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  • Energy Research
  • 7. Clean energy
  • 16. Peace & justice
  • German

  • Authors: Fritsch, Andreas;

    Today solar power plants with central receiver technology often use molten nitrate salts like Hitec or Solar Salt as heat transfer fluid and storage medium. Due to their high heat capacity and the low cost these are well suited for thermal energy storage. Nevertheless, these salts also inherit disadvantages, such as high melting points above 220°C demanding high energy for trace heating. The upper temperature limit of Solar Salt is at 565°C. Therefore, high temperature power conversion cycles with high efficiency are unfeasible. Additionally, its high density results in a high pressure drop in the riser, leading to additional parasitic losses. In plants operating with Solar Salt, freeze events and corrosion problems occur. Moreover, high pressure drops have to be accepted in the absorber tubes to achieve a reasonable heat transfer. In all the mentioned points liquid metals possess advantages compared to molten salts. Sodium is the most often used liquid metal in research and industry and was already tested at the solar test center PSA in Almería in Spain. The only disadvantage of sodium - its reactivity with water and oxygen - was demonstrated in a sodium fire and the eventual destruction of the test center in summer 1986. During the last 30 years measurement techniques and safety precautions were developed to avoid such accidents. The present work analyses the properties of liquid metals in detail and compares them with Solar Salt. The custom-built design and simulation tool for tubular receivers ASTRID makes a precise thermohydraulic calculation possible. The assessment of the liquid metal concepts is based on annual yields and LCOE calculations, which are compared to a reference system with Solar Salt. All concepts with liquid metals use electromagnetic pumps. After the solar heating in the receiver the heat is transferred from sodium to Solar Salt in a heat exchanger and then stored in a two-tank storage. Both the reference concept and the liquid metal concepts use the same power block and the same temperatures in storage and turbine. The results indicate a potential to reduction in LCOE with sodium of up to 16 % compared to the reference system with Solar Salt. Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2018; Berlin : Logos Verlag Berlin 1 Online-Ressource (xx, 244 Seiten) : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2018). doi:10.18154/RWTH-2018-226448 = Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2018 Published by Logos Verlag Berlin, Berlin

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  • Authors: Hofbauer, Hendrik;

    The planning of commercial and industrial buildings is becoming increasingly more demanding and more complex. Topics such as sustainability and resource protection are almost on the daily agenda. Ecological materials and renewable raw materials are requirements for sustainable planning and they have also reached the commercial and industrial construction sector. For this reason, in the course of this diploma thesis, a comparative life-cycle analysis for different construction methods is created in hall construction, based on a previously defined system design. It is possible to take steps towards sustainable planning at an early stage by using the ecological balance. Different constructions of supporting framework are considered which are used as standard solutions in hall construction. In addition to the execution as a pure reinforced concrete construction the supporting framework is also executed as a variation of glued laminated timber and in steel construction. The trio is completed with the mixed construction consisting of reinforced concrete and glued laminated timber as well as the half-timbered construction made of glued laminated timber and it is examined for the view of the ecological properties.. Following the description of general basics on the subject of commercial- and industrial construction as well as sustainable planning, reference objects are analyzed in order to generate a system design. This acts as the base for the ecological balance and it is dimensioned according to static assumptions. Previously defined design parameters complete the system design. For getting a first impression of ecological balance the building materials of the individual construction methods are compared between them at the beginning of the chapter. The aquired knowledge can be used to set basic approaches for sustainable planning. The overall impact on the environment is finally estimated and presented by the following balancing of the construction methods and the associated recording of all input- and output flows of materials, energy and emissions that arise from the production phase until demolition,. However, an ecological balance only will never be decisive for the choice of material, so an economic comparison of the different construction methods is the conclusion. In further consequence the results of the ecological and the economical comparison can serve as a tool for architects and specialist planners in relation to sustainable planning in the building design. Die Planung von Gewerbe - und Industriebauten wird zunehmend anspruchsvoller und komplexer. Thematiken wie Nachhaltigkeit und Ressourcenschonung stehen beinahe schon an der Tagesordnung. Ökologische Materialien und nachwachsende Rohstoffe sind Voraussetzungen für eine nachhaltige Planung und haben ebenfalls den Gewerbe- und Industriebausektor erreicht.Aus diesem Grund wird im Zuge dieser Diplomarbeit eine vergleichende Lebenszyklusanalyse für unterschiedliche Bauweisen, anhand eines zuvor definierten Systementwurfs, im Hallenbau erstellt. Durch die Anwendung der Ökobilanzierung ist es möglich, bereits in frühen Phasen die Schritte in Richtung nachhaltiger Planung zu setzen. Betrachtet werden unterschiedliche Tragwerkskonstruktionen, die im Hallenbau als Standardlösungen zum Einsatz kommen. Neben der Ausführung als reine Stahlbetonkonstruktion wird das Tragwerk noch als Brettschichtholzvariante sowie in Stahlbaubauweise dimensioniert. Mit der Mischbauweise aus Stahlbeton und Brettschichtholz sowie der Fachwerkbauweise aus Brettschichtholz wird das Trio komplettiert und auf deren ökologische Eigenschaften untersucht.Im Anschluss an die Beschreibung allgemeiner Grundlagen zum Thema Gewerbe- und Industriebau sowie nachhaltiger Planung werden Referenzobjekte analysiert, um daraus einen Systementwurf zu generieren. Dieser fungiert als Basis für die ökologische Bilanzierung und wird entsprechend statischer Annahmen dimensioniert. Zuvor definierte Entwurfsparameter runden den Systementwurf ab.Um einen ersten Eindruck durch die Ökobilanzierung zu gewinnen, werden zu Beginn des Kapitels die Baustoffe der einzelnen Bauweisen miteinander verglichen. Durch die daraus gewonnen Erkenntnisse können erste Ansätze in Richtung nachhaltiger Planung gesetzt werden. Mit der anschließenden Bilanzierung der Bauweisen und der damit verbundenen Erfassung sämtlicher Input- und Outputflüsse an Stoffen, Energie und Emissionen, die von der Herstellungsphase bis hin zum Rückbau entstehen, wird schließlich die Gesamtauswirkung auf die Umwelt abgeschätzt und dargestellt. Da jedoch eine ökologische Bilanzierung alleine nie ausschlaggebend für die Materialwahl sein wird, bildet ein ökonomischer Vergleich der unterschiedlichen Bauweisen den Abschluss. Die Ergebnisse aus dem ökologischen- sowie ökonmischen Vergleich können in weiterer Folge als Hilfsmittel für Architekten und Fachplaner in Bezug auf eine nachhaltige Planung im Gebäudeentwurf dienen.

