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The objective of the present work is to evaluate the pyrolysis process mixing corn and coconut crop residues in CO2 atmosphere and to compare the result of the solid product obtained in the starting biomass. For this research, the feedstock was characterized by proximate analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The pyrolysis process was carried out in a fixed bed reactor with a CO2 flow at a temperature of 450°C and for a time of 2 hours (2.77*10-4m3/s). The results show that the calorific value of the carbonaceous residues from the pyrolysis is increased by 59.7% compared to the original raw material, the FTIR of the solid demonstrates the transformation of the original carbonyl and hydroxyl groups that are part of the condensable gases and products.

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Katterine; Balbin-Ramon, Graciela Josefina; Rabaan, Ali A.; Sah, Rajit; Paniz-Mondolfi, Alberto; Pagliano, Pasquale; & Esposito, Silvano (2020). \u00abHistory is repeating itself: Probable zoonotic spillover as the cause of the 2019 novel Coronavirus Epidemic\u00bb. Le infezioni in medicina, 28(1), pp. 3\u20135.", "Samuel, Sigal (2020). \u00abThe meat we eat is a pandemic risk, too\u00bb. Vox. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/4/22/21228158/coronavirus-pandemic-risk-factory-farming-meat consultado el 07/06/2021.", "Singer, Merril; Bulled, Nicola; & Mendenhall, Emily (2017). \u00abSyndemics and the biosocial conception of health\u00bb. The Lancet, 389(10072), pp. 941-950. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30003-X", "Smith, James A.; & Judd, Jenni (2020). \u00abCOVID\u201019: vulnerability and the power of privilege in a pandemic\u00bb. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 31(2), p. 158. DOI: 10.1002/hpja.333", "Ten Have, Henk (2016). Vulnerability: challenging bioethics. Londres: Routledge.", "Ten Have, Henk; & Gordijn, Bert (2021). \u00abVulnerability in light of the COVID\u201119 crisis\u00bb. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 24, pp. 153\u2013154. DOI: 10.1007/s11019-021-10013-8", "Welzer, Harald (2011). Guerras clim\u00e1ticas. Por qu\u00e9 mataremos y nos matar\u00e1n en el siglo XXI. Madrid: Katz."]} COVID-19 pandemic, declared by WHO in March 2020, calls for specific attention to the phenomenon of vulnerability. The pandemic has exposed the ontological vulnerability shared by all human beings, but also the way in which socioeconomic inequalities affect the inequitable distribution of specific or situational vulnerabilities. On the other hand, it has also brought to the fore the profound interdependence we share among all people, which also extends to non-human agents and the environment. 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The research was focused on measuring the level of biomass carbon productivity in the Central American countries. To make these measurements we used the IPCC Tier 1 method to determine annual increase carbon storage in biomass carbon loss by wood removals and carbon loss by burning fuel extraction and to measure its impact on productivity forest approach was used for data analysis enclosures (DEA), estimating Malmquist indices. The growth rate of total factor productivity forest (PTFF) was 0.03% on average in all countries, it shows that El Salvador recorded a growth rate of 1%, 0.04% Belize, Guatemala and Nicaragua, 0.03 % Change in Costa Rica and Honduras, 0.01%, while Cuba and Panama were indifferent in the growth rate.

Of the 4,939 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) registered in 2020 in Ecuador, less than one third known to be in operation, one third have ceased to operate and the other third provide no information about their functioning. These figures reflect the dire reality of the third sector in Ecuador, which is the subject of analysis in this article. On the one hand, the situation highlights the shortcomings of the state in responding to the needs of its population; on the other hand, it reveals so-called "NGOism", a situation in which the role of NGOs has become overextended. Through the description and analysis of data, this text addresses the crisis in this sphere of citizen participation, which is limited to a few professionalized actors in permanent competition with dozens of local organizations. It describes a scenario of scarce opportunities to obtain funding, as well as the presence of NGOs in digital media, which engenders the dissemination of their work and their legitimization. It is concluded that these figures reflect the need to implement strategies to strengthen the dynamics of the third sector, so that the state, the private sector and the agents that constitute the world of foundations and NGOs offer a genuine response to social problems.

