• Energy Research
• 13. Climate action close
• 15. Life on land close
• 2. Zero hunger close
• Serbian close

Three urban redevelopment projects recently undertaken in Europe–Ria 2000 in Bilbao, Spain; Emscher Park in Germany; and Gasometer in Vienna, Austria, are presented and discussed in the paper. All three innovate on three independent levelsculture, economy and urban organization, and provide high quality places to assist their cities and regions to cope with a global competitive environment. All three were also designed to represent the best of the sustainable practice in Europe at the time. In the same time, the basic phylosophy of all three is deeply rooted in creative economies and elaborate their bacis principles. The paper explores their design solution in order to identify the points where creative industries and sustainability meet, and investigates if, and to what extent, they comply with the principles of sustainability. Urban design and physical space are in focus, while other areas are considered as long as they contribute to the design, or reflect a credo that architecture and urban design are among those that play a central role in building cities’ reputation and character. The author argues that all three materialized some of the basic principles of sustainability, by elaborating ideas of genius loci and the relationship between identity and locality. Emscher Park has been the most successful in demonstrating how the brownfield site and devastated area could be transformed into the cultural landscape. Ria 2000 brought in a new interpretation of balance between the man made and natural environments. Gasometer has been least successful, and rather its solutions go after the traditional redevelopment paradigm. На примеру три изведена пројекта, Риа 2000 у Билбаоу, Емшер парк у Рурској области и Гасометар град у Бечу, разматра се релација између креативних економија и одрживости. Иако се три пројекта у стручној јавности сагледавају пре свега као примери обнове у духу нових економија, па се у том смислу и воде расправе, у овом раду је полазиште другачије. Намера је да се пројекти погледају из другог угла и да се њихов однос према одрживости стави у средиште интересовања. Овакво опредељење аутора базирано је у ставу да две филозофије не само да имају додирне тачке, већ се по значајном броју питања преклапају или деле заједничке вредности и опредељења. Са таквим циљем у виду, у раду се дефинише сет критеријума одрживости и спроводи анализа три пројекта. Низ заључака потврђује полазни став, што пред урбанисте и планере ставља нова питања и доноси нове изазове истраживачима и свима онима који се физичким простором и одрживошћу баве.

The economy activity in Serbia is burdened by lots of unfavourable circumstances, including the natural catastrophe so far unseen on this area in May 2014. The unemployment is long-term problem not being resolved with the 'employment policies' but with promotion of investments and achieving the economic growth and development. However, all sectors cannot become the pillars of increase of number and creation of new workplaces. The creators of local economic projections and programmes most frequently use the word 'restructuring'. But in practice, the 'restructuring' demands much more complex and more serious approach so far, above all to public sector of economy. The Serbian energy sector, and above all its public sector, is in front of great challenges deriving from urgent needs of current rehabilitation of flood after effects, from new strategic demands, as well as from European standard. The energy sector is by tradition important determinant of growth and stability of the entire economy. In Serbia, that is especially important considering the state of the capacities and legacy from the past. Modernisation of energy sector implies the application of many new dimensions of sustainability which need to be achieved. Unused renewable sources represent the opportunity for the increase of green investments, sustainable employment, and 'green jobs' in this sector. 'Green economy' and sustainable energy sector represent great opportunity for the future of Serbia. Stabilization and ecologisation of the capacities for the production of thermoelectric energy, increase of the share of renewable sources, and above all the measures of energy efficiency will represent crucial steps and measures towards sustainable energy sector in Serbia. Perhaps they represent true challenge for new construction works, new infrastructure, rehabilitation of schools and hospitals, modernisation of agriculture and tourism, as well as new public and private sector manufacturing capacities.

