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Statistical evaluation of data of forensic blood alcohol determinations revealed, that young delinquents (up to 20 years old) represent 11.4% (1981), 13% (1984), and 8.8% (1988) of the total, respectively. Out of them 5% were female delinquents, a number which doubled compared to a study performed during the years 1961-1976. The percentage of accident involvement (about 68%) and of the fleeing the scene cases (about 20%) was constant. Criminal delinquency decreased from 32% to 26%, but unemployed nearly doubled their participation. Young delinquents of the age group up to 16 years exhibited a significant decrease in the percentage of high-blood alcohol levels. Delinquency occurred mainly at weekends between midnight and 4 a.m. The data suggest a changing pattern of drinking behaviour.

According to the World Health Organisation, climate change poses the greatest health threat to humanity. At the same time, an environmentally friendly lifestyle has a positive impact on our health, such as a plant-based diet. In order to counter climate change, society needs to be informed about climate-friendly and health-promoting measures. Therefore, an online workshop was initiated at the Medical Faculty of Ulm. In an accompanying study, it was determined whether this leads to changes in environmental knowledge and awareness among the participants.The online workshop consisted of four 2-hour sessions. Scientific basics on climate change and possible solutions were discussed. Other focuses were on health and the health system as well as environmental psychology and climate change denial. Participants could take part in an anonymous and voluntary online survey before (pretest) and after (posttest) the workshop.86 participants took part in the workshop, of whom 24 attended all appointments and completed both surveys. While hardly any changes were observed in the subsection of environmental emotion, perception and behavior, there was a significant increase in environmental knowledge in the posttest. The workshop was evaluated very positively. Furthermore, many participants were motivated to make a personal contribution to climate protection after the workshop.The workshop serves as a good example of how medical scientific findings can be shared at a societal level. The participants already showed a high level of environmental awareness in the pretest, which is why the question remains open as to how people can be sensitized to the (health) threats posed by climate change who do not proactively sign up for such an offer themselves.

Um das Potenzial lokaler Stromerzeugung aus Photovoltaikanlagen auch in Mehrfamilienh��usern oder im urbanen Raum zu nutzen, werden derzeit erste Pilotprojekte von Mieterstrommodellen umgesetzt. Der logische n��chste Schritt ist die Erweiterung dieses Konzepts auf mehrere Geb��ude, der sogenannten Energy Community. Dadurch k��nnen resultierende Synergieeffekte durch die gesamtheitliche Betrachtung von einzelnen Lastprofilen vermehrt genutzt werden. Diese Diplomarbeit besch��ftigt sich daher mit dem Peer-to-Peer Stromhandel innerhalb einer Energy Community unter der Ber��cksichtigung unterschiedlicher ��kologischer und ��konomischer Pr��ferenzen der Teilnehmer. Dazu wird in Matlab ein Optimierungsmodell entwickelt, das den lokal erzeugten Strom (aus Photovoltaik) durch Peer-to-Peer Stromhandel optimal innerhalb der Energy Community verteilt. Ein Optimum f��r die einzelnen Teilnehmer wird erzielt, wenn mit minimalen Kosten Strom gekauft beziehungsweise mit maximalen Ertr��gen verkauft wird. Weiters werden die Prosumer mit grunds��tzlich unterschiedlichen Zahlungsbereitschaften abgebildet. Diese werden dabei von einem individuellen Gewichtungsfaktor bez��glich der Emissionen im Stromverbundnetz sowie der r��umlichen Distanz zwischen zwei potentiellen Handelspartnern beeinflusst. Den Ergebnissen zufolge f��hrt der interne Stromhandel zu einem ��hnlich hohen lokalen Eigenverbrauch innerhalb der gesamten Energy Community wie Batteriespeicher. Dabei bestimmen die individuellen Pr��ferenzen der Prosumer, ausgedr��ckt durch deren Zahlungsbereitschaft, die gehandelten Strommengen. So k��nnen beispielsweise besonders ��kologisch motivierte Teilnehmer einen gr����eren Anteil am intern gehandelten Strom beziehen, als ausschlie��lich ��konomisch motivierte Teilnehmer. Dar��ber hinaus zeigen Fallstudien, dass Unterschiede bez��glich des Strombedarfs, der Lastprofile oder der Verteilung und Gr����e von Photovoltaikanlagen innerhalb der Energy Community positiv zur gesamten gehandelten Strommenge beitragen. Sind zum Beispiel Gewerbebetriebe mit hohem Stromverbrauch in die Energy Community eingebunden, profitieren sowohl die lokalen Stromerzeuger als auch die Betriebe selbst, und es wird insgesamt mehr lokal erzeugter Strom gehandelt. Die rechtlichen Grundlagen f��r derartigen Peer-to-Peer Stromhandel m��ssen allerdings erst geschaffen werden. In order to exploit the potential of local electricity generation from photovoltaic systems on multi-family houses or in urban areas, the first pilot projects of tenant electricity models (\grqq Mieterstrommodell\grqq) are currently being implemented. The logical next step is the extension of this concept to several buildings, the so-called energy community. Thereby resulting synergy effects through holistic consideration of individual load profiles can be increasingly exploited. This diploma thesis does therefore deal with the peer-to-peer electricity trading within an energy community under consideration of different ecological and economical preferences of the participants. For this purpose, an optimization model is developed in Matlab, which optimally distributes the locally generated electricity (from photovoltaics) through peer-to-peer trading within the energy community. An optimum for the individual participants is achieved when electricity is purchased at minimum cost or sold with maximum income. Furthermore the prosumers are modelled with different willingness to pay. These