Agricultural production systems produce impacts on natural resources. The objective was to evaluate the impacts generated by the canal. The research was carried out in the community of Peribuela, and the framework for the evaluation of natural resources management systems was applied using sustainability indicators. A result, in the socioeconomic area was the level of organization of the users and the General Assembly, a significant increase in property values (up to 300%), improvement in farmer incomes with tree tomato, corn and bean crops. In the agro-ecological area, the application of chemical fertilizers on the crops was: tomato 1600 kg / Ha of synthetic fertilizers in an area of 42.28 Ha, corn and beans 700 kg of fertilizer per Ha for each crop In an area of 147,32 Ha and 45 Ha respectively. In the sanitation area, seventy 200-liter tanks pesticide are applied for the tomato crop, and 12 tanks per hectare are applied for corn and beans. The use 15 to 30 hours of tractor on 33% of the surface causes degradation of the soil resource. The implementation of the canal generated a positive socio-economic impact and a negative agro-ecological impact.

The "road capacity" of the Chilean Master Plan is a tool developed to measure the capacity of streets in terms of supporting the size of vehicle flow. This tool considers topics such as land use, population density and street width. The purpose of this technique is to incorporate it to the Master Plan, as a town planning instrument, so as to cope with traffic forecasting and congestion. However, the technique does not embrace any sustainability concept, this is due to a disregard of any district ´s social or environmental needs. Therefore a sustainable urban development would doubtfully be reached. It is argued that some other approaches are required for shaping a sustainable built environment in which it is understood that the streets are a public space for people rather than a platform for moving vehicles only. This means, to promote accessibility as well as mobility. In this paper the author reviews borrowed concepts such as "carrying capacity" and "environmental capacity" from bioregionalist and ecological disciplines using a case study in outskirts of Santiago´s metro area./La "capacidad vial" del Plan Regulador chileno es una herramienta desarrollada para medir la capacidad de las calles en términos de apoyar el tamaño del flujo de vehículos. Esta herramienta considera temas como el uso de la tierra, la densidad de población y ancho de la calle. El propósito de esta técnica es su incorporación al Plan Maestro, como un instrumento de planificación de la ciudad, con el fin de hacer frente a la previsión del tráfico y la congestión. Sin embargo, la técnica no incluye ningún concepto de sostenibilidad. Por lo tanto un desarrollo urbano sostenible dudosamente sería alcanzado. Se argumenta que algunos otros enfoques son necesarios para dar forma a un medio ambiente sostenible integrado, en el que se entiende que las calles son un espacio público para las personas en lugar de una plataforma para mover los vehículos solamente. Esto significa, para promover la accesibilidad y la movilidad. En este trabajo la autora revisa conceptos prestados, tales como "la capacidad de carga" y "capacidad ambiental", desde el bioregionalist y disciplinas ecológicas mediante un estudio de caso en las afueras del área metropolitana de Santiago de Chile.

