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Kemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman penghasil minyak nabati yang memiliki potensi besar sebagai sumber bahan baku untuk biodiesel. Tingkat produktivitas yang dapat mencapai 8-9 ton minyak kasar atau setara dengan 6-8 ton biodiesel/ha/tahun memiliki nilai strategis terkait dengan program pemerintah dalam mencari alternatif sumber energi baru yang terbarukan. Pengembangan sumber energi terbarukan seperti yang berasal dari minyak nabati kemiri sunan merupakan salah satu alternatif dalam upaya memenuhi defisit energi untuk keperluan domestik sehingga Indonesia dapat keluar dari himpitan krisis energi. Lahan-lahan yang telah terdegradasi di Indonesia dari tahun ke tahun luasnya semakin bertambah baik karena faktor alam maupun karena eksploitasi yang tidak terkendali. Disisi lain pengembangan tanaman sumber BBN terkendala karena keterbatasan lahan. Kajian yang telah dilakukan secara intensif terhadap karakteristik tanaman, minyak dan biodiesel yang dihasilkannya, serta daya adaptasinya yang sangat luas terhadap beragam agroekosistem yang ada di Indonesia, tanaman kemiri sunan memberikan harapan yang baik disamping sebagai sumber bahan baku biodiesel, juga dapat berfungsi sebagai tanaman konservasi untuk mereklamasi lahan-lahan marginal yang telah terdegradasi. Disamping itu, pengembangan tanaman kemiri sunan di lahan yang telah terdegradasi tidak hanya akan dapat meningkatkan nilai ekonomi lahan tersebut, tetapi juga dapat dijadikan tanaman yang bernilai ekonomi tinggi, serta mampu menyediakan kebutuhan energi bagi masyarakat sekitar maupun ke wilayah yang lebih luas. The Multiple Benefits of Developing Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) In Degraded LandKemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) is one kind of vegetable oil crops that have great potential as a source of raw material for biodiesel. The productivity level that can reach 8-9 tons of crude oil, equivalent to 6-8 tons of biodiesel/ha/year make as a strategic commodity associated with government programs to find alternative sources of renewable energy. Development of renewable energy such as from vegetable oils of kemiri sunan is one of the alternatives in an effort to solve the deficit of energy for domestic use so that Indonesia can way out of the crush of the energy crisis. Lands that have been degraded in Indonesia continuously increasing both cause of the extent of natural factors and uncontrolled exploitation. On the other hand the development of this plants retricted by aviability of land. The research88 Volume 14 Nomor 2, Des 2015 : 87 - 101 studies have been conducted on the characteristics of plants, oil and biodiesel production, and adaptability in very broadly of Indonesian agro-ecosystem, this plant show well hopes besides as a source of raw material for biodiesel, it can also function as a conservation plant to reclaim marginal lands that have been degraded. In addition, the development of kemiri sunan on degraded land will not only be able to increase the economic value of the land, but also can be used as crops of high economic value, and able to provide for the energy needs of the surrounding communities and to the wider region.

Biodiesel is one of renewable energy in Indonesia that have to be development. Biodiesel formed as liquid fuel and has same property with petrodiesel. Biodiesel can be synthesized from off-grade palm oil using Na2O/fly ash as catalyst in transesterification process. Employing fly ash as support in Na2O has a good impact due to provide wide surface of catalyst. In this study aims to see the influence of reaction temperature, molar ratio of methanol and oil and concentration of Na2O/fly ash towards biodiesel yield. The process was conducted through reaction of esterification and followed by transesterification reaction. Processing of the data in this study was conducted by response surface methodology (RSM) using Design Expert 7.0 program which is experimental design determined by central composite design (CCD) which consists of three variables. The highest result of biodiesel yield was 81,2% at 60oC reaction temperature, molar ratio of methanol : oil 8 : 1 and catalyst concentration of Na2O/fly ash 4%-wt. Biodiesel characteristics such as density, kinematic viscosity, acid value and flash point has been appropriate by Indonesian biodiesel standard. The most significant condition of process affecting the yield of biodiesel was catalyst concentration.