are influenced by an individual weighting factor accounting for emissions in the interconnected electricity grid as well as the spatial distance between two potential trading partners. According to the results, the internal electricity trade leads to a similarly high local self-consumption within the entire energy community as battery storages do. The individual preferences of the prosumers, expressed by their willingness to pay, determine the traded electricity. For example, particularly ecologically motivated participants can obtain a larger share of internally traded electricity than exclusively economically motivated participants. In addition, case studies show that differences in electricity demands, load profiles or the distribution and size of photovoltaic systems within the energy community contribute positively to the total volume of electricity traded. If, for example, businesses with high electricity consumption are integrated into the energy community, both the local electricity producers and the companies themselves benefit and more locally generated electricity is traded overall. However, the legal basis for such peer-to-peer electricity trading must first be created.

When breathalyser tests are used to detect whether a person in charge of a vehicle is incapable of activing due to the influence of alcohol. The difficulties which arise are not limited to the extent to which these modern methods are forensically sound but extend to the question whether it is legally permissible to implement random breathanalysing. It is doubtful whether a duty to take a breath test, as yet unrecognized by the law (cf. section 36 Abs. 5 StVO), would be in conformity with the constitution. According to the established case-law of the Constitutional Court nobody can be compelled to put himself in danger of incriminating himself under the criminal law by their own act (under the principle "nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare"), which in this case would be a hard and prolonged breath into a breathalyser. The author sets the strict legal limits within which random breathalysing may be enforced.

The question of how to encourage "normal" drivers to modify either their alcohol consumption or the use of their cars formed the starting point of a representative survey undertaken by the Federal Highway Research Institute (Kretschmer-Bäumel, Karstedt-Henke 1986). The following variables were identified as having a decisive influence on the drinking and driving conflict and its solution: Attitude to the legal BAC limit of 80 mg/100 ml, evaluation of the risk arising from drinking and driving, evaluation of excessive alcohol consumption, and sex of the driver. Attitudes of the legal norm and its intended results which are relevant to behaviour, as well as the wide-spread acceptance of a lower BAC limit of 50 mg/100 ml or 0 mg/100 ml, together form the basis for new measures. A reduction in the numbers of alcohol-related accidents seems most likely to result from a lowering of the current legal BAC limit.

Die Energieraumplanung gilt als wichtiger Bestandteil zur Umsetzung der Energiewende. Diese ist notwendig um die immer deutlicher werdende Klimakrise noch abzuwenden, beziehungsweise sie auf ein bestimmtes Maß zu beschränken. Die Ziele, um dies zu erreichen, gestalten sich auf internationaler und nationaler Ebene greifbarer als jene auf regionaler und lokaler Ebene. Aus diesem Grund beschäftigt sich die Arbeit mit der Definition und Umsetzung energie- und klimarelevanter Ziele auf der Ebene der lokalen Raumplanung. Da Fragen der Klima- und Energiewende nicht an Verwaltungsgrenzen halt machen, werden zudem die Verflechtungen und Kooperationen von lokalen Gebietskörperschaften mit anderen Ebenen und Akteur*innen untersucht. Zur Erkenntnisgewinnung wird der theoretische Hintergrund der Thematik beleuchtet, um in weiterer Folge Gespräche mit betroffenen Akteur*innen zu führen. Einzelne Beispielgemeinden werden anhand eines Bewertungsmodells verglichen. Diesbezüglich wird untersucht, auf welcher rechtlichen und politischen Basis die vorhandenen Konzepte erstellt wurden, welche Art von Zielen sie enthalten, ob diese erreicht wurden, beziehungsweise ob ein Monitoring zur Zielerreichung existiert. Aus den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen wird abgeleitet, ob die lokale Ebene für die effiziente Implementierung von Energie- und Klimazielen geeignet ist, welche Verflechtungen mit anderen Ebenen und Akteur*innen notwendig sind und vor allem welche Inhalte für einen zweckmäßigen Energieraumplan unabdingbar sind. Integrated spatial and energy planning is seen as an important component in implementing the transformation of the energy system. This is necessary in order to avoid the ever more obvious climate crisis, or to limit it to a certain extent. The goals for achieving this are more tangible at international and national level than at regional and local level. For this reason, the thesis addresses the definition and implementation of energy and climate-relevant goals at the level of local spatial planning. Since questions of climate and energy system transformation do not stop at local administrative borders, the interrelationships and cooperation of local authorities with other levels and participants will also be examined. In a first step the theoretical background of the topic will be examined. To gain further knowledge, interviews will be held with affected participants. Selected sample communities will be compared using an evaluation model on which legal and political basis the existing concepts were developed, what kind of goals they contain, whether these goals were achieved, and whether there is a monitoring system for goal achievement. Based on the findings, it will be deduced if the local level is suitable for the efficient implementation of energy and climate goals, which interlinkages with other levels and participants are necessary and, above all, which contents are the most important for a proper integrated spatial and energy plan.

