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This paper proposes a shared multi-stakeholder PV system for traction substations and nearby residential loads to reduce the need for storage, AC grid exchange, and curtailment. The residential stakeholders offer both the base electrical load and the solar panels installation space needed by the traction stakeholder, who brings the peak load and investments to the former. Two case studies were conducted for one year in the city of Arnhem, The cy=Netherlands, using comprehensive and verified simulation models: A high-traffic and a low-traffic substation. The results showed a positive, synergetic benefit in reducing the PV system's excess energy and size requirement for any type of traction substations connected to any number of households. In one detailed example, the multi-stakeholder system suggested in this paper is shown to reduce curtailment by up to 80% in moments of zero-traction load. Generally, the direct load coverage of a PV system is increased by as much as 7 absolute percentage points to the single-stakeholder system when looking at energy-neutral system sizes. This multi-stakeholders system offers then an increase in the techno-economic feasibility of PV system integration in urban loads. ; DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage

©2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This document is the Published version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Applied Energy. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114753 The demand for biodiesel as an alternative and potentially renewable fuel is constantly rising. Biodiesel production from lipids in supercritical conditions offers several advantages over other catalytic processes. These advantages include high-efficiency production, environmental friendliness and the possibility of using a broad range of feedstock sources. As a consequence, there is a great interest in biodiesel production research using supercritical fluids as a sustainable technology option. In this sense, bibliometric reviews can be very useful for the interpretation of scientific production and research trends in this field. Thus, this work presents a scientometric study on biodiesel production research under supercritical conditions from 2001 to 2019, based on the Web of Science© database. 608 articles were analyzed and the parameters considered were: (i) publication type, language and output characteristics, (ii) Lotka's Law, Price's index and h-index, (iii) authors, countries and institutions collaboration analysis, (iv) publication performance by authors, journals, institutions and countries and (v) author keywords, single title words and keywords Plus analysis. The productivity patterns of authors, journals, institutions and authors keywords were found to fit Lotka's law. In terms of feedstock used in supercritical conditions, the bibliometric analysis showed a clear transition from first- to third-generation biodiesel, with special attention paid to the experimental study of supercritical reaction conditions. By contrast, further process optimization, the reduction of the severity of the supercritical conditions through devised strategies to lower energy consumption and further economic analysis are still needed, among other factors, for the real implementation of the technology.

Abstract The methodology, the site and the dataset as well as the emissions scenario considered in the weather file definition influence the numerical evaluation of efficiency measures resilience. With a complete statistical and critical approach, the paper analyzes the importance of these aspects by means of a residential case study simulated in Benevento, a city of south Italy. Using data monitored from 2015 to 2020, a current weather file is built with different methodologies. The comparison indicates that there is not repeatability of the year chosen as a reference for the various months and thus the resolution of the building energy balance could bring different results. Some future climate projections are also generated on medium (2050 s) and long (2080 s) term considering different emission scenarios. With long term projection, the heating degree days are reduced also of − 21% meanwhile the cooling degree days are more than double compared with the current condition. This suggests a remarked transition towards a dominant cooling climate for Benevento. Moreover, when the climate change is considered, the insulation intervention and the installation of double glazed low emissive window is not resilient because the heating energy need decreases also of −56%, but the cooling energy need increases of + 62% (2080 s). If the efficiency measures include also the cool roof and the external shadings, the cooling demand could be reduced until –33% in some scenarios (e.g. RCP 4.5-50th percentile) and increased (+31%) in some others (e.g. 2080 s).

(c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This is the authors' accepted and refereed manuscript to the article, post-print. Released with a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License.