Biodiesel, the environment friendly substitute alternative for solar, is made from a resource which can be renewed. Exploiting off grade fish oil as raw material for biodiesel represent the grand breakthrough in increasing value of waste industrial fish. According to research funded by PT Rekayasa Energi Alternative Mandiri (PT. REAM) and DP2M Dikti, industrial scale efficiency can be reached by continuous esterifiications buffle reactor in series with transesterifications sliding reactor. Biodiesel production was done at a reactor prototype which has capacity of 20 liter/hour.From all variables studied, it seemed that temperature and catalyst concentration had the highest effect on the methyl esters conversion, so these variables are controlling parameters. The optimized set of conditions were sodium methoxide (NaOCH3) as the catalyst at a concentration of 0.2 % volume, reaction temperature of 60°C, and 60 menute. The experiments resulted in an average product yield of 94.2%. Biodiesel density of 0.8898 kg/m3 , Iodine number of 7.4, flash point 272 oC, and pour point of 2oC

This research purposes to study the benefits of Rainforest Alliance (RA) certificate in developing the sustainability of coffee farming from the aspects of economy, environmental, social and to analyze the factors that affect farmers to adopt sustainable coffee farming. The study was conducted in Pulau Panggung Sub Districts of Tanggamus Regency. This study compares the coffee farm management of certified farmers and noncertified farmers. There are 39 farmers chosen from each of coffee farming types. The benefits of RA certified for sustainability of coffee farming based on the increasing productivity, cost efficiency, and income of farmers were analyzed by t-test. The different test of Mann-Whitney U test is used to analyze the assessment of coffee farming management. The logit analysis method is used to analyze the factors that influence the farmers' decisions. The research results showed that from the economy aspect, RA certification had benefits in terms of farmers management practices to increase the quality and cost control of coffee, but it had not yet benefit to increase the income, productivity and cost efficiency of coffee farming. Similarly, RA certification had benefits in terms of environmental and social, in which the results of the assessment of sustainable coffee farm management by certified farmers were significantly higher. Farmers' income and participation in RA certification program had positive effect on farmers to implement sustainable coffee farming.

The aim of the study is to create double-function equipment comprises the use of a dryer in the rainy seasons and of water distillation in dry seasons. The main components consists of a windmill as the sources of mechanical power to move the blower or water dipper and a drying room doubling as a distilling room by solar energy.

The International regime of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has resulted some agreements and policies which binding its countries member. The latest one was the mechanism of REDD (Reducing Emissions From Deforestation and Forest Degradation). The implemetantion of these mechanism does not only bind and involve the countries member at the national level but also at local level (such as at province and regency level). Local aspect has a significant role as the basis for implementing these policy. This paper examines how instermestic perspective used for explaining the relation between International and domestic (local) aspect within the REDD-UNFCCC mechanism.

Human beings are faced with a situation depleted reserve a source of fossil energy and the increased environmental damage due to use fossil energy. Seeing this condition fuel cell technology is proper to reduce dependence on fossil energy sources. The aim of this research is to find out the influence of the addition of the thickness of a gasket against the production of hydrogen at dry cell and prove machine drycell as an instrument for producing hydrogen. Methods used in this research is the electrolysis of dry (dry cells), change water (H2O) to produce hydrogen pure with varying thickness gaskets on drycell to obtain higher productivity hydrogen and the machine drycell. Research results obtained time the production of highest obtained in testing thick gaskets 1.5 mm by concentration of the KOH 4,66 % and a strong current 26 ampères which reaches 68 second, the rate productivity 4,9085 x 10-5 kg/s with temperature 44,42 OC and time productivity minimum produced at testing KOH 4 % with thick gaskets 6 mm and strong current of 20 ampere reaching 132 seconds with temperature 38,97 OC rate and productivity 2,528 x 10-5 kg./s. Conclusion obtained that time production and rate flow resulting decreasing if thickness gaskets are increasing and of temperature produced by the declining and energy required get bigger, so is otherwise 090401041

Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2),methane (CH4),nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC),perfluorocarbons (PFC)and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in the atmosphere already have environmental impacts caused by rising air temperature at the earth. Forests can absorb greenhouse gases by way of transforming CO2 from the air to deposit the carbon stored in trees. This research use Eucalyptus IND 61 as material research which is this clon is derivative or hybrid clon from Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla. The objective of this research are (1) estimating potency of biomass and carbon mass from Eucalyptus IND 61 age 5 years; (2) analyzing the differences in carbon content of stems, twigs and leaves from Eucalyptus IND 61 age 5 years; (3) getting the allometric model to estimating carbon stocks potential of Eucalyptus IND 61 age 5 years. The research was carried out in two stages, namely the first stage were to data in the field and the second stage was analyze of carbon biomass and plant in the laboratory. Parameters measured in the field was wet weight, whereas in the laboratory is measured moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content and carbon content. The results of the case study on Eucalyptus IND 61 age 5 years stands, showed that there is a differences in carbon content of stems, twigs and leaves. The highest carbon mass is in the main stem of the tree, and the lowest is in the twigs. The best model allometric equations for estimating biomass and carbon mass of Eucalyptus IND 61 age 5 years was W=47.238-68.109D+2.675D2 and C=25.712-37.647D+1.474D2 (W=biomass; C=carbon mass; D=diameter), resulting in biomass and carbon mass of Eucalyptus IND 61 age 5 years 100.21 ton/ha and 47.08 ton/ha respectively. 121201152

