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This paper analyzes the role of agroforestry systems (AFS) as an adaptative measure to climate change in Brazil. A treatment-effects model (Propensity Score Matching) was developed. We identified the main determinants of the use of AFS and if the municipalities in which this technique is used are less vulnerable to climate change. The results showed that socioeconomic variables (land ownership, financing options, access to information and technical assistance) and agronomic variables (water resources availability and soil quality) influence the adoption of agroforestry systems in Brazilian municipalities. Climate conditions (temperature and precipitation) also play an important role in the use of these systems, which confirms their role as an adaptative strategy. It was also concluded that the AFS have the potential to improve the Brazilian agricultural performance due to the fact that the land value tends to be higher in municipalities where these systems are used. Thus, the AFS can make the agricultural sector less exposed to the negative effects of climate change in both the present and in future scenarios.

Objetivou-se analisar os efeitos das externalidades negativas no meio ambiente, abordar o Teorema de Coase no que se refere ao problema de definição dos direitos de propriedade. Adicionalmente, o trabalho explica a teoria econômica da externalidade e ilustra com exemplos. Descreve o comportamento econômico da externalidade na produção agropecuária e mostra de que modo ela cria ineficiência de mercado. Posteriormente, são avaliadas algumas medidas compensatórias para corrigir essas ineficiências. Nesse sentido, argumenta-se em favor da preservação ambiental como requisito básico da manutenção do desenvolvimento agrícola sustentado. Infere-se que modernização da agricultura brasileira teve importância fundamental para o crescimento econômico do País, apesar de que a prioridade dada ao aumento de produtividade pode ter motivado desequilíbrios no meio ambiente.----------------------The objective was to examine the effects of negative externalities in the environment, address the Coase theorem, as regards the problem of definition of property rights. Additionally, the work explains the economic theory of externalities and illustrated with examples. It describes the behavior of economic externalities in production agriculture and shows in what way it creates inefficiency of the market. Subsequently, are evaluated some compensatory measures to correct these inefficiencies. Therefore, it is argued in favor of environmental preservation as a basic requirement of maintaining the sustained agricultural development. It follows that modernization of Brazilian agriculture has fundamental importance for the economic growth of the country, despite the fact that the priority given to increasing productivity may have motivated imbalances in the environment.

Introdução: Nas últimas décadas, países e sistemas de saúde têm vindo a dedicar atenção crescente a práticas de planeamento que promovam o desenvolvimento sustentável. Reconhecendo os desafios específicos que se colocam ao planeamento em saúde, este artigo tem por objetivo contribuir para a reflexão sobre o conceito e características processuais e metodológicas do planeamento sustentável em saúde, com base nas principais mensagens recolhidas num painel de discussão do 5º Congresso Nacional de Medicina Tropical. .Material e métodos: Foram utilizadas as apresentações dos oradores convidados para o painel e as intervenções do debate. Complementar-mente, foram utilizadas fontes documentais resultantes de uma revisão narrativa da literatura. Todo o material foi sujeito a análise documental. Resultados e discussão: As abordagens participativas do planeamento em saúde, que integram a participação dos cidadãos e a articulação intersectorial, com particular enfoque na redução das iniquidades em saúde e no alcance da cobertura universal, foram consideradas entre as mais efetivas para o alcance de objetivos de saúde e de bem-estar alinhados com os princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável. Conclusão: A mobilização social e das comunidades no processo de planeamento em saúde parece ser facilitador da seleção e implementação de estratégias de saúde no contexto do desenvolvimento sustentável. Introduction: In recent decades, countries and health systems have been paying increasing attention to planning practice for sustainable development. Recognizing the specific challenges facing health planning, this article aims to contribute to the reflection on the concept and procedural and methodological characteristics of sustainable health planning, based on the main messages gathered in a panel discussion of the 5th National Congress of Tropical Medicine. Material and methods: We used the panel presentations and discussion interventions, in addition with documentary sources resulting from a narrative literature review. All material was subject to documentary analysis. Results and discussion: Participatory approaches to health planning, integrating community participation and intersectoral action, with a particular focus on reducing health inequities and achieving universal coverage, were considered to be among the most effective to achieve health and well-being goals aligned with the principles of sustainable development. Conclusion: Social and community mobilization in the health planning process seems to contribute to the selection and implementation of health strategies in the context of sustainable development. publishersversion published