Este artigo pretende estudar a inserção do Brasil no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) do Protocolo de Quioto, por meio de projetos em energia limpa, enfatizando a cooperação entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento e visando as ações práticas que esse mecanismo permite desenvolver para se alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável e para conter o aquecimento global. Para isto, realizou-se extensa revisão bibliográfica dos acordos internacionais referentes às mudanças climáticas e de livros e artigos sobre a inserção brasileira no Protocolo de Quioto e no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo. O Protocolo de Quioto é um acordo internacional que prevê a redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa por intermédio de mecanismos flexibilizadores. O Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo é o único que permite a participação de países em desenvolvimento, para que eles reduzam emissões por meio de projetos que busquem o desenvolvimento sustentável. Neste contexto, o Brasil surge como um país atrativo para o recebimento destes projetos, por sua vocação para desenvolver fontes alternativas de energia e pela sua liderança no processo negociador do Protocolo. O MDL configura-se, portanto, em uma grande oportunidade para o Brasil, visto que esses projetos representam uma fonte de recursos financeiros para que o país busque o desenvolvimento sustentável, além de incentivarem um maior conhecimento científico e a adoção de novas tecnologias.This article intends to study the insertion of Brazil at the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol, through clean energy projects, emphasizing the cooperation between developed and developing countries, and aiming the practical actions that this mechanism allows to build up in order to reach the sustainable development and to stop the global warming. To achieve this, an intense bibliographic review of the international agreements concerning climate change, and books and articles about the Brazilian insertion on the Kyoto Protocol and on the Clean Development Mechanism was done. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement, which predicts the reduction of the greenhouse gases emissions through flexibly mechanisms. The Clean Development Mechanism is the only one that allows the participation of developing countries, for them to reduce emissions through projects that look for sustainable development. In this context, Brazil emerges as an attractive country to receive these projects, due to its vocation to develop alternative sources of energy and for its leadership on the Protocol's negotiation process. The CDM is therefore a great opportunity to Brazil, since these projects represent a source for financial resources for the country to seek the sustainable development, besides encouraging a greater scientific knowledge and the adoption of new and clean technologies.

This paper develops a participatory methodology to integrate farmer’s vision in the design of an adaptation strategy to global change in the Jucar River basin. It aims at answering three questions: How farmers perceive climate change impacts; which adaptation measures they consider; and how they assess these measures. Participatory workshops with different actors were held in two areas (La Ribera and La Mancha Oriental). This methodology has allowed identifying the local impacts and consequences of global change, and the difficulties of the adaptation processes to climate change scenarios.

Este trabalho analisa como as mulheres quilombolas do Vale do Guaporé, através de suas práticas cotidianas, de seus modos de vida, constroem seus saberes ambientais, promovendo o desenvolvimento sustentável. A discussão relacionada à construção de domínios dos saberes das mulheres relativos à floresta e aos rios se dará através de diálogos contidos em entrevistas realizadas com elas que retratam suas experiências no seio da floresta como seringueiras, castanheiras, pescadoras e curandeiras, revelando como utilizam os recursos naturais, preservando o meio ambiente.This work analyzes how the quilombola women of the Guaporé Valley, through their daily activities and their ways of life, construct their knowledge about the environment, promoting the sustainable development. The discussion related to the construction of women's knowledge about the forest and the rivers will be done through dialogues contained in interviews describing their experiences within the forest as rubber extractors, nut collectors, fishers, and healers, revealing how they use natural resources, preserving the environment.

Biofilters of upward flow (packing volume: 2.4 L) were designed using compost, compost-humus mixtures and compost-sawdust, to evaluate their efficiency as microbial-organic filters of the H2S of the biogas obtained in a tubular biodigester of the Model Center of Waste Treatment of the UNALM. The influence of the biogas flow variables was investigated: 0.5 and 1 L min-1 and contaminant concentrations: 750, 2700 and 3500 ppmv, on the percentage of removal (% RE) and the elimination capacity (CE) of H2S in each support, obtaining CE maximum of 25.2; 90.6 and 114 g H2S m-3h -1 and % RE greater than 98%. It is worth noting the tolerance to fasting and the rapid recovery of the media which without the addition of inoculum, water or nutrients presented adequate characteristics to act as support: neutral pH, humidity around 50%, porosity between 80 and 83%, apparent density between 0.25 and 0.37 and organic matter of 35.7; 45.45 and 45.85. The results obtained show that compost and humus, used as soil improvers, are also efficient means for the removal of H2S from biogas, improving its use as energy, mainly for the vulnerable populations of the agricultural and agroindustrial. evaluated.