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  • Authors: Glišić, A.; Ferraz, G.T.; Schaumann, P;

    The design of support structures of offshore wind turbines contains high number of design variables that influence load characteristics and structural responses. These variables are stochastic and cause many uncertainties. Some of them are examined in this study. It is investigated how scattering of site conditions and load parameters affect the structural response. It is exemplified in terms of stresses that contribute to the accumulated fatigue damage within a monopile substructure. Random sampling of combinations of site conditions and load parameters is performed in order to classify the effects of parameter scattering on the stress variability by means of Sobol’ indices. Analysis shows that the highest influence on stress outputs have the variations in the load parameters. The reason is the sensitivity of the structural dynamical response to the wave height increase and decrease of distance between the wave peak frequency and the structural eigenfrequencies. © 2017 ISOPE

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  • Authors: Christian Junger;

    Die stetige Zunahme des Verkehrsaufkommens durch ein steigendes Bedürfnis nach individueller Mobilität ist unmittelbar mit einem Anstieg der CO2-Emissionen im Verkehrssektor verbunden. Durch den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energieträger kann ein nennenswerter Beitrag zur Reduktion dieser Emissionen und folglich zur Minderung des Treibhausgaseffekts geleistet werden. Bedingt durch ähnliche Verbrennungseigenschaften im Vergleich zu Benzin ist Ethanol für den Einsatz im Ottomotor besonders interessant. Aufgrund immer neuer Herstellungsverfahren, insbesondere mit agrarischen Reststoffen als Basis (Biokraftstoffe 2. Generation), stehen zukünftig voraussichtlich zunehmende Mengen an Ethanol zur Verfügung. Aus diesen Gründen gibt es Bestrebungen, den Ethanolanteil im Ottokraftstoff auf bis zu 20 Vol.-% zu erhöhen, zumal diese Blendrate noch einen Motorbetrieb ohne aufwändige Umrüstungen erlaubt. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich daher mit den Auswirkungen auf den Kraftstoffverbrauch von 10 Vol.-% und 20 Vol.-% Ethanolanteil im Benzin. Dazu wurden am Motorprüfstand verschiedenen Betriebspunkte in der Teil- und Volllast untersucht sowie ein Fahrzeug am 4-Rad-Rollenprüfstand eingesetzt. Im Vergleich zum theoretisch Mehrverbrauch mit E20 bedingt durch die geringere Energiedichte, lieferten die Messergebnisse geringere Verbrauchsdifferenzen. Eine ausführliche Wirkungsgradanalyse sollte die dafür verantwortlichen Unterschiede zwischen den Kraftstoffen im motorischen Betrieb aufzeigen. Darüber hinaus erfolgte ein Vergleich zweier durch die Direkteinspritzung realisierbarer Brennverfahren, der homogenen und der geschichteten Verbrennung. Auch hier lag der Fokus auf den Auswirkungen im Kraftstoffverbrauch. Besonders bei niedrigen Lasten wurden deutlich niedrigere Verbräuche im Schichtbetrieb gemessen. Neben den Kraftstoffen zeigte sich auch ein Einfluss durch die Regeneration des NOx-Speicherkatalysators. The steady increase in traffic due to a growing need for individual mobility is directly linked to an increase in CO2 emissions. A significant contribution to reducing these emissions and hence to reduce the greenhouse effect can be achieved by the use of renewable energy. Due to similar combustion characteristics compared to gasoline, ethanol is particularly interesting for use in gasoline engines. In the future increasing amounts of ethanol will be available, due to novel manufacturing processes, in particular based on agricultural waste. For these reasons, there are efforts to increase the ethanol content in petrol up to 20 Vol.-%, especially as this blend rate still allows engine operation without expensive retrofits. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the impact on fuel consumption of 10 Vol.-% and 20 Vol.-% ethanol content in gasoline. For this purpose, different operating points in the partial and full load were investigated on the engine test bench together with a vehicle used on a 4-wheel chassis dynamometer. Compared to the theoretical increased consumption with E20 due to the lower energy density, the measurement results showed lower consumption differences. A detailed loss analysis should show the differences between the fuels. Moreover, two by direct injection feasible combustion processes, the homogeneous and the stratified combustion, were compared. Again, the focus was on the impact on fuel consumption. Especially at low loads and stratified combustion significantly lower consumption were measured. Apart from the fuels there was also an influence by the regeneration of the NOx storage catalyst.

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  • Authors: Peter, Elsner; M��ller-Kirschbaum, Thomas; Schweitzer, Katharina; Wolf, Ronja; +35 Authors

    Heutige Produktions- und Konsummuster folgen weitgehend einer linearen Logik: abbauen, herstellen, konsumieren, entsorgen. Nur neun Prozent der Weltwirtschaft sind laut Circular Gap Report 2020 kreislaufgef��hrt. Doch dieses Wirtschaftsprinzip tr��gt zu einer massiven ��berschreitung der ���Planetaren Grenzen��� und damit zu einer Destabilisierung der ��kosysteme und Lebensgrundlage der Menschen bei, wie etwa des Klimasystems und der Artenvielfalt. Demzufolge wird derzeit viel ��ber einen Paradigmenwechsel in der Logik industrieller Wertsch��pfung diskutiert ��� weg von einem ressourcenintensiven hin zu einem ressourcenproduktiven, weitgehend kreislaufgef��hrten Modell. F��r das Industrie- und Exportland Deutschland ergeben sich weitreichende Chancen, schlie��lich bedeutet dieser Wechsel nicht weniger als eine Neuinterpretation des Modells ���Made in Germany���. Die Europ��ische Union und zahlreiche Mitgliedsl��nder haben bereits strategische Pl��ne f��r einen ��bergang zu einer ressourcenschonenden Wirtschaftsweise nach den Prinzipien der Circular Economy entwickelt. Auch au��erhalb von Europa folgen L��nder dieser Leitidee, beispielsweise China, Japan oder Kanada. F��r Deutschland fehlt solch ein Plan derzeit. Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) hat zum Ziel, als Multi-Stakeholder-Prozess mit mehr als f��nfzig Institutionen aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Zivilgesellschaft die Grundlage f��r einen solchen Plan zu legen. In interdisziplin��ren und branchen��bergreifenden Arbeitsgruppen er��rtern rund 130 Expertinnen und Experten, wie zirkul��re Wirtschaftssysteme erm��glicht und umgesetzt werden k��nnen. Dazu untersuchen sie m��gliche Anwendungsfelder und diskutieren, welche Rahmenbedingungen zu einer erfolgreichen Umsetzung f��hren k��nnten. Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland definiert Ziele f��r diesen Ver��nderungsprozess und fokussiert folgende Themen: - Zirkul��re Gesch��ftsmodelle und digitale Technologien als Innovationstreiber - Neue Wertsch��pfungsnetzwerke f��r Batterien und Verpackung - Rahmenbedingungen f��r eine zirkul��re Transformation und Bemessung der volkswirtschaftlichen Circular-Economy-Potenziale Zwischen Oktober 2019 und Dezember 2020 hat die Arbeitsgruppe Verpackung der Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland ein gemeinsames Zielbild 2030 und Handlungsempfehlungen hin zu einer Kreislaufwirtschaft (CE) f��r Verpackungen entwickelt. Mit einer wertsch��pfungsketten��bergreifenden Betrachtung hat die Arbeitsgruppe Anreiz und Nutzen f��r die Kreislauff��hrung von Verpackungsmaterialien zwischen relevanten Akteuren beleuchtet und dadurch Handlungsoptionen entlang der gesamten Wertsch��pfungskette identifiziert. Damit unterst��tzen die Mitglieder die Initiierung, Umsetzung und langfristige Verankerung der Circular Economy in Deutschland und dar��ber hinaus. Mit 20 Mitgliedsorganisationen der Arbeitsgruppe ���Verpackung��� umfassen die Mitglieder Vertreterinnen und Vertreter aus f��hrenden deutschen Unternehmen, akademischen Institutionen und zivilgesellschaftlichen Vereinigungen ��ber die gesamte Wertsch��pfungskette hinweg. Damit konnte die Arbeitsgruppe ihr Ziel erreichen, eine wissenschaftlich fundierte und m��glichst ganzheitliche Betrachtung des Themas zu gew��hrleisten. Most current patterns of production and consumption follow a linear ���extract, produce, consume, dispose��� model. According to the Circular Gap Report 2020, the global economy is just 9% circular. This economic model is contributing to a massive transgression of ���planetary boundaries��� and the destabilisation of ecosystems and factors essential to human life such as the climate system and biodiversity. As a result, there is currently much discussion of a paradigm shift in the industrial value creation model, away from a resource-intensive system and towards a resource-productive, predominantly circular model. This shift offers significant opportunities for an industrialized, exporting nation like Germany ��� ultimately, it entails nothing less than a recasting of the ���Made in Germany��� model. The European Union and several of its member states have already developed strategic plans for the transition to a resource-efficient economic system based on circular economy principles. Non-European countries such as China, Japan and Canada are also following the same fundamental approach. However, Germany has yet to formulate a plan of its own. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) is a multi-stakeholder initiative involving over fifty institutions from science, industry and civil society that aims to lay the foundations of a plan for Germany. In its interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral working groups, some 130 experts consider how to enable and implement circular economic models, exploring potential fields of application and discussing the conditions that could facilitate successful implementation. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland is developing targets for the transition, with a focus on the following themes: - Circular business models and digital technologies as drivers for innovation - New value networks for batteries and packaging - Framework conditions for a circular transformation and assessment of circularity���s economic potential Between October 2019 und December 2020, the Working Group ���Packaging��� of the Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland developed a joint target picture 2030 and recommendations for action for the establishment of a Circular Economy for packaging. With a cross-value chain approach, the Working Group highlighted incentives and benefits for the recycling of packaging materials across relevant stakeholders and thereby identified options for action along the entire value chain. With the report, the members support the initiation, implementation and long-term anchoring of the Circular Economy in Germany and beyond. The 20 members of the Working Group ���Packaging��� are experts from leading academic institutions, German businesses and civil society across the entire packaging value chain. This composition allowed the group to achieve its goal of addressing the topic as holistically as possible.