This paper analyzes the production diversity among Brazilian agricultural family farms, using the DAP (declaration of Pronaf entitlement). The diversity is measured with a Simpson index, that goes from zero, for monocultures, to one. Production is considerably diversified in these types of farms. 57% of them have a diversification index above 0,35, although it has been noticed an increase in specialization in recent years. The share of monoculture farms rose from 25% in 2012 to 33% in 2014. The diversification index is set as the dependent variable on a Tobit regression with variables that are commonly used to explain the decision to diversify, such as regional dummies, farm size, number of farms, farmer's age, income from social benefits, education, gross production, or a dummy for access to technical assistance. All of these variables have significant effects on production diversity. The results suggest a strong regional bias in terms of diversification, as well as the importance of technical assistance and the availability of technologies in order to spur diversification among family farmers.

O desenvolvimento sustentável, como conceito fulcral para a sobrevivência do nosso planeta, engloba um conjunto de fatores dos quais a energia constitui uma parte vital. Esta ideia aparece inclusivamente vertida em diversos Objetivos do Desenvolvimentos Sustentável (ODS), tais como os Objetivos N.º 9, 11, 12 e 13. Os edifícios representam cerca de 50% do fenómeno de poluição ambiental, fruto do consumo energético inerente à sua utilização, que ascende a 41% de toda a energia primária produzida. Estes dados podem ser explicados pelo aumento da população mundial, a pouca reabilitação de edifícios a nível global e o exponencial aumento do consumo energético para suprir necessidades de aquecimento e arrefecimento de edifícios. Neste âmbito, considerou-se importante verificar a viabilidade de novas soluções que permitam criar estabilidade térmica dentro dos edifícios, como é o caso da aplicação de Materiais de Mudança de Fase (Phase Change Materials – PCM) em soluções construtivas. Os PCM apresentam uma comprovada capacidade de armazenamento térmico em comparação com as soluções tradicionais. Contudo, uma das grandes vantagens destes materiais reside na não necessidade de armazenamento de energia elétrica, mas sim o armazenamento da energia térmica do ambiente envolvente. A modelação da aplicação dos materiais num edifício-tipo e num edifício real, permitiu obter diferenças nas temperaturas de pico interiores de até 1 °C, bem como uma redução global de consumos energéticos entre 12% e 23%, para a espessura mínima dos PCM comerciais analisados. A introdução dos PCM permitiu, de igual forma, a redução da amplitude térmica interior, observando-se reduções até 83%. A adoção deste tipo de soluções leva a que seja possível obter reduções de emissões entre os 3,3% e os 33%, no edifício de mais baixa eficiência energética e entre os 2% e os 8%, para o caso de um edifício de maior eficiência energética. O período de retorno do investimento nestes materiais mostrou-se elevando, sendo um desafio ao vetor social da sustentabilidade. Sustainable development, as a key concept for the survival of our planet, includes a set of factors of which energy is a vital part. This idea also appears in several Sustainable Development Objectives (SDO), such as Objectives Nos. 9, 11, 12 and 13. Buildings represent about 50% of the environmental pollution phenomenon, resulting from the energy consumption inherent to its use, which amounts to 41% of all primary energy produced. This can be explained by the increase of the world population, the limited rehabilitation of buildings worldwide and the exponential increase in energy consumption, to meet heating and cooling needs of buildings. In this context it will be important to verify the viability of new solutions that allow thermal stability in buildings, such as the application of Phase Change Materials (PCM) in constructive solutions. PCM have proven thermal storage capacity compared to traditional coating solutions. However, one of the great advantages of these materials lies in the fact that they do not need to store electrical energy, but the storage of thermal energy from the surrounding environment. The application of the materials, in a simulated context, in a model building and in a real building, allowed to obtain differences in interior peak temperatures of up to 1 °C, as well as an overall reduction in energy consumption between 12% and 23%, for the minimum commercial thickness of the PCM used. The introduction of PCM also made it possible to reduce the interior temperature range, with reductions of up to 83% observed. About the environmental sustainability themes, the adoption of this type of solution led to emission reductions between 3.3% and 33%, in the low-efficiency building, and between 2% and 8%, for the most efficient building. The payback period for the investment in these materials need to be increased, representing a challenge to the social vector of sustainability.