Although economic inequality between countries has decreased in recent decades, inequality within countries has either increased or stagnated at a high level since the mid-1980s. At the same time, there is no nation state with an income distribution as unequal as the aggregate income distribution at the global level. Wealth inequality is even higher by several magnitudes and, within most states, as unequally distributed as global income. Economic inequality is also closely linked to the issue of negative externalities, more precisely to environmental and climate impacts, since in the current economic-technical system a high level of economic activity is associated with a high level of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, enormous trade-offs exist within major international programs, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement. This is because creating a high level of prosperity, as envisioned for billions of people, currently goes hand in hand with using fossil fuels, for the most part, and thus with greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the world’s population continues to grow and there is a large financing gap between what the implementation of the SDGs and the Paris Agreement is expected to cost and what the states have pledged in terms of financing. These conflicting goals are one reason why, after decades of international negotiations by the states, only weak, inadequate climate protection measures have been adopted to date. Other reasons are the nature of the climate problem as a tragedy of the commons, the self-serving interests of individual states and the fact that climate change is addressed almost exclusively at the intergovernmental level. Established principles of justice, such as the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle, are not adequately taken into account, with the result that necessary funds for a solution from the private sector cannot be activated. As a result, by 2050, approximately 500 billion tCO2e are expected to be emitted in excess of what would be permissible to meet international targets of limiting global warming to a maximum of 2°C (better 1.5°C). In the medium to long term, humanity needs to transition to an economic-technical system based largely on renewable energy sources and built on improved international cooperation. For this purpose, a reorientation of established justice principles in the context of Thomas Pogge’s conception of global justice will be elaborated on the basis of existing academic literature, in order to adequately introduce the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle into the climate and development discourse. In this regard, it is necessary to take so-called top emitters more into account. This allows for promoting a higher degree of justice between individuals worldwide, so that the discourse does not remain at the state level only. Moreover, since funding for international cooperation is scarce, it is argued that the use of such funds should be guided by the needs principle. Moreover, the efficiency in terms of the impact of the funds used for climate protection and development is often very high where also the need is very high, e. g. because people are very poor and local ecosystems are particularly threatened by the effects of climate change. After deriving why top emitters play an important role in solving global problems, the question of who the top emitters actually are is addressed. In a first step, the group of private individuals with high incomes and assets is characterized in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and their ability to (financially) contribute to solving the climate and development issues. This is done using hybrid life cycle assessment methods and the analysis of global income and CO2e distributions. In this context, the conventional approach for calculating individuals’ climate footprints is extended to cover particular greenhouse gas-intensive areas of life such as private air travel and boat use which play a major role for top emitters. The result is an approximation of the annual emissions caused by the biggest top emitters. Results suggest that the biggest top emitters cause greenhouse gas emissions in the mid four-digit range (measured in tCO2e). In a second step, the question of who should be included in the group of top emitters is explored in such a way that the sum of top emitters’ emissions comprises a significant share of the total global emissions. In terms of social cceptability, this group of people is distinguished from those segments of the population that would carry a disproportionate financial burden if they were to pay additional contributions to climate change mitigation and sustainable development. It is proposed to include everyone who generates ≥ 10 tCO2e and who has a disposable income greater than the respective national average. Thus, individuals with high incomes (relative to the national average) are included and individuals with low incomes are excluded. In terms of national income distributions, the group of top emitters defined this way (called type 2) is approximately composed of: the top 30 percent of high-income countries, the top 10 percent of middle-income countries, and the top 1 percent of low-income countries. This amounts to about 700 million people worldwide, who together account for about 45 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions and comprise about 10 percent of the world’s population. This characterization goes beyond the usual discussion of the role of „the world’s richest 10 percent “ as it