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  • Authors: U, Heifer; C, Schyma; H, Hartwig;

    With the co-operation of a further 13 institutes and as a continuation of our own epidemiological-statistical survey, we recorded the total and relative distribution (frequency profile) of the blood alcohol concentration of car drivers for the 3rd quarter 1990 and the 1st quarter 1991. The participating institutes recorded almost 27,000 blood samples and compared them with results of the first part of the study (1989). The survey dealt separately with sex-, age- and time of day-distribution of drivers involved and not involved in road accidents. One of our repeatedly presented field research into the problem of "alcohol and road safety", once again, provided to be a useful method in the run-up to the unprejudiced alcohol test which we are striving for. We noticed characteristic changes in the frequency profiles of the old and the new counties (Bundesländer) in Germany in the 1st (1989) and the 2nd (1990/91) report of the study. The results of Police supervisory operations in the administrative district of Cologne have basically given useful indications as to their epidemiological-statistical value as evidence.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zou, Yang;

    In polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC), hydrated perfluorosulfonate ionomers such as NAFION are generally used as membrane materials. The high proton conductivity required for the application in the fuel cells comes from the water which acts as a carrier for protons in the swollen polymer membrane. A main disadvantage of such hydrated materials is that the upper limit of their useful temperature range is 100°C at normal pressure. However, when reformates or methanol is used as a fuel in fuel cells, temperatures above 100°C are required. Therefore, the development of new polymer electrolyte membrane materials for the application at high temperature, e.g. in the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), is attracting considerable interest. It has already been reported that heterocyclic aromates, such as imidazole, pyrazole and benzimidazole, show proton and solvent transport properties similar to water at a given temperature related to the corresponding melting point. However, due to their relatively low vapor pressures, these low molecular weight components will volatilize progressively as increasing temperature, which leads to a decrease of conductivity. One approach to overcome this limitation is to fix the proton carrier on the polymer backbone. 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene has been selected as a carrier because of its well known proton sponge characteristics. Using this compound as carrier moiety in the side chain or main chain the different novel polymers were synthesized in this work. All synthesized polymers were characterized by different methods. Using proton sponge and functional polymers as base components, while p-toluene sulfonic acid and sulfonated polystyrene as acid components, both low molecular weight mixture and blends were prepared and inverstigated regarding their proton transfer, morphology and conductivity by FTIR, DSC and impedance spectroscopy. Im Bereich der Niedertemperatur-Brennstoffzellen kommt den protonenleitenden Membranmaterialien eine entscheidende Rolle zu. In kommerziellen Polymerelektrolyt-Brennstoffzellen (PEMC) werden gewöhnlich perfluorierte Sulfonationionomere wie z. B. Nafion als Membranmaterial eingesetzt. Ein Hauptnachteil dieser Materialien ist allerdings die begrenzte Temperaturstabilität der Membran. Oberhalb von 80°C verarmt die Membran an Wasser einhergehend mit dem Verlust an Protonenleitfähigkeit. Die Verwendung von z. B. Methanol anstelle von Wasserstoff als Brennstoff (DMFC) erfordert jedoch Temperaturen über 150°C. Die in der Literatur bekannten Ansätze Wasser als Protonencarrier zu ersetzen, basieren auf der Verwendung höhersiedender Heteroaromaten wie z.B. Imidazol, Pyrazol und Benzimidazol. Eine Verflüchtigung dieser Stoffe bei höherer Temperatur führt aber auch hier zur Verarmung an Ladungsträgereinheiten in der Membran. Ein Ansatz diese Limitierung zu umgehen, ist die Verwendung von festen Carriermembranen, bei denen die Carrierfunktion von funktionellen, am Polymer fixierten Strukturelementen übernommen wird. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Funktionspolymere mit 1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalin- Struktureinheiten, die in der Literatur als "Protonenschwammverbindung" bekannt sind, sowohl in die Hauptkette als auch in die Seitenkette synthetisiert. Diese Funktionspolymere wurden mittels verschiedener Analytikmethoden charakterisiert. Die Mischungen des als Poylmerstrukturbaustein fungierenden 1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)-naphthalins mit p-Toluolsulfonsäure wie auch die Ionomerblends aus Funktionspolymer bzw. sulfonierten Polystyrol und niedermolekularen Komponenten wurden hergestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Protonentransfer, Morphologie und Leitfähigkeit mittels FTIR-Spektroskopie, differentieller Wärmeflußkalorimetrie und Impedanzspektroskopie untersucht.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2002
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
      Doctoral thesis . 2002
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    Klimawandel, Wachstumswende, demographische Veränderungen, die weltweite Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise sowie die Erfordernisse der Nachhaltigkeit machen neuartige Lösungsansätze für bisher unbekannte Problemkonstellationen erforderlich. In diesem Band beschäftigen sich AutorInnen aus Dänemark, Norwegen, Polen, Deutschland, der Schweiz, Österreich und Italien mit Ansätzen der Demokratisierung, sozialen Innovation und Partizipation, insbesondere von benachteiligten Gruppen. Der internationale Blick wird über den europäischen Raum hinaus um Analysen und Handlungsansätze in zwei geopolitisch brisanten Regionen erweitert, dem islamischen Raum sowie Kasachstan und Georgien. (DIPF/Orig.) Climate change, a turnaround in growth, demographic changes, the global economic and financial crisis as well as the requirements of sustainability make new solutions to previously unknown problem constellations necessary. In this volume, authors from Denmark, Norway, Poland, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Italy deal with approaches to democratization, social innovation and participation, especially of disadvantaged groups. The international view is broadened beyond the European area to include analyses and approaches to action in two geopolitically explosive regions, the Islamic region as well as Kazakhstan and Georgia. (DIPF/Orig.) Bozen : Bozen-Bolzano University Press 2014, IX, 328 S. - (Brixener Studien zu Sozialpolitik und Sozialwissenschaft; 2)