The major objective of this chapter is to analyse and briefly describe the evolution of Portuguese agriculture in the context of the European Agriculture. It is not a comprehensive analysis. It is a sketch of its major changes due to major aspects that had influenced in particular the Common Agricultural Policy, and how has evolved with respect to changes in CAP orientation and reforms. This analysis provides an example that might be useful to understand what can be done in the future both in Portugal as in other countries In some aspects figures about these countries including Poland will be presented to benchmark the analysis. Besides this introduction, the chapter has five additional sections. In the next section, background on the Portuguese agriculture and policy before accession is provided. Then, in the third, socio-economic structural characteristics of Portuguese agriculture and their evolution for the last four decades are briefly presented. In the fourth section analysis turns read and understand the evolution as major implications of changes in agricultural policy from CAP reforms. In the fifth section we turn to aspects that are the focus of post-2013 CAP reform and 14 relate them to Portuguese status. Finally, as a conclusion, we look for CAP and the sustainable orientations for Portuguese farmers.

No presente trabalho pretende-se estudar um conceito de cidade criado para a reconstrução da cidade de Christchurch, na Nova Zelândia, – Cidade Jardim Elevada – testando a atratividade da sua aplicação em contexto urbano português. Nesse sentido, esta dissertação inicia-se com uma investigação dos factores que constituem este conceito. Foram estudados os Jardins Supensos da Babilónia e a forma como teriam sido irrigados, fez-se uma breve alusão à origem das coberturas planas, onde é referido o trabalho de Le Corbusier em “Os cinco pontos de uma arquitectura”, dando depois seguimento ao tema das coberturas ajardinadas. Analisou-se, ainda, a necessidade de circulação a uma cota elevada, devido ao conceito em estudo aliar as coberturas verdes à circulação aérea pedonal. Para que fosse possível estudar a atratividade desta solução, foram analisadas quatro opções de sistemas de coberturas no programa de análise multicritério MACBETH In this work we intend to study a city concept created for the reconstruction of the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, - Elevated Garden City - testing the attractiveness of its application in the Portuguese urban context. Accordingly, this dissertation begins with an investigation of the factors that constitute this concept. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were studied and the way they would have been irrigated, a brief allusion was made to the origin of the flat roofs, where Le Corbusier's work in "The Five Points of Architecture" is mentioned, followed by the green roofs. It was also analyzed the need for circulation at a high level, due to the concept under study ally the green roofs to the aerial pedestrian circulation. In order to study the attractiveness of this solution, four roof system options were analyzed in the MACBETH multicriteria analysis program