The importance of school buildings is considerable due to their function, character, purpose, and architectural design, and their refurbishment could lead to significantly better building energy performance. The current research was carried out on select school buildings and is based on a parametric study of the application of energy refurbishment of the thermal envelope (ERTE) and of select passive design systems (PD). The research analyzes the relevant parameters of planning and designing a Trombe wall system (TW), double skin facades (DSF), a green roof (GR), and shading – blinds (BL). In order to determine any possible benefits for increased energy-efficient heating and cooling, models of school buildings were designed using the EnergyPlus software. Climate data which represent a typical meteorological year for the city of Niš were used in the simulation. During modeling, the architectural features of the building were adhered to, as was the layout, the purpose, and the means of using the indoor space. The simulation results indicate that the individual application of the TW, DSF, and GR on the school building models leads to increased energy-efficient heating with decreased energy-efficient cooling. In contrast, the application of BL, independently or in combination with other PD systems, results in the significant increase in energy-efficient cooling. Adequate application of ERTE in combination with TW, DSF, and GR leads to increased energy-efficient heating, while application of ERTE in combination with BL and PD systems leads to the significant increase in energy-efficient cooling. Measures for increased energy-efficient heating and cooling include applying the TW+GR or the DSF+GR system, combined with BL, which confirms that combining numerous PD systems can contribute to significant energy efficiency improvements for the school building models. The application of proper thermal mass and glazing systems significantly increases energy - efficient heating. The application of a TW system, whose thermal mass is either a masonry wall or a 0,25m thick concrete wall, as well as the use of single glazing instead of triple glazing significantly increases energy-efficient heating. The application of a DSF system with an intermediate cavity 0,3 m wide and triple glazing leads to significantly increased energy-efficient heating, compared to applying a DSF system with an intermediate cavity 0.4 m or 0,5 m wide and single glazing. The results confirm that the application of a shading system significantly contributes to increased energy-efficient cooling for the building models. Application of a ventilated TW compared to a non-ventilated one, as well as of a ventilated DSF compared to a non-ventilated one, leads to a significant increase in energy-efficient cooling for the building models. The simulation results offer insight into which parameters provide significant energy efficiency for heating and cooling buildings and confirm the benefits of applying ERTE measures and select PD systems. The applied methodology could be modified, improved, and used in regions with similar climatic characteristics, which would provide a new approach to a decision-making process curbed by limited resources.

The problem of fuel poverty is one of the key indicators of the decrease in housing affordability under conditions of climate change and rising energy prices. Besides rents, an important factor in determining the affordability of social housing is expenditure on energy in home and transport, and its reduction is necessary in order to ensure a long-term sustainability of this housing sector. In addition to reducing energy consumption, the key benefits of the introduction of energy efficiency measures in social housing include: reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promotion of social sustainability, improving living comfort and health of tenants, increasing the value of housing stock and promotion of innovative technologies. Energy efficiency is an essential element of the current housing policies and practice of social housing renewal and new construction in many developed countries, and based on the international experiences and recommendations, its importance has been recognized in Serbia. However, the existing technical requirements for planning, design and construction of social housing in Serbia fail to address specific guidelines for energy optimization which could be used when making planning decisions, and this is a significant constraint on improving future practice. Energy efficiency measures should be integrally implemented on all levels of the realization of the project, and the conditions for saving energy through the design and construction need to be set already in the phase of urban planning. Based on a review of related scientific and professional literature, in this paper the relevant spatial and physical criteria of energy efficiency in urban planning of social housing are defined. Taking into account the gap between the sustainability promotion in the planned future development of the social housing sector in Serbia and its practical application, the aim of the research is to contribute to creating a methodological framework for the improvement of local urban and architectural practice in this area. Prоblеm еnеrgеtskоg sirоmаštvа јеdаn је оd klјučnih pоkаzаtеlја smаnjеnjа pristupаčnоsti stаnоvаnjа u uslоvimа klimаtskih prоmеnа i rаstućih cеnа еnеrgiје. U оdrеđivаnju pristupаčnоsti sоciјаlnоg stаnоvаnjа, pоrеd zаkupninе, vаžаn fаktоr prеdstаvlјајu trоškоvi еnеrgiје u dоmаćinstvu kao i troškovi za prеvоz, te је njihоvо smаnjеnjе neophodno u cilju оbezbeđivanja dugоrоčnе оdrživоsti оvоg stambenog sеktоrа. Pоrеd smаnjеnjа еnеrgеtskе pоtrоšnjе, klјučnе dоbrоbiti uvоđеnjа mеrа еnеrgеtskе еfikаsnоsti u sоciјаlnu stаnоgradnju su: smаnjеnjе еmisiја gаsоvа stаklеnе bаštе, dоprinоs sоciјаlnој оdrživоsti, unаprеđеnjе stаmbеnоg kоmfоrа i zdrаvlја, uvеćаnjе vrеdnоsti stаmbеnоg fоndа i prоmоciја inоvаtivnih tеhnоlоgiја. Enеrgеtska еfikаsnоst je neizostavan element aktuelnih stambenih politika i prakse obnove i nove izgradnje socijalnog stanovanja u mnogim razvijenim zemljama, a pо uglеdu nа mеđunаrоdna iskustvа i prеpоrukе njen značaj prеpоznаt је i u Srbiјi. Ipak, pоstојеći tеhnički prоpisi zа plаnirаnjе, prојеktоvаnjе i grаđenje sоciјаlnоg stаnоvаnjа kod nas nеdovoljno razmatraju spеcifičnе smеrnicе u оblаsti еnеrgеtskе оptimizаciје kоје bi bilе upоtrеblјivе prilikоm izrаdе plаnskih rеšеnjа, štо prеdstаvlја znаčајnо оgrаničеnjе zа unаprеđеnjе budućе prаksе. Mere enеrgеtske еfikаsnоsti mоrаju sе sprovoditi intеgrаlnо krоz svе nivое rеаlizаciје prојеktа, а uslоvi zа uštеdu еnеrgiје krоz prојеktоvаnjе i grаđеnjе оstvаruјu sе vеć u fаzi urbаnističkоg plаnirаnjа. Nа оsnоvu prеglеdа rеfеrеntnе nаučnе i stručnе litеrаturе, u оvоm rаdu sе dеfinišu rеlеvаntni prоstоrnо-fizički kritеriјumi еnеrgеtskе еfikаsnоsti u urbаnističkоm plаnirаnju sоciјаlnоg stаnоvаnjа. Imајući u vidu rаskоrаk izmеđu prеpоrukа оdrživоsti u plаnirаnоm rаzvојu sоciјаlnоg stаmbеnоg sеktоrа u Srbiјi i njihоvе prаktičnе primеnе, cilј istrаživаnjа је dа dоprinеsе krеirаnju mеtоdоlоškоg оkvirа zа unаprеđеnjе dоmаćе urbаnističkе i аrhitеktоnskе prаksе u оvој оblаsti. Urednici: Mila Pucar, Marina Nenković-Riznić Posebna izdanja br.78