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.25656/01...
    Book . 2014
    License: CC BY SA
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  • Authors: Donkor, Leonard;

    Energietechnisch relevante Analysen und Berechnungen sowie die ��kologische, ��konomische und soziokulturelle Betrachtung von Geb��uden in ihrem Lebenszyklus sind wichtige Ans��tze in Richtung umweltbewussten Bauens. In diesem Kontext setzt diese Diplomarbeit an und greift das Thema von Energieausweisberechnungen und Lebenszyklusanalysen von Geb��uden auf. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei aufder BIM-basierten Unterst��tzung zur Berechnung und Erstellung von Energieausweisen (EPC) und ��kobilanzen(LCA). Der Fokus wird hierbei vor allem auf den Arbeitsprozess semi-automatisierter BIM-Workflows gelegt.Den Hauptteil der Arbeit bildet eine Variantenstudie, bei der unterschiedliche BIM-basierte Workflows f��r die Erstellung von EPC und LCA verglichen, evaluiert und optimiert werden. Zudem wird neben der Optimierung der Workflows auch die Geb��udeperformance untersucht und optimiert. Der Variantenstudie zu Grunde liegt ein Projekt-Entwurf, der als Ausgangsprojekt f��r die weiteren Analysen und Berechnungen definiert wird. Aufbauend auf einem Ausgangsobjekt werden drei idente digitale Geb��udemodelle in unterschiedlicher Software generiert. Die Modellierarbeit in ArchiCAD, Revit und Allplan schafft dabei die Basis f��r denVariantenvergleich der drei Workflows. Ein Ergebnisvergleich wird anhand ausgewerteter Kriterien wie der Geb��udegeometrie (Geschossfl��che und Volumen) oder bauphysikalischen Energiekennzahlen wie dem Heizw��rmebedarf durchgef��hrt. Ein anschlie��ender Optimierungsvergleich erfolgt durch Verbesserung der Geb��udeperformance, um so alternative Szenarien gegen��ber dem Ausgangsprojekt zu liefern. Die Untersuchung im BIM-basierten Workflow erstreckt sich ��ber den disziplin��bergreifenden, digitalen Austausch im Planungsprozess. Auf Seiten der Auswertung und Ergebnisberechnung kommt das in ��sterreich zertifizierte Tool ArchiPHYSIK zum Einsatz. Durch die Evaluierung der Workflows werden vor allem Vor- und Nachteile in der Schnittstellen-Anwendung zwischen Modellerstellungs- und Modellauswertungs-Software hervorgehoben. Eine entscheidende Beobachtung in den Workflows ist die Erg��nzung teils automatisierter Befehlsfl��sse durch manuelle Dateneingaben. Der Begriff ���semi-automatisiert��� findet hier seine Anwendung und zeigt zugleich die Grenzen von BIM-basierten Workflows zum derzeitigen Stand der Technik auf. Zudem zeigen die Ergebnissein der vergleichenden Auswertung eine Unsch��rfe von teilweise bis zu 18 Prozent. Die Evaluierung der Workflows f��r die Erstellung und Berechnung semi-automatisierter, BIM-basierter Workflows f��r EPC und LCA soll durch die Variantenstudien veranschaulicht und dokumentiert werden. Dar��ber hinaus sollen die Workflowbeschreibungen eine Unterst��tzung in der Anwendung und Erstellung von Energieausweisen und ��kobilanzen durch BIM bieten. Energy-technically relevant analyses and calculations, the ecological, economic and sociocultural consideration of buildings in their life cycle form important means towards environmentally conscious buildingin the building sector. In this context this Diploma Thesis takes up the topic of energy performance calculations and life cycle analysis of buildings. The focus thereby lies on the BIM-based support dealing with the calculation and generation of energy performance certificates (EPC) and life cycle assessments (LCA). Main emphasis hereby is also put on the work process of semi-automated BIM workflows.The main part of this Thesis is a variant study, in which different BIM-based workflows for the creation of EPC and LCA are compared, evaluated and optimized. In addition to optimizing the workflows, the building performance is also examined and improved. The variant study is based on a project design, which is defined as a initial project for further analyses and calculations. Based on an initial object, three identical buildingmodels are generated in different software. The modelling work in ArchiCAD, Revit and All plan marks the basis for the comparison of the three workflow variants.The variants are compared based on evaluated criteria such as the building geometry (floor area and volume)or building physics indicators such as the heating requirement. A subsequent optimization is carried out by improving the building performance in order to provide alternative scenarios compared to the initial project.The investigation in the BIM-based workflows covers the interdisciplinary, digital exchange in the planningprocess. The tool ArchiPHYSIK which is certified in Austria is used for evaluating and calculating methods.The evaluation of the workflows emphasizes advantages and disadvantages of the interface application between model creation and model evaluation software.A crucial observation in the workflows is the support of partly automated command flows through manualdata entry. The term ���semi-automation��� finds its application at this point and at the same time shows the limitsof BIM-based workflows at the current state of the art. In some cases, the results also show a difference ofup to 18 % in the comparative evaluations.The evaluation of the workflows for the creation and calculation of semi-automated, BIM-based workflows for EPC and LCA shall be illustrated and documented by the variant study. In addition, the workflow descriptions should provide support in the application and creation of energy performance certificates and life cycleassessments through BIM.

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  • Authors: K, Pöhlmann; H, Kijewski;

    Presented is a case of murder by means of chloroquine, committed on a 36-year-old male. The wife of the deceased had confessed to have secretely administered chloroquine-containing tablets to her husband. She was lawfully sentenced to life-imprisonment. The toxicological findings of this case are compared to the results of two chloroquine suicide cases and discussed in the context of the referring literature. An additional case where chloroquine intoxication was doubtful is introduced because of the unusual circumstances under which it occurred.