is more socially acceptable by giving greater consideration to the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle being established principles of justice. Because top emitters are often associated with luxurious lifestyles, such as yachts and private jets, it is suggested that this group be referred to as high emitters. The luxurious lifestyle described applies only to the top few percent of high emitters, who further on are suggested to be called top emitters as the subgroup of the highest high emitters. The thesis then elaborates why high and top emitters have a vested interest to voluntarily and substantially engage in international climate change mitigation and sustainable development. High and top emitters benefit most from the current international economic order because they get a large share of the profits. Therefore, the pressures and negative impacts from (a) inadequate climate action and (b) high levels of inequality on this order, on societies, and on high and top emitters are analysed. The physical effects of ongoing global warming, inequality itself, and national populist movements and parties resulting from inequality potentially lead to the destabilization of the international (economic) order, impairment of economic performance, loss of large assets, and curtailment of accustomed energy-intensive lifestyles, e.g. through flight bans. In addition, a vicious circle of poverty would probably also affect large parts of the high and also the top emitters, due to rising costs from adaptation and mitigation of climate change and costs from economic inefficiencies resulting from excessive inequality. These costs compete with expenditures that ensure a functioning efficient economic and social system, such as expenditures on education, research, pensions, the healthcare system, (digital) infrastructure, etc. High and top emitters therefore have a high self-interest to bear a significant part of these costs so that the international economic system continues to function and they can continue to benefit from it. From a justice perspective, they are also fulfilling their negative and positive obligations. If high and top emitters were to take responsibility for all global emissions and pay 30 euros per ton of tCO2e, the total amount would be about 1 trillion Euro, which is in the order of magnitude needed to make significant progress on international climate protection and sustainable development. Such an allocation could be made based on ability in terms of the ratio of disposable income to national average income. The thesis develops a suggestion for such an allocation as well. On the other hand, it is shown that multiple opportunities exist for high and top emitters to deploy their financial and influence-related resources in ways that reduce the pressures of climate change and high inequality on societies and the international order. In addition, a wide range of economic value creation potentials can be tapped for the necessary transition to a new economic-technical and social system based on renewable energy sources and international cooperation. These can be organised in a such a way that promotes sustainable development and international climate protection and thus enables a life in prosperity for about 10 billion people with an intact environment and climate system. If this process is organized wisely, it is also likely to create economic opportunities for high and top emitters as well as for societies worldwide as financial resources can be used effectively, efficiently and fair at the same time. Although economic inequality between countries has decreased in recent decades, inequality within countries has either increased or stagnated at a high level since the mid-1980s. At the same time, there is no nation state with an income distribution as unequal as the aggregate income distribution at the global level. Wealth inequality is even higher by several magnitudes and, within most states, as unequally distributed as global income. Economic inequality is also closely linked to the issue of negative externalities, more precisely to environmental and climate impacts, since in the current economic-technical system a high level of economic activity is associated with a high level of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, enormous trade-offs exist within major international programs, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement. This is because creating a high level of prosperity, as envisioned for billions of people, currently goes hand in hand with using fossil fuels, for the most part, and thus with greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the world’s population continues to grow and there is a large financing gap between what the implementation of the SDGs and the Paris Agreement is expected to cost and what the states have pledged in terms of financing. These conflicting goals are one reason why, after decades of international negotiations by the states, only weak, inadequate climate protection measures have been adopted to date. Other reasons are the nature of the climate problem as a tragedy of the commons, the self-serving interests of individual states and the fact that climate change is addressed almost exclusively at the intergovernmental level. Established principles of justice, such as the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle, are not adequately taken into account, with the result that necessary funds for a solution from the private sector cannot be activated. As a result, by 2050, approximately 500 billion tCO2e are expected to be emitted in