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Abstract An augmented measurement uncertainty approach for CO 2 emissions from coal-fired power plants with a focus on the often forgotten contributions from sampling errors occurring over the entire fuel-to-emission pathway is presented. Current methods for CO 2 emission determination are evaluated in detail, from which a general matrix scheme is developed that includes all factors and stages needed for total CO 2 determination, which is applied to the monitoring plan of a representative medium-sized coal-fired power plant. In particular sampling involved significant potential errors, as identified and assessed by the Theory of Sampling (TOS), which also shows how these can be eliminated and/or minimised. Since coal-related CO 2 emission calculations not only require analytical results of the carbon content of coal itself but also of the by-products fly ash and bottom ash, sampling procedures of these three materials were also given full attention. A systematic error (bias) is present in the current sampling approach, which increases the present uncertainty estimate unnecessarily. For both primary sampling and analytical sample extraction steps, random variations, which hitherto only have been considered to a minor extent, have now also been fully quantified and included in the overall uncertainty. Elimination of all identified sampling errors lead to modified CO 2 determination procedures, which indicate that the actual CO 2 emission is approximately 20,000 t higher than the present estimate. Based on extensive empirical sampling experiments, a fully comprehensive uncertainty estimate procedure has been devised. Even though uncertainties increased (indeed one particular factor is substantially higher, the so-called “emission factor”), the revised CO 2 emission budget for the case plant complies with the official pre-determined uncertainty levels maxima in the EU guidelines.

The oleaginous alga Chlorella protothecoides accumulates lipid in its biomass when grown in nitrogen-restricted conditions. To assess the relationship between nitrogen provision and lipid accumulation and to determine the contribution of photosynthesis in mixotrophic growth, C. protothecoides was grown in mixo- and heterotrophic nitrogen-limited continuous flow cultures. Lipid content increased with decreasing C/N, while biomass yield on glucose was not affected. Continuous production of high lipid levels (57% of biomass) was possible at high C/N (87-94). However, the lipid production rate (2.48 g L(-1) d(-1)) was higher at D=0.84 d(-1) with C/N 37 than at D=0.44 d(-1) and C/N 87 even though the lipid content of the biomass was lower (38%). Photosynthesis contributed to biomass and lipid production in mixotrophic conditions, resulting in 13-38% reduction in CO2 production compared with heterotrophic cultures, demonstrating that photo- and heterotrophic growth occurred simultaneously in the same population.

Beskriver strategier for styring med programmerbar automatik af varme- og ventilationsanlæg i større offentlige bygninger. En undersøgelse af strategiernes funktion i praksis og en vurdering af energibesparelserne. Rapporten, som er udarbejdet på baggrund af målinger i syv bygninger, henvender sig til rådgivende ingeniører, automatikleverandører, varme-, ventilations- og automatikentreprenører, VKO-konsulenter og driftspersonalet i større bygninger.

In our research we identified 45 business model patterns with the potential to support sustainable business design. These patterns were arranged in groups based on commonalities in the sustainability challenges the patterns address. The following 11 groups will be presented in detail in our forthcoming book:  Group 1: Pricing & Revenue Patterns primarily address the revenue model of a business model, i.e. these patterns define how offerings are priced and revenues generated.  Group 2: Financing Patterns address the financing model within a business model, i.e. these patterns define how equity, debt, and operating capital can be acquired.  Group 3: Eco-Design Patterns integrate ecological aspects into key activities and value propositions, i.e. these patterns define how processes and offerings are designed to improve their ecological performance over their entire life cycle.  Group 4: Closing-the-Loop Patterns help integrate the idea of circular material and energy flows into partnerships, key activities, and customer channels, i.e. these patterns offer alternative ways of how materials and energy flow into, out of, and return to a company.  Group 5: Supply Chain Patterns modify the upstream (partners, resources, capabilities) and/or downstream (customers, relationships, channels) components of a business model, i.e. these patterns define how inputs are sourced and target groups are reached.  Group 6: Giving Patterns help donate products or services to target groups in need, i.e. these patterns define how costs are covered and social target groups are reached.  Group 7: Access Provision Patterns create markets for otherwise neglected target groups, involving modified value propositions, channels, revenue, pricing and cost models, i.e. these patterns define how value propositions are designed, delivered, and to whom.  Group 8: Social Mission Patterns integrate social target groups in need, including otherwise neglected groups, either as customers or productive partners, i.e. these patterns define how customers, partners, and employees are defined and integrated.  Group 9: Service & Performance Patterns emphasize the functional and service value of products and offer performance management, i.e. these patterns are special in how value propositions are defined and delivered.  Group 10: Cooperative Patterns integrate a broad range of stakeholders as co-owners and co-managers, i.e. these patterns are special in how partners are defined and how the organization is governed.  Group 11: Community Platform Patterns substitute resource or product ownership with community-based access to resources and products, i.e. these patterns offer alternatives to how value propositions are defined and delivered.