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  • Authors: Fritsch, Andreas;

    Today solar power plants with central receiver technology often use molten nitrate salts like Hitec or Solar Salt as heat transfer fluid and storage medium. Due to their high heat capacity and the low cost these are well suited for thermal energy storage. Nevertheless, these salts also inherit disadvantages, such as high melting points above 220°C demanding high energy for trace heating. The upper temperature limit of Solar Salt is at 565°C. Therefore, high temperature power conversion cycles with high efficiency are unfeasible. Additionally, its high density results in a high pressure drop in the riser, leading to additional parasitic losses. In plants operating with Solar Salt, freeze events and corrosion problems occur. Moreover, high pressure drops have to be accepted in the absorber tubes to achieve a reasonable heat transfer. In all the mentioned points liquid metals possess advantages compared to molten salts. Sodium is the most often used liquid metal in research and industry and was already tested at the solar test center PSA in Almería in Spain. The only disadvantage of sodium - its reactivity with water and oxygen - was demonstrated in a sodium fire and the eventual destruction of the test center in summer 1986. During the last 30 years measurement techniques and safety precautions were developed to avoid such accidents. The present work analyses the properties of liquid metals in detail and compares them with Solar Salt. The custom-built design and simulation tool for tubular receivers ASTRID makes a precise thermohydraulic calculation possible. The assessment of the liquid metal concepts is based on annual yields and LCOE calculations, which are compared to a reference system with Solar Salt. All concepts with liquid metals use electromagnetic pumps. After the solar heating in the receiver the heat is transferred from sodium to Solar Salt in a heat exchanger and then stored in a two-tank storage. Both the reference concept and the liquid metal concepts use the same power block and the same temperatures in storage and turbine. The results indicate a potential to reduction in LCOE with sodium of up to 16 % compared to the reference system with Solar Salt. Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2018; Berlin : Logos Verlag Berlin 1 Online-Ressource (xx, 244 Seiten) : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2018). doi:10.18154/RWTH-2018-226448 = Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2018 Published by Logos Verlag Berlin, Berlin

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  • Authors: Hofbauer, Hendrik;

    The planning of commercial and industrial buildings is becoming increasingly more demanding and more complex. Topics such as sustainability and resource protection are almost on the daily agenda. Ecological materials and renewable raw materials are requirements for sustainable planning and they have also reached the commercial and industrial construction sector. For this reason, in the course of this diploma thesis, a comparative life-cycle analysis for different construction methods is created in hall construction, based on a previously defined system design. It is possible to take steps towards sustainable planning at an early stage by using the ecological balance. Different constructions of supporting framework are considered which are used as standard solutions in hall construction. In addition to the execution as a pure reinforced concrete construction the supporting framework is also executed as a variation of glued laminated timber and in steel construction. The trio is completed with the mixed construction consisting of reinforced concrete and glued laminated timber as well as the half-timbered construction made of glued laminated timber and it is examined for the view of the ecological properties.. Following the description of general basics on the subject of commercial- and industrial construction as well as sustainable planning, reference objects are analyzed in order to generate a system design. This acts as the base for the ecological balance and it is dimensioned according to static assumptions. Previously defined design parameters complete the system design. For getting a first impression of ecological balance the building materials of the individual construction methods are compared between them at the beginning of the chapter. The aquired knowledge can be used to set basic approaches for sustainable planning. The overall impact on the environment is finally estimated and presented by the following balancing of the construction methods and the associated recording of all input- and output flows of materials, energy and emissions that arise from the production phase until demolition,. However, an ecological balance only will never be decisive for the choice of material, so an economic comparison of the different construction methods is the conclusion. In further consequence the results of the ecological and the economical comparison can serve as a tool for architects and specialist planners in relation to sustainable planning in the building design. Die Planung von Gewerbe - und Industriebauten wird zunehmend anspruchsvoller und komplexer. Thematiken wie Nachhaltigkeit und Ressourcenschonung stehen beinahe schon an der Tagesordnung. Ökologische Materialien und nachwachsende Rohstoffe sind Voraussetzungen für eine nachhaltige Planung und haben ebenfalls den Gewerbe- und Industriebausektor erreicht.Aus diesem Grund wird im Zuge dieser Diplomarbeit eine vergleichende Lebenszyklusanalyse für unterschiedliche Bauweisen, anhand eines zuvor definierten Systementwurfs, im Hallenbau erstellt. Durch die Anwendung der Ökobilanzierung ist es möglich, bereits in frühen Phasen die Schritte in Richtung nachhaltiger Planung zu setzen. Betrachtet werden unterschiedliche Tragwerkskonstruktionen, die im Hallenbau als Standardlösungen zum Einsatz kommen. Neben der Ausführung als reine Stahlbetonkonstruktion wird das Tragwerk noch als Brettschichtholzvariante sowie in Stahlbaubauweise dimensioniert. Mit der Mischbauweise aus Stahlbeton und Brettschichtholz sowie der Fachwerkbauweise aus Brettschichtholz wird das Trio komplettiert und auf deren ökologische Eigenschaften untersucht.Im Anschluss an die Beschreibung allgemeiner Grundlagen zum Thema Gewerbe- und Industriebau sowie nachhaltiger Planung werden Referenzobjekte analysiert, um daraus einen Systementwurf zu generieren. Dieser fungiert als Basis für die ökologische Bilanzierung und wird entsprechend statischer Annahmen dimensioniert. Zuvor definierte Entwurfsparameter runden den Systementwurf ab.Um einen ersten Eindruck durch die Ökobilanzierung zu gewinnen, werden zu Beginn des Kapitels die Baustoffe der einzelnen Bauweisen miteinander verglichen. Durch die daraus gewonnen Erkenntnisse können erste Ansätze in Richtung nachhaltiger Planung gesetzt werden. Mit der anschließenden Bilanzierung der Bauweisen und der damit verbundenen Erfassung sämtlicher Input- und Outputflüsse an Stoffen, Energie und Emissionen, die von der Herstellungsphase bis hin zum Rückbau entstehen, wird schließlich die Gesamtauswirkung auf die Umwelt abgeschätzt und dargestellt. Da jedoch eine ökologische Bilanzierung alleine nie ausschlaggebend für die Materialwahl sein wird, bildet ein ökonomischer Vergleich der unterschiedlichen Bauweisen den Abschluss. Die Ergebnisse aus dem ökologischen- sowie ökonmischen Vergleich können in weiterer Folge als Hilfsmittel für Architekten und Fachplaner in Bezug auf eine nachhaltige Planung im Gebäudeentwurf dienen.