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia The evolution of society, its demographic growth, and its technological and economic development made electricity an essential good, causing the consumption of electricity to increase over the years, to guarantee these supply fossil fuels were used in its production an unsustainable option that has generated high levels of pollution and a climate crisis. To address these problems, the European Union established the European Directive 2018/2001. This directive allows renewable energy self-consumers to produce, consume, share, store and sell electricity, promoting various sustainable behaviors such as reducing energy bills, reducing CO2 emissions, combating energy poverty, and reducing the cost of energy—initial investment. This dissertation aims to develop different methodologies for defining the sharing coefficients of energy produced in a CER and to establish comparisons of their performance in the CER. The CER used as a case study in this dissertation is composed of two schools in Coimbra and the DEEC building. In a preliminary analysis of the consumption of each building, several simulations were carried out to find out which would be the best location of production in the CER, having that choice fell on school 1. Five methods were developed to define the coefficients of sharing the surplus energy produced by the CER by its members. In key 1, fixed coefficient, a fixed percentage of energy sharing is assigned, in key 2 the sharing coefficients are proportional to the consumption of each user, that is, members who have higher consumption receive a greater percentage of energy. Keys 3, 4, and 5 all have the same energy sharing philosophy, they follow a list of priorities, with energy sharing being done by serving the highest priorities until they run out of energy or all members of the list see their consumption needs. satisfied. According to the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that the best key or the most beneficial key for this particular CER would be key 3, as it generates less unused surplus energy and still has good equity, that is, it is energy effectively used annually by CER members, one member, in this case, uses 58% and another 42%.In short, to choose the distribution key that optimizes the sharing of surplus energy in a community, we must consider the community, since each key has its advantages and disadvantages, and its use varies according to the CER. A evolução da sociedade, o seu crescimento demográfico e o seu desenvolvimento tecnológico e económico, tornou a eletricidade um bem essencial, fazendo com que o consumo de energia elétrica aumentasse ao longo dos anos, para garantir esta oferta foram utilizados combustíveis fósseis na sua produção, uma opção não sustentável que gerou elevados níveis de poluição e uma crise climática. Para colmatar esses problemas a União Europeia estabeleceu a Diretiva Europeia 2018/2001. Essa diretiva permite aos autoconsumidores de energia renovável produzir, consumir, partilhar, armazenar e vender eletricidade, promovendo diversos comportamentos sustentáveis como redução na fatura energética, a redução das emissões de CO2, combate à pobreza energética e consequentemente a redução no custo do investimento inicial. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo desenvolver diversas metodologias de definição dos coeficientes de partilha de energia produzida numa CER e estabelecer comparações do seu desempenho na CER. A CER usada como estudo de caso nesta dissertação é composta por dois estabelecimentos escolares de Coimbra e pelo edifício do DEEC. Numa análise preliminar dos consumos de cada edifício, realizou-se várias simulações para descobrir qual seria a melhor localização da produção na CER, tendo essa escolha recaído na escola 1. Foram desenvolvidos cinco métodos para definição dos coeficientes de partilha da energia excedentária produzida pela CER pelos membros da mesma. Na chave 1, coeficiente fixo, é atribuída uma percentagem fixa de partilha de energia, na chave 2 os coeficientes de partilha são proporcionais ao consumo de cada utilizador, ou seja, membros que tenham maior consumo recebem uma maior percentagem de energia. Já as chaves 3, 4, 5 têm todas a mesma filosofia de partilha de energia, seguem uma lista de prioridades, sendo a partilha de energia feita servindo os mais prioritários até esgotar a energia ou todos os membros da lista vejam as suas necessidades de consumo satisfeitas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que a melhor chave ou a chave mais benéfica para esta a CER em particular seria a chave 3, por gerar menos energia excedentária não utilizada e mesmo assim ter uma boa equidade, ou seja, é a energia efetivamente utilizada anualmente pelos membros da CER, um membro, neste caso, utiliza 58% e outro 42%. Em suma, para se escolher a chave de repartição que otimiza a partilha da energia excedentária duma comunidade, devemos ter em consideração a comunidade, visto que, cada chave tem as suas vantagens e desvantagens e a sua utilização varia de acordo com a CER.

The Constitutional Financing Fund of the North (FNO), created through the Constitutional Funds, has the objective of promoting the development of the North Region, constituting the main financial instrument of the National Policy for Regional Development (PNDR) for the reduction of regional disparities. With the growth and development of the region, new questions and concerns regarding sustainability in the business environment were generated. In this sense, the Sustainability Tripod and its extension, the Multiple Bottom Line, were proposed in order to analyze the economic, social, environmental, ethical and governance dimensions. In this sense, the present work sought to identify the reality of the dimensions of sustainability in the environment of micro and small companies of the Portal da Amazônia that used the resource of the Constitutional Fund for Financing of the North (FNO) for business development. To capture the data, a field survey was carried out with 111 companies that used FNO resources in the period from 2018 to 2022. After the survey, Excel was used for data processing and subsequent analysis. As a result, in the economic dimension, the ability of micro and small companies to expand their revenues was identified, with the responsibility of expanding the use of facilities and an integrated corporate composition to guarantee the economic life of the entity. In the environmental dimension, business actions involving the issuance of environmental licenses and their practices in the operation of the business were observed, while in the social dimension, the expansion of the supply of job openings and an organization dedicated to serving people could be seen. In the Governance dimension, actions of administrative responsibility, control and good practices by the companies interviewed were observed. Closing the context of the dimensions, ethics guides the business of micro and small companies surveyed. Responsibility with the business, both internally and externally, signals an important emphasis on this dimension. The outputs obtained provided the opportunity for theoretical generalizations regarding the confrontation of the reality described in the dimensions of sustainability in the business environment of micro and small companies of the Amazon portal and the theoretical framework that involves the theme.