excess of what would be permissible to meet international targets of limiting global warming to a maximum of 2°C (better 1.5°C). In the medium to long term, humanity needs to transition to an economic-technical system based largely on renewable energy sources and built on improved international cooperation. For this purpose, a reorientation of established justice principles in the context of Thomas Pogge’s conception of global justice will be elaborated on the basis of existing academic literature, in order to adequately introduce the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle into the climate and development discourse. In this regard, it is necessary to take so-called top emitters more into account. This allows for promoting a higher degree of justice between individuals worldwide, so that the discourse does not remain at the state level only. Moreover, since funding for international cooperation is scarce, it is argued that the use of such funds should be guided by the needs principle. Moreover, the efficiency in terms of the impact of the funds used for climate protection and development is often very high where also the need is very high, e. g. because people are very poor and local ecosystems are particularly threatened by the effects of climate change. After deriving why top emitters play an important role in solving global problems, the question of who the top emitters actually are is addressed. In a first step, the group of private individuals with high incomes and assets is characterized in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and their ability to (financially) contribute to solving the climate and development issues. This is done using hybrid life cycle assessment methods and the analysis of global income and CO2e distributions. In this context, the conventional approach for calculating individuals’ climate footprints is extended to cover particular greenhouse gas-intensive areas of life such as private air travel and boat use which play a major role for top emitters. The result is an approximation of the annual emissions caused by the biggest top emitters. Results suggest that the biggest top emitters cause greenhouse gas emissions in the mid four-digit range (measured in tCO2e). In a second step, the question of who should be included in the group of top emitters is explored in such a way that the sum of top emitters’ emissions comprises a significant share of the total global emissions. In terms of social cceptability, this group of people is distinguished from those segments of the population that would carry a disproportionate financial burden if they were to pay additional contributions to climate change mitigation and sustainable development. It is proposed to include everyone who generates ≥ 10 tCO2e and who has a disposable income greater than the respective national average. Thus, individuals with high incomes (relative to the national average) are included and individuals with low incomes are excluded. In terms of national income distributions, the group of top emitters defined this way (called type 2) is approximately composed of: the top 30 percent of high-income countries, the top 10 percent of middle-income countries, and the top 1 percent of low-income countries. This amounts to about 700 million people worldwide, who together account for about 45 % of global greenhouse gas emissions and comprise about 10 percent of the world’s population. This characterization goes beyond the usual discussion of the role of „the world’s richest 10 percent “ as it is more socially acceptable by giving greater consideration to the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle being established principles of justice. Because top emitters are often associated with luxurious lifestyles, such as yachts and private jets, it is suggested that this group be referred to as high emitters. The luxurious lifestyle described applies only to the top few percent of high emitters, who further on are suggested to be called top emitters as the subgroup of the highest high emitters. The thesis then elaborates why high and top emitters have a vested interest to voluntarily and substantially engage in international climate change mitigation and sustainable development. High and top emitters benefit most from the current international economic order because they get a large share of the profits. Therefore, the pressures and negative impacts from (a) inadequate climate action and (b) high levels of inequality on this order, on societies, and on high and top emitters are analysed. The physical effects of ongoing global warming, inequality itself, and national populist movements and parties resulting from inequality potentially lead to the destabilization of the international (economic) order, impairment of economic performance, loss of large assets, and curtailment of accustomed energy-intensive lifestyles, e.g. through flight bans. In addition, a vicious circle of poverty would probably also affect large parts of the high and also the top emitters, due to rising costs from adaptation and mitigation of climate change and costs from economic inefficiencies resulting from excessive inequality. These costs compete with expenditures that ensure a functioning efficient economic and social system, such as expenditures on education, research, pensions, the healthcare system, (digital) infrastructure, etc. High and top emitters therefore have a high self-interest to bear a significant part of these costs so that the international economic system continues to function and they can continue to benefit from it. From a