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  • Authors: Glišić, A.; Ferraz, G.T.; Schaumann, P;

    The design of support structures of offshore wind turbines contains high number of design variables that influence load characteristics and structural responses. These variables are stochastic and cause many uncertainties. Some of them are examined in this study. It is investigated how scattering of site conditions and load parameters affect the structural response. It is exemplified in terms of stresses that contribute to the accumulated fatigue damage within a monopile substructure. Random sampling of combinations of site conditions and load parameters is performed in order to classify the effects of parameter scattering on the stress variability by means of Sobol’ indices. Analysis shows that the highest influence on stress outputs have the variations in the load parameters. The reason is the sensitivity of the structural dynamical response to the wave height increase and decrease of distance between the wave peak frequency and the structural eigenfrequencies. © 2017 ISOPE

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  • Authors: Christian Junger;

    Die stetige Zunahme des Verkehrsaufkommens durch ein steigendes Bedürfnis nach individueller Mobilität ist unmittelbar mit einem Anstieg der CO2-Emissionen im Verkehrssektor verbunden. Durch den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energieträger kann ein nennenswerter Beitrag zur Reduktion dieser Emissionen und folglich zur Minderung des Treibhausgaseffekts geleistet werden. Bedingt durch ähnliche Verbrennungseigenschaften im Vergleich zu Benzin ist Ethanol für den Einsatz im Ottomotor besonders interessant. Aufgrund immer neuer Herstellungsverfahren, insbesondere mit agrarischen Reststoffen als Basis (Biokraftstoffe 2. Generation), stehen zukünftig voraussichtlich zunehmende Mengen an Ethanol zur Verfügung. Aus diesen Gründen gibt es Bestrebungen, den Ethanolanteil im Ottokraftstoff auf bis zu 20 Vol.-% zu erhöhen, zumal diese Blendrate noch einen Motorbetrieb ohne aufwändige Umrüstungen erlaubt. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich daher mit den Auswirkungen auf den Kraftstoffverbrauch von 10 Vol.-% und 20 Vol.-% Ethanolanteil im Benzin. Dazu wurden am Motorprüfstand verschiedenen Betriebspunkte in der Teil- und Volllast untersucht sowie ein Fahrzeug am 4-Rad-Rollenprüfstand eingesetzt. Im Vergleich zum theoretisch Mehrverbrauch mit E20 bedingt durch die geringere Energiedichte, lieferten die Messergebnisse geringere Verbrauchsdifferenzen. Eine ausführliche Wirkungsgradanalyse sollte die dafür verantwortlichen Unterschiede zwischen den Kraftstoffen im motorischen Betrieb aufzeigen. Darüber hinaus erfolgte ein Vergleich zweier durch die Direkteinspritzung realisierbarer Brennverfahren, der homogenen und der geschichteten Verbrennung. Auch hier lag der Fokus auf den Auswirkungen im Kraftstoffverbrauch. Besonders bei niedrigen Lasten wurden deutlich niedrigere Verbräuche im Schichtbetrieb gemessen. Neben den Kraftstoffen zeigte sich auch ein Einfluss durch die Regeneration des NOx-Speicherkatalysators. The steady increase in traffic due to a growing need for individual mobility is directly linked to an increase in CO2 emissions. A significant contribution to reducing these emissions and hence to reduce the greenhouse effect can be achieved by the use of renewable energy. Due to similar combustion characteristics compared to gasoline, ethanol is particularly interesting for use in gasoline engines. In the future increasing amounts of ethanol will be available, due to novel manufacturing processes, in particular based on agricultural waste. For these reasons, there are efforts to increase the ethanol content in petrol up to 20 Vol.-%, especially as this blend rate still allows engine operation without expensive retrofits. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the impact on fuel consumption of 10 Vol.-% and 20 Vol.-% ethanol content in gasoline. For this purpose, different operating points in the partial and full load were investigated on the engine test bench together with a vehicle used on a 4-wheel chassis dynamometer. Compared to the theoretical increased consumption with E20 due to the lower energy density, the measurement results showed lower consumption differences. A detailed loss analysis should show the differences between the fuels. Moreover, two by direct injection feasible combustion processes, the homogeneous and the stratified combustion, were compared. Again, the focus was on the impact on fuel consumption. Especially at low loads and stratified combustion significantly lower consumption were measured. Apart from the fuels there was also an influence by the regeneration of the NOx storage catalyst.

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  • Authors: Peter, Elsner; M��ller-Kirschbaum, Thomas; Schweitzer, Katharina; Wolf, Ronja; +35 Authors

    Heutige Produktions- und Konsummuster folgen weitgehend einer linearen Logik: abbauen, herstellen, konsumieren, entsorgen. Nur neun Prozent der Weltwirtschaft sind laut Circular Gap Report 2020 kreislaufgef��hrt. Doch dieses Wirtschaftsprinzip tr��gt zu einer massiven ��berschreitung der ���Planetaren Grenzen��� und damit zu einer Destabilisierung der ��kosysteme und Lebensgrundlage der Menschen bei, wie etwa des Klimasystems und der Artenvielfalt. Demzufolge wird derzeit viel ��ber einen Paradigmenwechsel in der Logik industrieller Wertsch��pfung diskutiert ��� weg von einem ressourcenintensiven hin zu einem ressourcenproduktiven, weitgehend kreislaufgef��hrten Modell. F��r das Industrie- und Exportland Deutschland ergeben sich weitreichende Chancen, schlie��lich bedeutet dieser Wechsel nicht weniger als eine Neuinterpretation des Modells ���Made in Germany���. Die Europ��ische Union und zahlreiche Mitgliedsl��nder haben bereits strategische Pl��ne f��r einen ��bergang zu einer ressourcenschonenden Wirtschaftsweise nach den Prinzipien der Circular Economy entwickelt. Auch au��erhalb von Europa folgen L��nder dieser Leitidee, beispielsweise China, Japan oder Kanada. F��r Deutschland fehlt solch ein Plan derzeit. Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) hat zum Ziel, als Multi-Stakeholder-Prozess mit mehr als f��nfzig Institutionen aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Zivilgesellschaft die Grundlage f��r einen solchen Plan zu legen. In interdisziplin��ren und branchen��bergreifenden Arbeitsgruppen er��rtern rund 130 Expertinnen und Experten, wie zirkul��re Wirtschaftssysteme erm��glicht und umgesetzt werden k��nnen. Dazu untersuchen sie m��gliche Anwendungsfelder und diskutieren, welche Rahmenbedingungen zu einer erfolgreichen Umsetzung f��hren k��nnten. Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland definiert Ziele f��r diesen Ver��nderungsprozess und fokussiert folgende Themen: - Zirkul��re Gesch��ftsmodelle und digitale Technologien als Innovationstreiber - Neue Wertsch��pfungsnetzwerke f��r Batterien und Verpackung - Rahmenbedingungen f��r eine zirkul��re Transformation und Bemessung der volkswirtschaftlichen Circular-Economy-Potenziale Zwischen Oktober 2019 und Dezember 2020 hat die Arbeitsgruppe Verpackung der Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland ein gemeinsames Zielbild 2030 und Handlungsempfehlungen hin zu einer Kreislaufwirtschaft (CE) f��r Verpackungen entwickelt. Mit einer wertsch��pfungsketten��bergreifenden Betrachtung hat die Arbeitsgruppe Anreiz und Nutzen f��r die Kreislauff��hrung von Verpackungsmaterialien zwischen relevanten Akteuren beleuchtet und dadurch Handlungsoptionen entlang der gesamten Wertsch��pfungskette identifiziert. Damit unterst��tzen die Mitglieder die Initiierung, Umsetzung und langfristige Verankerung der Circular Economy in Deutschland und dar��ber hinaus. Mit 20 Mitgliedsorganisationen der Arbeitsgruppe ���Verpackung��� umfassen die Mitglieder Vertreterinnen und Vertreter aus f��hrenden deutschen Unternehmen, akademischen Institutionen und zivilgesellschaftlichen Vereinigungen ��ber die gesamte Wertsch��pfungskette hinweg. Damit konnte die Arbeitsgruppe ihr Ziel erreichen, eine wissenschaftlich fundierte und m��glichst ganzheitliche Betrachtung des Themas zu gew��hrleisten. Most current patterns of production and consumption follow a linear ���extract, produce, consume, dispose��� model. According to the Circular Gap Report 2020, the global economy is just 9% circular. This economic model is contributing to a massive transgression of ���planetary boundaries��� and the destabilisation of ecosystems and factors essential to human life such as the climate system and biodiversity. As a result, there is currently much discussion of a paradigm shift in the industrial value creation model, away from a resource-intensive system and towards a resource-productive, predominantly circular model. This shift offers significant opportunities for an industrialized, exporting nation like Germany ��� ultimately, it entails nothing less than a recasting of the ���Made in Germany��� model. The European Union and several of its member states have already developed strategic plans for the transition to a resource-efficient economic system based on circular economy principles. Non-European countries such as China, Japan and Canada are also following the same fundamental approach. However, Germany has yet to formulate a plan of its own. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) is a multi-stakeholder initiative involving over fifty institutions from science, industry and civil society that aims to lay the foundations of a plan for Germany. In its interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral working groups, some 130 experts consider how to enable and implement circular economic models, exploring potential fields of application and discussing the conditions that could facilitate successful implementation. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland is developing targets for the transition, with a focus on the following themes: - Circular business models and digital technologies as drivers for innovation - New value networks for batteries and packaging - Framework conditions for a circular transformation and assessment of circularity���s economic potential Between October 2019 und December 2020, the Working Group ���Packaging��� of the Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland developed a joint target picture 2030 and recommendations for action for the establishment of a Circular Economy for packaging. With a cross-value chain approach, the Working Group highlighted incentives and benefits for the recycling of packaging materials across relevant stakeholders and thereby identified options for action along the entire value chain. With the report, the members support the initiation, implementation and long-term anchoring of the Circular Economy in Germany and beyond. The 20 members of the Working Group ���Packaging��� are experts from leading academic institutions, German businesses and civil society across the entire packaging value chain. This composition allowed the group to achieve its goal of addressing the topic as holistically as possible.