In Bahasa Indonesia: Limbah padat tapioka berupa ampas hasil ekstraksi dari pengolahan tepung tapioka dapat dikembangkan manfaatnya dengan cara mengolah limbah tersebut secara fermentasi menjadi glukosa, dan diteruskan menjadi etanol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persentase etanol yang terbentuk dari hasil dekomposisi mikroorganisme terhadap limbah padat tapioka dan mengetahui nilai rasio C/N pada proses fermentasi. Fermentasi dilakukan dengan menambahkan 10% dan 20% fungi Aspergillus Niger dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae secara mix culture pada limbah padat tapioka seberat 50 gr, 100 gr, 150 gr, 200 gr, dan 250 gr. Persentase etanol terbanyak yang terbentuk sebanyak 2,485% diperoleh dengan penambahan 10% mikroorganisme mix culture terhadap 50 gr limbah padat. Pada perlakuan itu diperoleh biomassa sebanyak 6,14E+17 koloni/gram, pada pH 4,36; dengan nilai rasio C/N 3,4; sedangkan pada penambahan konsentrasi mikroorganisme mix culture 20%, diperoleh jumlah biomassa 6,26E+17 koloni/gram, pH 3,54; nilai rasio C/N 2,08; dan etanol yang terbentuk sebanyak 2,123%. Fermentasi dilakukan 5 hari, dan hasilnya didestilasi. Nilai kinetika pada konsentrasi 10% mikroorganisme mix culture terhadap 50 gr limbah padat tapioka yaitu laju pertumbuhan (μ) adalah 0,000996-0.006423 l/jam, laju pertumbuhan maksimum (μm) adalah 0,00826/jam, konstanta kejenuhan (Ks) adalah 7,55E-11 mg/l, hasil pertumbuhan (Y) adalah 0,0287, laju utilisasi substrat spesifik (q) adalah 0,034–0,22 l/jam, hasil pertumbuhan yang nyata (Yt) adalah 0,0287/jam, koefisien kematian (Kd) adalah 0,022-0,0277/jam sedangkan nilai kinetikadengan penambahan 20% mix culture mikroorganisme pada limbah padat tapioka 50 gr, μ = 0,00079-0,007 l/jam, μm = 0,007/jam, Ks = 1,7E-10 mg/l, Y = 0,0287, q = 0,0275–0,245 l/jam, Yt 0,0287/jam, Kd = 0,00079-0,007/jam. Ethanol Production from Solid Waste of Tapioca Using Aspergillus Niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Solid waste of tapioca flour production could be converted into ethanol through fermentation. The aim of this experiment is to investigate the capacity of microorganism and the C/N ratio resulted by the fermentation of the solid waste from the tapioca production. A 10% and 20% fungus mix culture of Aspergillus Niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were added to 50 gr, 100 gr, 150 gr, 200 gr, and 250 gr of tapioca solid waste. The 50 gr sample with 10 % microorganism could results 2.485 % ethanol, biomass amount of 6,14E+17 colony/gr with pH 4,36; C/N ratio 3,4. The adding of 20% microorganism results biomass of 6,26E+17 colony/gr, pH 3,54, C/N ratio of 2,08 and 2,123% ethanol. The waste was fermented for 5 days and before the destilation. The kinetic of 10% microorganism for 50 gr tapioca solid waste is μ = 0,000996-0.006423 l/hr, μm = 0,00826/hr, Ks = 7,55E-11 mg/l. Y = 0,0287, q = 0,034–0,22 l/hr, Yt = 0,0287/hr, Yobs = 0,00099-0,0064/hr, Kd = 0,022-0,0277/hr and the kinetic of 20% mikroorganism for 50 gr is μ = 0,00079-0,007 l/hr, μm = 0,007/hr, Ks = 1,7E-10 mg/l, Y = 0,0287, q = 0,0275–0,245 l/hr, Yt = 0,0287/hr, Yobs = 0,00217-0,0279/hr, Kd = 0,00079-0,007/hr.