Abstract Considering the regular characteristics of city bus routines, dynamic programming (DP) is much better than rule-based strategy in developing the global optimal control strategy for a dual-motor coaxial coupling propulsion electric bus (DMCEB). However, its complexity and computational burden hinder the implementation capability. To solve the trade-off problem between optimum and practicability, a novel systematic extraction method of energy management strategy is proposed in this paper. Globally, DP is applied offline to find optimal operating points of propulsion components. Explicit shift schedule lines are designed by utilizing nonlinear support vector machine (SVM) with a new efficient factor tuning method. Torque split ratio (TSR) is extracted statistically in quadratic functions by using recursive k-means clustering and piecewise polynomial fitting methods. Then integrated rule-based strategy can be developed systematically and implemented online with proper operating range and limits. Eventually, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method can be executed through a 16-bit onboard processor in real-time. The online performance of the improved strategy is highly consistent with simulation results, which can reduce energy consumption by 21.06% compared to the preliminary heuristic strategy. Moreover, the applicability of the proposed methodology is further verified over different typical driving cycles.

The European Commission has proposed a minimum share of 3.6% for advanced biofuels in transport in 2030. Satisfying this target using synthetic biofuels would require 48-62 Mt/a of forest residue feedstock. If all biofuel plants were maximally enhanced with additional hydrogen input, the biomass demand would be reduced by 35 Mt to 16-24 Mt/a. As sustainable biomass is a limited resource, such drastic improvements in the efficiency of biomass use have a favourable impact on biomass availability. In this work we assume electrolysis of water as the source of hydrogen and investigate the GHG emission balances of hydrogen enhanced biofuels using the calculation method provided in the European Union's sustainability criteria for biofuels. The required 70% emission saving compared to fossil fuels is achieved when the carbon intensity of electricity remains under 84-110 gCO2/kWh, depending on the process configuration. In addition, we study the possibility that an emission factor could be allocated to the wood biomass, referring to recent discussions on climate impacts of forest bioenergy. Without hydrogen enhancement, the emission factor needs to remain below 13 gCO2/MJwood to meet the 70% requirement, while for hydrogen-enhanced configurations it could increase to 36 gCO2/MJwood, under the assumption of zero emission electricity.

This study investigates the pass-through effect induced by coal price fluctuations on the Chinese economy 2007–2011 based on a non-competitive input–output model. Three scenarios with different domestic tariff regulation alternatives, i.e., Actual Regulation (AR), No Regulation (NR), and Strong Regulation (SR), are simulated to reflect the effectiveness of different policies. At the sectoral scale, the Coking sector has the largest price variation under all scenarios while agriculture sectors and services sectors are the least sensitive. Nation-level impacts are examined by the weighted price changes of commodities used for different purposes. With the government regulation in reality, about 5% of the GDP deflator and CPI changes as well as 25% of the PPI change over the research period are attributed to coal price increase. Comparison shows the AR scenario brings more stable fluctuations but higher inflation than the NR scenario. The SR scenario confirms that authorities can remarkably relieve short-run inflation by controlling domestic electricity and heat tariffs. The induced inflationary expense sums up to between 0.03% and 0.97% of China’s GDP, around three quarters of which are burdened by investors and foreigners. The quantitative effect investigated in this study can serve as empirical evidence for policy makers regarding inflation control in China.

100 Positive Energy Districts (PEDs) are to be created in Europe by 2025, with a stated goal of urban decarbonization. These are highly energy efficient residential urban areas, powered entirely through renewables. PED creation is to be guided by principles of quality of life, sustainability, and inclusiveness (specifically focusing on affordability and energy poverty prevention). Although there is research into the decarbonization aspects of PEDs, there has been little focus on the guiding principles, and their potential to reduce energy vulnerability. Using energy vulnerability factors and an energy justice framework, this article examines how the topic of energy vulnerability mitigation is perceived by professional PED stakeholders. Stakeholders from multiple countries were interviewed in order to determine how and to what extent they approached the topic of inclusivity and energy vulnerability. The contribution of this paper to academic research is in helping to frame energy vulnerability in European smart city urban areas, focusing on the perceptions of key stakeholders. This contributes to research on the identification and evaluation of innovations such as PEDs which offer a potential model for an inclusive transition. Furthermore, this article offers a contribution for policymakers, informing PED replication policies with a focus on the synergistic aims of decarbonization and energy vulnerability mitigation.