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  • Authors: U, Heifer; C, Schyma; H, Hartwig;

    With the co-operation of a further 13 institutes and as a continuation of our own epidemiological-statistical survey, we recorded the total and relative distribution (frequency profile) of the blood alcohol concentration of car drivers for the 3rd quarter 1990 and the 1st quarter 1991. The participating institutes recorded almost 27,000 blood samples and compared them with results of the first part of the study (1989). The survey dealt separately with sex-, age- and time of day-distribution of drivers involved and not involved in road accidents. One of our repeatedly presented field research into the problem of "alcohol and road safety", once again, provided to be a useful method in the run-up to the unprejudiced alcohol test which we are striving for. We noticed characteristic changes in the frequency profiles of the old and the new counties (Bundesländer) in Germany in the 1st (1989) and the 2nd (1990/91) report of the study. The results of Police supervisory operations in the administrative district of Cologne have basically given useful indications as to their epidemiological-statistical value as evidence.

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    Authors: Zou, Yang;

    In polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC), hydrated perfluorosulfonate ionomers such as NAFION are generally used as membrane materials. The high proton conductivity required for the application in the fuel cells comes from the water which acts as a carrier for protons in the swollen polymer membrane. A main disadvantage of such hydrated materials is that the upper limit of their useful temperature range is 100°C at normal pressure. However, when reformates or methanol is used as a fuel in fuel cells, temperatures above 100°C are required. Therefore, the development of new polymer electrolyte membrane materials for the application at high temperature, e.g. in the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), is attracting considerable interest. It has already been reported that heterocyclic aromates, such as imidazole, pyrazole and benzimidazole, show proton and solvent transport properties similar to water at a given temperature related to the corresponding melting point. However, due to their relatively low vapor pressures, these low molecular weight components will volatilize progressively as increasing temperature, which leads to a decrease of conductivity. One approach to overcome this limitation is to fix the proton carrier on the polymer backbone. 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene has been selected as a carrier because of its well known proton sponge characteristics. Using this compound as carrier moiety in the side chain or main chain the different novel polymers were synthesized in this work. All synthesized polymers were characterized by different methods. Using proton sponge and functional polymers as base components, while p-toluene sulfonic acid and sulfonated polystyrene as acid components, both low molecular weight mixture and blends were prepared and inverstigated regarding their proton transfer, morphology and conductivity by FTIR, DSC and impedance spectroscopy. Im Bereich der Niedertemperatur-Brennstoffzellen kommt den protonenleitenden Membranmaterialien eine entscheidende Rolle zu. In kommerziellen Polymerelektrolyt-Brennstoffzellen (PEMC) werden gewöhnlich perfluorierte Sulfonationionomere wie z. B. Nafion als Membranmaterial eingesetzt. Ein Hauptnachteil dieser Materialien ist allerdings die begrenzte Temperaturstabilität der Membran. Oberhalb von 80°C verarmt die Membran an Wasser einhergehend mit dem Verlust an Protonenleitfähigkeit. Die Verwendung von z. B. Methanol anstelle von Wasserstoff als Brennstoff (DMFC) erfordert jedoch Temperaturen über 150°C. Die in der Literatur bekannten Ansätze Wasser als Protonencarrier zu ersetzen, basieren auf der Verwendung höhersiedender Heteroaromaten wie z.B. Imidazol, Pyrazol und Benzimidazol. Eine Verflüchtigung dieser Stoffe bei höherer Temperatur führt aber auch hier zur Verarmung an Ladungsträgereinheiten in der Membran. Ein Ansatz diese Limitierung zu umgehen, ist die Verwendung von festen Carriermembranen, bei denen die Carrierfunktion von funktionellen, am Polymer fixierten Strukturelementen übernommen wird. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Funktionspolymere mit 1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalin- Struktureinheiten, die in der Literatur als "Protonenschwammverbindung" bekannt sind, sowohl in die Hauptkette als auch in die Seitenkette synthetisiert. Diese Funktionspolymere wurden mittels verschiedener Analytikmethoden charakterisiert. Die Mischungen des als Poylmerstrukturbaustein fungierenden 1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)-naphthalins mit p-Toluolsulfonsäure wie auch die Ionomerblends aus Funktionspolymer bzw. sulfonierten Polystyrol und niedermolekularen Komponenten wurden hergestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Protonentransfer, Morphologie und Leitfähigkeit mittels FTIR-Spektroskopie, differentieller Wärmeflußkalorimetrie und Impedanzspektroskopie untersucht.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2002
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
      Doctoral thesis . 2002
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Klimawandel, Wachstumswende, demographische Veränderungen, die weltweite Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise sowie die Erfordernisse der Nachhaltigkeit machen neuartige Lösungsansätze für bisher unbekannte Problemkonstellationen erforderlich. In diesem Band beschäftigen sich AutorInnen aus Dänemark, Norwegen, Polen, Deutschland, der Schweiz, Österreich und Italien mit Ansätzen der Demokratisierung, sozialen Innovation und Partizipation, insbesondere von benachteiligten Gruppen. Der internationale Blick wird über den europäischen Raum hinaus um Analysen und Handlungsansätze in zwei geopolitisch brisanten Regionen erweitert, dem islamischen Raum sowie Kasachstan und Georgien. (DIPF/Orig.) Climate change, a turnaround in growth, demographic changes, the global economic and financial crisis as well as the requirements of sustainability make new solutions to previously unknown problem constellations necessary. In this volume, authors from Denmark, Norway, Poland, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Italy deal with approaches to democratization, social innovation and participation, especially of disadvantaged groups. The international view is broadened beyond the European area to include analyses and approaches to action in two geopolitically explosive regions, the Islamic region as well as Kazakhstan and Georgia. (DIPF/Orig.) Bozen : Bozen-Bolzano University Press 2014, IX, 328 S. - (Brixener Studien zu Sozialpolitik und Sozialwissenschaft; 2)

