor and the implications for the huge cost . The research objective was to determine variations in the sample which is capable of representing the processing of the biogas process and product stability. The method used in laboratory scale experiments and determination of the best results using factor analysts . The results of the research is reactor B and A that can be used as a reference treatment that produces biogas manure optimal, and the volume of 0.56 liters of biogas per one kilogram of cow dung with a processing time of 38 days. INDONESIAPenelitian mengenai energi dan pupuk alternatif sudah banyak dilakukan dan diterapkan, akan tetapi minat masyarakat untuk membuat energi dan pupuk alternatif ini belum ada. Hal ini disebabkan oleh biaya yang besar, prosesnya yang rumit, dan nilai ekonominya rendah. Pengolahan biogas, pupuk cair dan padat. Jika dengan volume campuran air yang besar akan membesarkan volume reaktor dan berimplikasi pada besarnya biaya. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui variasi sampel mana yang mampu mewakili proses pengolahan dengan kesetabilan proses dan produk biogas. Metode yang digunakan percobaan skala laboratorium dan penentuan hasil terbaik menggunakan analis faktor. Hasil penelitian yaitu reaktor B dan A yang dapat digunakan sebagai acuan pengolahan kotoran sapi yang menghasilkan biogas optimal, dan volumenya 0,56 liter biogas setiap satu kilogram kotoran sapi dengan waktu pengolahan 38 hari.

The results obtained in the linking process are shown with society as one of the substantive activities, in the period 2021-2022 carried out by students of the Electrical Engineering career. The project encouraged students to train a group of people through practical methodologies to have minimum knowledge related to energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. The qualitative and quantitative method was used, which allowed describing the results of the survey without altering their respective variables. The population was made up of 45 people belonging to various cantons of the province of Manabí, such as Flavio Alfaro, Bahía de Caráquez, el Carmen, 24 de Mayo, Chone, Santa Ana, Rocafuerte and different places in the canton of Portoviejo, and province of Orellana, which were selected at random, the preparation of the didactic material was carried out. Among the results, it was highlighted that the participants did not know how energy can help the environment, but nevertheless they were aware that energy is related to the environment and dependence on society.