Beberapa tahun terakhir, perkebunan kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) Indonesia menghadapi permasalahan yang serius dengan mengganasnya serangan hama dan penyakit tanaman kakao. Produktivitas perkebunan kakao di beberapa sentra produksi utama kakao Indonesia mengalami penurunan yang cukup tajam. Oleh karena itu pemerintah berupaya untuk mengurangi dampak penurunan produksi dengan memacu peningkatan produksi di daerah yang potensial seperti Sumatera Barat melalui program revitalisasi. Namun program tersebut tidak berjalan lancar karena berbagai kendala antara lain: terbatasnya ketersediaan bahan tanam, terbatasnya tenaga pembina dan masih belum memadainya dukungan perbankan. Untuk membantu mengatasi masalah tersebut maka kajian tentang prospek dan strategi pengembangan perkebunan kakao di Sumatera Barat, dengan mengunakan analisis prospektif, dapat memberikan beberapa alternatif solusi yang terbaik di dalam pengembangan kakao di Sumatera Barat. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa perkebunan kakao cukup penting bagi perekonomian regional Sumatera Barat dan prospektif untuk terus dikembangkan. Adapun faktor strategis yang mempengaruhi pengembangan dan keberlanjutan perkebunan kakao di Sumatera Barat yaitu: ketersediaan teknologi, tenaga pembina, pelatihan petani, dukungan kebijakan, luas perkebunan kakao, produktivitas, keterampilan petani dan kelembagaan ekonomi petani. Kedelapan faktor-faktor strategis tersebut umumnya berada pada kondisi moderat dan mengarah ke kondisi optimistik karena pencanangan revitalisasi pengembangan perkebunan kakao di Sumatera Barat. Dukungan pendanaan dari perbankan dan tenaga pembina baik dari segi jumlah maupun kualitasnya sangat diperlukan. Prospek dan strategi pengembangan kakao akan bermanfaat untuk menilai efisiensi kegiatan agribisnis kakao dari segi peningkatan produktivitas dan pelestarian lingkungan sehingga terjadi pengembangan komoditas yang berkelanjutan. Perkebunan kakao di Sumatera Barat telah memberikan peranan penting dan mampu menyediakan kesempatan kerja kepada sekitar 60.000 kepala keluarga petani dan nilai rata-rata pendapatan petani sekitar Rp 10.790.000 /KK/tahun. Untuk menjamin keberlanjutan pengembangan perkebunan kakao diperlukan dukungan dan konsistensi kebijakan pemerintah serta komitmen perbankan dalam mendukung program revitalisasi perkebunan.Kata kunci: Theobroma cacao L., prospek, stategi, keberlanjutan, Sumatera Barat SProspect and Development Strategy of Sustainable Cocoa Plantation in West SumateraIn recent years, Indonesian cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) plantation faces serious problems related to pests and diseases. Cocoa production in some central cocoa plantations decreased sharply. Therefore, Indonesian government is attempting to eliminate impact of reduction of plant production by enhancing cocoa production in some new potential planting areas such as West Sumatera through revitalization program. However, this program does not run smoothly due to various constraints i.e. limited availability of planting materials, limited staff and supervisors as well as support from the bank. In order to overcome these problems, prospect and strategy studies to develop cocoa plantations in West Sumatera using prospective analysis offer some prospective alternative solutions. The study shows that cocoa plantation is quite important for the regional economy of West Sumatera and prospective to be developed for the future economic. The strategic factors influencing the development and sustainability of cocoa plantations in West Sumatera are the availability of technology, supervisors, trainers, policy support, availability of cocoa plantation, productivity, skill of farmers and institutional of farmer net work. These eight factors are generally positioned in moderate condition and lead to optimistic condition since launching revitalization of cocoa plantation development in West Sumatera. Quantity and quality of funding and supervisors is needed. Prospects and development strategies of cocoa will be useful to assess the efficiency of agribusiness activities in terms of increasing of cocoa production and sustainability of the environment resulting sustainable cocoa development. Cocoa plantations in West Sumatera have important roles and absorbed 60,000 workers/farmers with the average income of about USD 1.198/year. To ensure the sustainable development of cocoa plantations support and consistency of government policy as well as bank's commitment are needed, especially to support revitalization plantation program.