The aim of this paper is to point out the problems in the field of energy efficiency in Serbia and the needs for systematic measures for energy efficiency improvement in order to create appropriate conditions for sustainable industrial growth and development. The paper is consisted of three chapters and concluding remarks. In the first chapter was emphasized very low level of energy efficiency in Serbia, as well as very high energy intensity. This chapter provides also an analysis of structure of energy consumption in Serbia and selected neighboring countries. The legal framework for energy efficiency improvement in European Union and Serbia is presented in the second chapter of the paper. The adequate measures suggested by national policy for energy efficiency in order to stimulate industrial development are described in the third chapter. Finally, the last chapter summarizes key messages of the paper.

Klimatske promene utiču negativno na proizvodnju suncokreta. Jedna od mera ublažavanja uticaja ekstremnih klimatskih pojava je oplemenjivanje na poboljšanu adaptabilnost suncokreta na različite uslove gajenja. Cilj rada bio je da se ispita uticaj različitih godina i lokaliteta na prinos ulja kod 12 standardnih, uljanih hibrida suncokreta. Eksperimentalni ogledi su postavljeni tokom četiri vegetacione sezone (2018, 2019, 2020 i 2021) u 52 klimatske sredine (u dve godine na 15 lokaliteta, jednom na 14 i jednom na 8). Hibrid NS Ronin (G7) se izdvojio sa najvećom stabilnošću praćenom visokim prinosom ulja i smatra se adaptabilnim na razlike u uslovima sredine. Stabilni hibridi, sa visokim prinosom ulja bili su i hibridi NS Kiril (G9), NS Providens (G11) i NS Zmaj (G12). Ostvareni rezultati prinosa ulja pomenutih hibrida i njihova adaptabilnost u različinim sredinama opravdavaju poverenje koje su im ukazali proizvođači suncokreta i u Srbiji i u inostranstvu. Climate change negatively affects sunflower production. One of the measures to mitigate the effects of extreme weather events is breeding to improve the adaptability of sunflower to different growing conditions. This study aimed to examine the influence of different years and locations on oil yield in 12 standard, oil sunflower hybrids. Experimental trials were set up during four vegetation seasons (2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021) in 52 environments (in two years at 15 locations, once at 14 and once at 8). Sunflower hybrid NS Ronin (G7) was distinct as the most stable, followed by high oil yield and considered adaptable to environmental conditions differences. Stable hybrids with high oil yield were also hybrids NS Kiril (G9), NS Providence (G11) and NS Zmaj (G12). The achieved results of oil yield of the mentioned hybrids and their adaptability in different environments justify the trust placed in them by sunflower producers in Serbia and abroad.

