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Mobile adhoc network (MANET) comprises a network of mobile nodes, which communicates with one another through wireless connections. Reliability, energy efficiency, congestion control and interferences are the problems faced with the traditional routing protocols in MANET. Routing defines the process of identifying the optimal paths between two nodes in the network. For resolving these issues, several multipath routing techniques have been presented. This paper assesses the performance of the two bio-inspired multipath routing techniques namely Energy-Aware Multipath Routing Scheme based on particle swarm optimization (EMPSO) and PSO with fitness function (PSO-FF) algorithms. These two algorithms are compared and the results are investigated under several performance measures. The simulation results stated that the PSO-FF algorithm has shown better results over the EMPSO algorithm under several measures.

Clinally varying traits in Drosophila melanogaster provide good opportunities for elucidating the genetic basis of adaptation. Resistance to ethanol, a natural component of D. melanogaster's breeding sites, increases with latitude on multiple continents, indicating that the trait is under selection. Although the well-studied Alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) polymorphism makes a contribution to the clines, it accounts for only a small proportion of the phenotypic variation. We describe an amino acid replacement polymorphism in Aldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldh), the gene encoding the second enzyme in the ethanol degradation pathway, that shows hallmarks of also contributing to the clines. The derived Aldh allele, like the Adh-Fast allele, increases in frequency in laboratory populations selected for ethanol resistance, and increases in frequency with latitude in wild populations. Moreover, strains with the derived allele have significantly higher ALDH enzyme activity with acetaldehyde (the breakdown product of ethanol) as a substrate than strains with the ancestral allele. As is the case with the Adh-Fast allele, chromosomes with the derived Aldh allele show markedly reduced molecular variation in the vicinity of the replacement polymorphism compared to those with the ancestral allele, suggesting a single, relatively recent origin. Nonetheless, the Aldh polymorphism differs from the Adh polymorphism in that the ethanol-associated allele remains in relatively low frequency in most populations. We present evidence that this is likely to be the result of a trade-off in catalytic activity, with the advantage of the derived allele in acetaldehyde detoxification being offset by a disadvantage in detoxification of other aldehydes.

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bat arousals during hibernation are related to rises in environmental temperature, body water loss and increasing body heat. Therefore, bats either hibernate in cold places or migrate to areas with mild winters to find water and insects to intake. During winter, insects are relatively abundant in wetlands with mild climates when low temperatures hamper insect activity in other places.

In this paper an attempt is made to analyse the development paradigms and shift in sustainable development. Sustainable development has become indispensable for world’s future. There are numerous challenges that act as a hurdle for sustainable development. Major challenges that India faces include rising population and the rapidly altering urban lifestyle, which pose grave environmental and social problems to the people. To tackle these challenges and ensure well-being of the future generations, there is need to shift the goal of education to sustainable development. As education is one of the basic factors of human development, its interface with sustainable development acts as means of empowerment. The idea is to use higher education as a powerful tool for achieving sustainable development and imbibe the values of responsible citizenship. It requires innovation in the teaching learning process in higher education by adopting policies and strategies for promoting social sustainability and healthy environment. It is the responsibility of all the stakeholders in higher education to uphold the basic tenets of equality, dignity and equity at the global level by promoting sustainable development in order to meet the needs of its existing people by integrating social, economic and environmental concerns.

Five previously undescribed biopterin glycosides, microcystbiopterin A-E, were isolated from the extracts of two bloom materials of Microcystis spp. collected from a fishpond (IL-337) and Lake Kinneret (IL-347), Israel. The structure of the pterins was established by interpretation of their UV, CD, 1D and 2D NMR spectra and HR mass measurements. Microcystbiopterin D is the first heptose containing pterin glycoside to be reported in the literature. Their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties were evaluated but all were found not active in both assays.

Chaleponcus altirungwensis sp. nov. is described from Mount Rungwe, Tanzania. The new species belongs to the Chaleponcus dabagaensis group which is otherwise restricted to the Udzungwa Mountains and joins a growing set of taxa indicating close biogeographical connections between Mount Rungwe and the Eastern Arc Mountains in a strict sense. 

Abstract This paper aims to explore the impact of transportation infrastructure on economic growth in China at different levels: aggregate and regional. Using a time series approach and panel data for 28 regions (where there are provinces also) over the time 1990–2017, the experimental findings confirms the economic theory of development choices. Although other studies have addressed this problem with the same data, our contribution has been to combine the aggregated results with the regional ones for policy analysis. In addition, we combine a Machine Learning technique capable of verifying causality through a supervised and an econometric approach. The results show that the contribution to the growth of transport investments is different from region to region, but we have highlighted how transport affects economic growth at the aggregate level. However, the lack of infrastructure maintenance eliminates the positive effects of investments over time in the medium term.

In the past the greenhouse gases were in balance. It is feared that, at the present rate of increase of greenhouse gases, the natural balance will be upset. It takes millions of years for fossil fuels to form but only a few minutes for them to burn, releasing large quantities of CO2 into the air. In the past fluctuations in CO2 levels have been explained by natural causes such as volcanic eruptions and the number of phytoplankton in the sea. There are currently several other theories about global warming such as positive and negative feedback systems of ocean currents and the position of the Earth in space. The real problem for the scientist is that climate change is very difficult to predict. The environmental community rightly recognizes global warming as one of the gratest threats to the planet.