justice perspective, they are also fulfilling their negative and positive obligations. If high and top emitters were to take responsibility for all global emissions and pay 30 euros per ton of tCO2e, the total amount would be about 1 trillion Euro , which is in the order of magnitude needed to make significant progress on international climate protection and sustainable development. Such an allocation could be made based on ability in terms of the ratio of disposable income to national average income. The thesis develops a suggestion for such an allocation as well. On the other hand, it is shown that multiple opportunities exist for high and top emitters to deploy their financial and influence-related resources in ways that reduce the pressures of climate change and high inequality on societies and the international order. In addition, a wide range of economic value creation potentials can be tapped for the necessary transition to a new economic-technical and social system based on renewable energy sources and international cooperation. These can be organised in a such a way that promotes sustainable development and international climate protection and thus enables a life in prosperity for about 10 billion people with an intact environment and climate system. If this process is organized wisely, it is also likely to create economic opportunities for high and top emitters as well as for societies worldwide as financial resources can be used effectively, efficiently and fair at the same time. Obwohl sich die ökonomische Ungleichheit in den letzten Jahrzehnten zwischen den Staaten verringert hat, ist die Ungleichheit innerhalb der Staaten seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre entweder gestiegen oder auf einem hohen Niveau stagniert. Dabei existiert kein Nationalstaat, in dem das Einkommen so ungleich verteilt ist, wie auf globaler Ebene. Die Vermögensungleichheit ist um ein Vielfaches höher und innerhalb der meisten Staaten so ungleich verteilt wie das globale Einkommen. Ökonomische Ungleichheit ist dabei eng mit dem Thema negativer Externalitäten, genauer mit Umwelt- und Klimabelastungen verbunden, da im gegenwärtigen wirtschaftlich-technischen System eine hohe ökonomische Aktivität mit einem hohen Maß an Treibhausgas-Emissionen verbunden ist. Daher existieren enorme Zielkonflikte innerhalb der wichtigen internationalen Programme, wie den Nachhaltigkeitszielen der Ver- einten Nationen (Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs) und dem Klimaabkommen von Paris. Denn der Aufbau eines hohen Wohlstandsniveaus, wie es für Milliarden von Menschen angestrebt wird, ist aktuell mit der Nutzung zumeist fossiler Energieträger und damit mit Treibhausgas-Emissionen verbunden. Zudem wächst die Weltbevölkerung weiter und es existiert eine große Finanzierungslücke zwischen dem, was die Umsetzung der SDGs und des Klimaabkommens von Paris voraussichtlich kostet und dem, was die Staaten an Finanzierungszusagen machen. Diese Zielkonflikte sind ein Grund dafür, dass nach Jahrzehnten internationaler staatlicher Verhandlungen bis heute nur schwache unzureichende Klimaschutzmaßnahmen beschlossen wurden. Weitere Gründe sind der Charakter des Klimaproblems als Tragödie der Allgemeingüter, das Interesse der einzelnen Staaten am eigenen Vorteil und der Tatsache, dass der Klimawandel fast ausschließlich auf zwischenstaatlicher Ebene adressiert wird. Dabei werden etablierten Gerechtigkeitsprinzipien, wie das Verursacher- und das Leistungsfähigkeitsprinzip nicht adäquat berücksichtigt, was zur Folge hat, dass notwendige Mittel für eine Lösung aus dem Privatsektor nicht aktiviert werden können. Das führt dazu, dass bis 2050 voraussichtlich 500 Mrd. tCO2e zu viel emittiert werden als zulässig wäre, um die internationalen Ziele, die Erderwärmung auf maximal 2°C (besser 1,5°C) zu begrenzen, zu erreichen. Mittel- bis langfristig muss an einem Übergang zu einem wirtschaftlich-technischen System gearbeitet werden, dass in großen Teilen auf erneuerbaren Energiequellen beruht und auf einer verbesserten internationalen Kooperation aufbaut. Dazu wird auf der Grundlage der Literatur eine Neuausrichtung etablierter Gerechtigkeitsprinzipien im Kontext einer Konzeption globaler Gerechtigkeit von Thomas Pogge erarbeitet, um vor allem das Verursacher- und das Leistungsfähigkeitsprinzip adäquat in den Klima- und Entwicklungsdiskurs einzubringen. Dazu ist es notwendig, sogenannte Top-Emitter stärker mitzuberücksichtigen, um ein höheres Maß an Gerechtigkeit zwischen Individuen weltweit zu fördern, sodass der Diskurs nicht nur auf Staatenebene verbleibt. Da die Finanzmittel für internationale Kooperation knapp sind, wird zudem dafür argumentiert, sich beim Einsatz solcher Mittel nach dem Bedarfsprinzip zu richten. Häufig ist außerdem die Effizienz in Hinblick auf die Wirkung der eingesetzten Gelder für Klimaschutz und Entwicklung dort sehr hoch, wo auch der Bedarf sehr hoch ist, z. B. weil die Menschen sehr arm sind und Ökosysteme besonders durch Auswirkungen des Klimawandels gefährdet sind. Nach der Herleitung, warum Top-Emitter eine wichtige Rolle bei der Problemlösung spielen, wird die Frage beantwortet, wer die Top-Emitter eigentlich sind? In einem ersten Schritt wird dazu die Gruppe der Privatpersonen mit hohen Einkommen und Vermögen in Bezug auf die Verursachung von Treibhausgas-Emissionen und ihre Leistungsfähigkeit, (finanzielle) Beiträge zur Problemlösung beizutragen, charakterisiert. Dies geschieht mithilfe von Methoden der hybriden Ökobilanzierung und der Analyse von globalen Einkommens- und CO2e-Verteilungen. In diesem Kontext wird das Vorgehen