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.25656/01...
    Book . 2014
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.25656/01...
      Book . 2014
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  • Authors: Donkor, Leonard;

    Energietechnisch relevante Analysen und Berechnungen sowie die ��kologische, ��konomische und soziokulturelle Betrachtung von Geb��uden in ihrem Lebenszyklus sind wichtige Ans��tze in Richtung umweltbewussten Bauens. In diesem Kontext setzt diese Diplomarbeit an und greift das Thema von Energieausweisberechnungen und Lebenszyklusanalysen von Geb��uden auf. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei aufder BIM-basierten Unterst��tzung zur Berechnung und Erstellung von Energieausweisen (EPC) und ��kobilanzen(LCA). Der Fokus wird hierbei vor allem auf den Arbeitsprozess semi-automatisierter BIM-Workflows gelegt.Den Hauptteil der Arbeit bildet eine Variantenstudie, bei der unterschiedliche BIM-basierte Workflows f��r die Erstellung von EPC und LCA verglichen, evaluiert und optimiert werden. Zudem wird neben der Optimierung der Workflows auch die Geb��udeperformance untersucht und optimiert. Der Variantenstudie zu Grunde liegt ein Projekt-Entwurf, der als Ausgangsprojekt f��r die weiteren Analysen und Berechnungen definiert wird. Aufbauend auf einem Ausgangsobjekt werden drei idente digitale Geb��udemodelle in unterschiedlicher Software generiert. Die Modellierarbeit in ArchiCAD, Revit und Allplan schafft dabei die Basis f��r denVariantenvergleich der drei Workflows. Ein Ergebnisvergleich wird anhand ausgewerteter Kriterien wie der Geb��udegeometrie (Geschossfl��che und Volumen) oder bauphysikalischen Energiekennzahlen wie dem Heizw��rmebedarf durchgef��hrt. Ein anschlie��ender Optimierungsvergleich erfolgt durch Verbesserung der Geb��udeperformance, um so alternative Szenarien gegen��ber dem Ausgangsprojekt zu liefern. Die Untersuchung im BIM-basierten Workflow erstreckt sich ��ber den disziplin��bergreifenden, digitalen Austausch im Planungsprozess. Auf Seiten der Auswertung und Ergebnisberechnung kommt das in ��sterreich zertifizierte Tool ArchiPHYSIK zum Einsatz. Durch die Evaluierung der Workflows werden vor allem Vor- und Nachteile in der Schnittstellen-Anwendung zwischen Modellerstellungs- und Modellauswertungs-Software hervorgehoben. Eine entscheidende Beobachtung in den Workflows ist die Erg��nzung teils automatisierter Befehlsfl��sse durch manuelle Dateneingaben. Der Begriff ���semi-automatisiert��� findet hier seine Anwendung und zeigt zugleich die Grenzen von BIM-basierten Workflows zum derzeitigen Stand der Technik auf. Zudem zeigen die Ergebnissein der vergleichenden Auswertung eine Unsch��rfe von teilweise bis zu 18 Prozent. Die Evaluierung der Workflows f��r die Erstellung und Berechnung semi-automatisierter, BIM-basierter Workflows f��r EPC und LCA soll durch die Variantenstudien veranschaulicht und dokumentiert werden. Dar��ber hinaus sollen die Workflowbeschreibungen eine Unterst��tzung in der Anwendung und Erstellung von Energieausweisen und ��kobilanzen durch BIM bieten. Energy-technically relevant analyses and calculations, the ecological, economic and sociocultural consideration of buildings in their life cycle form important means towards environmentally conscious buildingin the building sector. In this context this Diploma Thesis takes up the topic of energy performance calculations and life cycle analysis of buildings. The focus thereby lies on the BIM-based support dealing with the calculation and generation of energy performance certificates (EPC) and life cycle assessments (LCA). Main emphasis hereby is also put on the work process of semi-automated BIM workflows.The main part of this Thesis is a variant study, in which different BIM-based workflows for the creation of EPC and LCA are compared, evaluated and optimized. In addition to optimizing the workflows, the building performance is also examined and improved. The variant study is based on a project design, which is defined as a initial project for further analyses and calculations. Based on an initial object, three identical buildingmodels are generated in different software. The modelling work in ArchiCAD, Revit and All plan marks the basis for the comparison of the three workflow variants.The variants are compared based on evaluated criteria such as the building geometry (floor area and volume)or building physics indicators such as the heating requirement. A subsequent optimization is carried out by improving the building performance in order to provide alternative scenarios compared to the initial project.The investigation in the BIM-based workflows covers the interdisciplinary, digital exchange in the planningprocess. The tool ArchiPHYSIK which is certified in Austria is used for evaluating and calculating methods.The evaluation of the workflows emphasizes advantages and disadvantages of the interface application between model creation and model evaluation software.A crucial observation in the workflows is the support of partly automated command flows through manualdata entry. The term ���semi-automation��� finds its application at this point and at the same time shows the limitsof BIM-based workflows at the current state of the art. In some cases, the results also show a difference ofup to 18 % in the comparative evaluations.The evaluation of the workflows for the creation and calculation of semi-automated, BIM-based workflows for EPC and LCA shall be illustrated and documented by the variant study. In addition, the workflow descriptions should provide support in the application and creation of energy performance certificates and life cycleassessments through BIM.

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  • Authors: K, Pöhlmann; H, Kijewski;

    Presented is a case of murder by means of chloroquine, committed on a 36-year-old male. The wife of the deceased had confessed to have secretely administered chloroquine-containing tablets to her husband. She was lawfully sentenced to life-imprisonment. The toxicological findings of this case are compared to the results of two chloroquine suicide cases and discussed in the context of the referring literature. An additional case where chloroquine intoxication was doubtful is introduced because of the unusual circumstances under which it occurred.

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