Istraživanja u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji sprovedena su sa ciljem utvrđivanja osnovnih parametara pojave nesrećnih slucajeva sa traktorima i drugim mobilnim mašinama u Republici Srbiji, u periodu 2005-2009. godina. Prvi deo istraživanja je obuhvatio nesrećne slucajeve u javnom saobraćaju. Drugi deo se odnosi na nesreće u uslovima poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Prikupljeni podaci su obrađeni, sistematizovani i predstavljeni u formi tabela i grafikona. U obzir su uzete određene kategorije uzroka događanja nesrecnih slucajeva, tipove nesreca, godine istraživanja i posledica događanja nesrećnih slucajeva. Rezultati pokazuju da se u javnom saobraćaju, u periodu istraživanja dogodilo ukupno 6.625 nesreca od kojih je 67,1% izazvano od strane vozača traktora. Od ukupno 329 nesreća sa tragično nastradalim licima 80,85% izazavali su vozači traktora i drugih mobilnih poljoprivrednih mašina. U ukupno pomenutom broju nesreća, nastradalo je 3.761 osoba. Od 345 tragično nastradalih lica, 80,57% je tragično nastradalo u nesrecama koje su izazavali vozači-rukovaoci poljoprivredne mehanizacije. Najuticajniji uzroci nesreća su: nepropisna brzina kretanja vozila, nepropisne radnje vozilom i psihofizičko stanje vozača. Najzastupljeniji tip nesreća su sudari (1.180 slucajeva) i sletanje vozila sa puta (599 slucajeva). Kada su u pitanju nesreće koje su se desile u uslovima poljoprivredne proizvodnje, u periodu istraživanja dogodilo se ukupno 903 nesreće u kojima je nastradalo 1.070 lica (17,38% je tragično nastradalo, 15,33% poginulo). Najveći broj nesreća/nastradalih lica zabeleženo je u Zlatiborskoj, Moravickoj i Beogradskoj oblasti. Najzastupljeniji tip nesreća je prevrtanje (47,4%) traktora i/ili agregatiranih prikljucaka i drugih mobilnih poljoprivrednih mašina. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da su nesrece sa mobilnom poljoprivrednom mehanizacijom u Republici Srbiji veoma česta pojava. Osnovni problemi su: nedostatak obuke za pravilno korišcenje i održavanje mašina, nedovoljno poznavanje saobracajnih propisa vozaca traktora, neodgovornost i nedisciplina prilikom korišcenja traktora i poljoprivredih mašina. U ovoj disertaciji su predložene preventivne mere kojima se broj nesreca može smanjiti, uz vece poštovanje zakona iz oblasti sigurnosti rada mašina, i posebno Zakona o bezbednosti saobracaja na putevima. occurrence of accidents with tractors and other mobile machines in the Republic of Serbia in the period 2005-2009. The first part of the survey included the accidents in public transport. The second part refers to the accidents in conditions of agricultural production. The collected data were statistically analyzed, systematized and presented in the form of tables and graphs. Specific causes of accidents, types of accidents, research period and the consequences of accidental events were taken into consideration. The results show that during the period of research, in public transport it occurred 6625 accidents of which 67.1% was caused by the driver of the tractor. Of the total of 329 accidents with tragic casualties, 80.85% were the drivers of tractors and other mobile agricultural machines. The total number of casualties was 3761 persons. From 345 tragic casualties, 80.57% died in accidents that drew drivers/operators of agricultural machinery. The most influential causes of accidents were: improper speed of the vehicle, improper vehicle operations and driver impairments. The most common type of accidents was collisions (1180 cases) and run-off-the road accidents (599 cases). In the conditions of agricultural production during the research period, it has happened a total of 903 accidents in which 1070 people were killed (17.38% tragic casualties, 15.33% died). The highest number of accidents/casualties was recorded in Zlatibor, Morava and the Belgrade area. The most common type of accident is tumbling of the tractor and/or aggregated implements and other mobile agricultural machines (47.4%). The results show that accidents with the mobile agricultural machinery in the Republic of Serbia are very common. The basic problems are: lack of training for the proper use and maintenance of machinery, tractor driver’s lack of knowledge of traffic regulations, irresponsibility and lack of discipline in the use of tractors and agricultural machinery. The main conclusion of this dissertation is that, preventive measures along with the greater respect of the law in the area of safe operation of machinery and the law on road traffic safety can reduce the number of accidents.