zur Berechnung individueller Klimafußabdrücke auf treibhausgasintensive Lebensbereiche, wie z. B. den privaten Flugverkehr und die Nutzung von Booten erweitert, die für die Top-Emitter eine große Rolle spielen. Das Ergebnis ist eine Annäherung an die jährlichen verursachten Emissionen der größten Top-Emitter. Demnach verursachen die größten Top-Emitter Treibhausgas-Emissionen im mittleren vierstelligen Bereich (gemessen in tCO2e). In einem zweiten Schritt wird der Frage nachgegangen, wer zur Gruppe der Top-Emitter zählen sollte, sodass die Summe der Emissionen der Top-Emitter einen signifikanten Anteil der globalen Gesamtemissionen umfasst. Im Sinne der Sozialverträglichkeit wird diese Personengruppe von den Teilen der Bevölkerung abgegrenzt, die in Bezug auf ihre Leistungsfähigkeit u. U. unverhältnismäßig stark belastet würden, wenn sie zusätzliche Beiträge zum Klimaschutz und für nachhaltige Entwicklung entrichten sollten. Es wird vorgeschlagen, alle diejenigen mit zu berücksichtigen, die ≥10 tCO2e verursachen und ein verfügbares Einkommen haben, das größer ist, als der jeweilige nationale Durchschnitt. Personen mit (relativ zum nationalen Durchschnitt) hohen Einkommen werden dabei mitberücksichtigt und Personen mit niedrigen Einkommen ausgeschlossen. Die so charakterisierte Gruppe der Top-Emitter (Typ 2 genannt) setzt sich in Bezug auf die nationalen Einkommensverteilungen zusammen aus: etwa den obersten 30 Prozent der Staaten mit hohen Einkommen, den etwa obersten 10 Prozent der Staaten mit mittleren Einkommen und den obersten 1 Prozent der Staaten mit geringen Einkommen. Das sind etwa 700 Mio. Menschen weltweit, die zusammen für etwa 45 Prozent der weltweiten Treibhausgas-Emissionen verantwortlich sind und etwa 10,8 Prozent der Weltbevölkerung umfassen. Diese Charakterisierung geht über die weit verbreitete Diskussion der Rolle „der reichsten 10 Prozent der Welt“ hinaus, weil sie sozialverträglicher ist, indem die etablierten Gerechtigkeitsprinzipien stärker berücksichtigt werden. Da Top-Emitter häufig mit einem luxuriösen Lebensstil assoziiert werden, z. B. mit Yachten und Privatflugzeugen, wird vorgeschlagen, diese Gruppe als High-Emitter zu bezeichnen. Der beschriebene luxuriöse Lebensstil trifft nur auf die obersten wenigen Prozent der High-Emitter zu, die als Untergruppe der High-Emitter weiterhin Top-Emitter genannt werden. Im Anschluss wird herausgearbeitet, warum High- und Top-Emitter ein Eigeninteresse haben, sich freiwillig und substantiell für internationalen Klimaschutz und nachhaltige Entwicklung zu engagieren. High- und Top-Emitter profitieren am meisten von der gegenwärtige internationalen wirtschaftlichen Ordnung. Deswegen werden die Drücke und negativen Auswirkungen durch unzureichende Klimaschutzmaßnahmen und ein hohes Niveau an Ungleichheit auf dieses System, die Gesellschaften und auf die High- und Top-Emitter analysiert. Die physikalischen Auswirkungen einer fortschreitenden Erderwärmung, die Ungleichheit selbst sowie durch Ungleichheit beförderte national-populistische Bewegungen und Parteien führen potentiell zu einer Destabilisierung der internationalen (wirtschaftlichen) Ordnung, einer Beeinträchtigung der Wirtschaftsleistung, zum Verlust großer Vermögenstitel und zu einer Beschränkung der gewohnten energieintensiven Lebensstile, z. B. durch Flugverbote. Zusätzlich droht eine Armutsspirale, die vermutlich auch weite Teile der High- und auch der Top-Emitter betreffen würde. Das liegt an steigenden Kosten durch Anpassung und Vermeidung an den Klimawandel und Kosten durch zu hohe Ungleichheit, die zu wirtschaftlichen Ineffizienzen führt. Diese Kosten konkurrieren mit Ausgaben, die ein funktionierendes leistungsfähiges Wirtschafts- und Sozialsystem gewährleisten, wie Ausgaben für Bildung, Forschung, Altersvorsorge, das Gesundheitssystem, (digitale) Infrastruktur etc. High- und Top-Emitter haben also ein hohes Eigeninteresse einen signifikanten Teil dieser Kosten zu übernehmen, damit das internationale wirtschaftliche System weiterhin funktioniert und sie weiterhin davon profitieren können. Aus Gerechtigkeitsaspekten erfüllen sie damit außerdem ihre negativen und positiven Pflichten. Wenn High- und Top-Emitter die gesamten weltweiten Emissionen übernehmen und 30 Euro pro Tonne tCO2e entrichten würden, käme man weltweit auf etwa 1 Bio. Euro und damit in die Größenordnung, die für signifikante Fortschritte für internationalen Klimaschutz und nachhaltige Entwicklung notwendig ist. Eine solche Zuteilung könnte entlang der Leistungsfähighkeit in Bezug auf das Verhältnis zwischen verfügbarem Einkommen und nationalem Durchschnittseinkommen vorgenommen werden. Andererseits wird aufgezeigt, dass vielfältige Möglichkeiten für High- und Top-Emitter existieren, ihre finanziellen und einflussbezogenen Ressourcen so einsetzen, dass die Drücke durch den Klimawandel und die hohe Ungleichheit auf die Gesellschaften und die internationale Ordnung reduziert werden. Zudem können für den notwendigen Übergang in ein neues technisches und soziales System basierend auf erneuerbaren Energiequellen und internationaler Kooperation vielfältige wirtschaftliche Wertschöpfungspotentiale erschlossen werden. Diese nachhaltige Entwicklung und internationalen Klimaschutz fördern und damit ein Leben in Wohlstand für etwa 10 Mrd. Menschen bei intakter Umwelt und einem intakten Klimasystem ermöglichen. Wird dieser Prozess klug organisiert, ergeben sich voraussichtlich außerdem ökonomische Chancen für High- und Top-Emitter sowie für die Gesellschaften weltweit, weil Finanzmittel effektiv, effizient und zugleich gerecht eingesetzt werden können.