Biofuels play an increasingly important role in motor fuel market. The list of biofuels (bio-components) in accordance with EU legislations contains a number of substances not widely used in the market. Traditionally these include: fatty acid methyl esters (FAME, in the Czech Republic methyl ether of rape seed oil) and bioethanol (also ethyl terc. buthyl ether ETBE, based on bioethanol). The availability and possible utilizations of bio-component fuels in Czech Republic and Serbia are discussed. Additional attention is paid on the identification of the possibilities to improve effectiveness of rape seeds cultivation and utilization of by-products from FAME production (utilization of sew, rape-meal and glycerol) which will allow fulfilment of the sustainability criteria for the first generation biofuels. The new approaches on renewable co-processing are commented. The concept of 3E (emissions, energy demand, and economics) is introduced specifying three main attributes for effective production of FAME production in accordance with legal compliances. Bio-components price change is analyzed in comparison to the price of motor fuels, identifying possible (speculative) crude price break-even point at the level of 149-176 USD/bbl at which point bio-fuels would become economically cost effective for the use by refiners.

Pretreatment is a necessary step in the process of conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol; by changing the structure of lignocellulose, enhances enzymatic hydrolysis, but, often, it consumes large amounts of energy and/or needs an application of expensive and toxic chemicals, which makes the process economically and ecologically unfavourable. Application of lignocellulolytic fungi (from the class Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes) is an attractive method for pre-treatment, environmentally friendly and does not require the investment of energy. Fungi produce a wide range of enzymes and chemicals, which, combined in a variety of ways, together successfully degrade lignocellulose, as well as aromatic polymers that share features with lignin. On the basis of material utilization and features of a rotten wood, they are divided in three types of wood-decay fungi: white rot, brown rot and soft rot fungi. White rot fungi are the most efficient lignin degraders in nature and, therefore, have a very important role in carbon recycling from lignified wood. This paper describes fungal mechanisms of lignocellulose degradation. They involve oxidative and hydrolytic mechanisms. Lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, laccase, cellobiose dehydrogenase and enzymes able to catalyze formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) such as glyoxal oxidase, pyranose-2-oxidase and aryl-alcohol oxidase are responsible for oxidative processes, while cellulases and hemicellulases are involved in hydrolytic processes. Throughout the production stages, from pre-treatment to fermentation, the possibility of their application in the technology of bioethanol production is presented. Based on previous research, the advantages and disadvantages of biological pre-treatment are pointed out.

One of the major challenges at the global level is the security of energy supply in conditions of reducing the stock of non-renewable energy sources, given the political instability in the countries which produce energy and uncertain natural disasters. What is relevant is a challenge that relates to the protection of the environment, reducing pollution and managing climate change. There is need for energy transition, which is only possible in the long term. Orientation towards renewable energy sources, reducing dependence on a single energy source, increasing the number of suppliers is a way to meet these challenges and ensure a higher level of not only energy, but also the economic, environmental, technological, political security. Energy security is a multidimensional concept that includes not only the elements of the concept of sustainable development, but also security of supply, the technical characteristics of the energy system, the political and security aspects. It is necessary to distinguish the energy security from energy dependence, because energy security problem is not related only to the imported energy dependence. Thus, energy security is an integral concept that combines different aspects in order to ensure long-term sustainability of energy supply. Any form of threat to the balance of the energy system can jeopardize GDP, political stability, and prosperity of the citizens. In order to monitor progress towards a sustainable way of using energy sources and achieving security of supply, energy indicators which can monitor and measure the change are needed. There are a number of indicators that show the level of energy security. They can be simple, but very complicated or complex. Complex indicators take into account the entire energy system from production to final consumption. In order to ensure objectivity in evaluating the level of energy security, the issue of this dissertation is the calculation of the composite index. On the basis of calculated general indicators of the level of energy security, in the form of a composite index of energy security, it is perceived position of Serbia in relation to the countries of the Western Balkans and the European Union and placed the basis for future research and prerequisites for the further development of the concept of energy security.