In the Federal Republic so far it is a matter of jurisdiction and not of legislation, to fix the blood alcohol limit for punishable absolute inability to drive in the sense of section 315 c par. 1 no. 1 a StGB (German Criminal Code). This fact has considerable disadvantages for traffic-safety and legal security. The level of the critical value inevitably varies due to new results of alcohol- and traffic-research. It is pushed up by the fact, that the critical value of jurisdiction has to be a generalized one, which has taken even special alcohol-digestibility into consideration. The critical value of jurisdiction therefore is too high and too instable. The fixation-process of the critical value by the law courts could lead to a very long and rattling period of different judicial opinions, just like it was after the 1.1 promille-suggestion by Salger. But the legislator has to assure clear and safe conditions, even when alcohol is in the game. The principal elements of the 1.1 promille-decision by the BGH (German Federal Law Court) on the 28th of June 1990 correspond mainly with the arguments, which Salger used for this 1.1 promille-suggestion in January 1990. Going beyond of that, some medical and natural-scientific arguments concerning the lowering of the security-addition are included. Under the condition that the institute, which analyses the blood-alcohol forensically, participates successfully in circular tests, the BGH has fixed the punishable critical value to 1.0 promille (fundamental value 1.0 promille plus a safety-addition of 1.0 promille). To prove their successfully participation in circular tests, the institutes, which are carrying through blood-alcohol-analyses, are obliged to assure the judicial authorities of their participation in circular tests and furthermore they have to demonstrate with 4 resp. 5 single measured values of each blood-alcohol-determination, that their deviation is below the maximal value (= 0,048 promille), which has been given by the expert opinion of the Federal Health Board 1989. For blood analyses of institutes, which are not yet successfully participating in circular tests, the punishable critical value has been fixed to 1.15 promille (fundamental value 1.0 promille plus a safety-addition of 0.15 promille). This is valid for a transitional period, in which these institutes should get the opportunity, to participate in a circular test successfully. The critical values mentioned above are also valid for those proceedings, which had not yet been finished in the moment of the decision of the BGH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Zusammenfassung Die Akzeptanz von Maßnahmen oder Planungen im Rahmen der Energiewende hängt von vier wesentlichen Faktoren ab: der Einsicht in die Notwendigkeit, der positiven Nutzen-Risiko-Bilanz, der Sicherstellung von Selbstwirksamkeit und dem Potenzial an emotionaler Identifikation mit dem Vorhaben. Nicht alle vier Bedingungen müssen vollständig erfüllt sein, aber nur wenn die betroffenen Menschen den Eindruck haben, dass alle vier in ausreichendem Maße gegeben sind, kann man mit Zustimmung oder zumindest Toleranz rechnen. Energiepolitik ist daher angewiesen, durch entsprechende Politikgestaltung, durch adressatenbezogene Kommunikation und vor allem durch mehr Chancen zur aktiven Mitwirkung der Bürgerschaft an öffentlichen Planungen die Voraussetzungen für Akzeptanz zu verbessern. Vor allem wenn ergebnisoffene Beteiligungsverfahren frühzeitig und fair durchgeführt werden, kann man mit einem höheren Maß an Zustimmung zu Maßnahmen der Energiewende rechnen. Abstract The acceptance of plans and measures concerning the energy transition depends on four important factors: the understanding of its necessity, a positive balance of risks and benefits, the guarantee of self-efficacy, and the potentials of emotional identification with the project. It is not necessary that all four conditions are fulfilled completely, but only the impression of adequate realization will obtain approval or at least toleration. To improve the conditions for acceptance, energy politics must therefore formulate its policies accordingly, communicate in an audience-related manner, and in particular offer better opportunities for civil participation in public planning. Plans and measures for the energy transition will meet with greater approval if processes of participation are initiated early and in a fair manner. Jahrbuch für Christliche Sozialwissenschaften, Vol 56 (2015): Ethische Herausforderungen der Energiewende