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Ocean acidification, the decrease in seawater pH due to the absorption of atmospheric CO2, profoundly threatens the survival of a large number of marine species. Cold-water corals are considered to be among the most vulnerable organisms to ocean acidification because they are already exposed to relatively low pH and corresponding low calcium carbonate saturation states (Omega). Lophelia pertusa is a globally distributed cold-water scleractinian coral that provides critical three-dimensional habitat for many ecologically and economically significant species. In this study, four different genotypes of L. pertusa were exposed to three pH treatments (pH=7.60, 7.75, and 7.90) over a short (two-week) experimental period, and six genotypes were exposed to two pH treatments (pH=7.60, and 7.90) over a long (six-month) experimental period. Their physiological response was measured as net calcification rate and the activity of carbonic anhydrase, a key enzyme in the calcification pathway. In the short-term experiment, net calcification rates did not significantly change with pH, although they were highly variable in the low pH treatment, including some genotypes that maintained positive net calcification in undersaturated conditions. In the six-month experiment, average net calcification was significantly reduced at low pH, with corals exhibiting net dissolution of skeleton. However, one of the same genotypes that maintained positive net calcification (+0.04% day-1) under the low pH treatment in the short-term experiment also maintained positive net calcification longer than the other genotypes in the long-term experiment, although none of the corals maintained positive calcification for the entire 6 months. Average carbonic anhydrase activity was not affected by pH, although some genotypes exhibited small, insignificant, increases in activity after the sixth month. Our results suggest that while net calcification in L. pertusa is adversely affected by ocean acidification in the long term, it is possible that some genotypes may prove to be more resilient than others, particularly to short perturbations of the carbonate system. These results provide evidence that populations of L. pertusa in the Gulf of Mexico may contain the genetic variability necessary to support an adaptive response to future ocean acidification.

Global climate change has intensified the need to assess the capacity for natural populations to adapt to abrupt shifts in the environment. Reductions in seawater pH constitute a conspicuous global change stressor that is affecting marine ecosystems globally. Here, we quantify the phenotypic and genetic modifications associated with rapid adaptation to reduced seawater pH in the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. We reared a genetically diverse larval population in two pH treatments (pHT 8.1 and 7.4) and tracked changes in the shell-size distribution and genetic variation through settlement. Additionally, we identified differences in the signatures of selection on shell growth in each pH environment. Both phenotypic and genetic data show that standing variation can facilitate adaptation to declines in seawater pH. This work provides insight into the processes underpinning rapid evolution, and demonstrates the importance of maintaining variation within natural populations to bolster species' adaptive capacity as global change progresses.

All post-processed model output data used in the analysis, and code to run the ensemble, query output databases, process query data, and generate all figures.

Ocean chemistry is changing as a result of human activities. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are increasing, causing an increase in oceanic pCO2 that drives a decrease in oceanic pH, a process called ocean acidification (OA). Higher CO2 concentrations are also linked to rising global temperatures that can result in more stratified surface waters, reducing the exchange between surface and deep waters; this stronger stratification, along with nutrient pollution, contributes to an expansion of oxygen-depleted zones (so called hypoxia or deoxygenation). Determining the response of marine organisms to environmental changes is important for assessments of future ecosystem functioning. While many studies have assessed the impact of individual or paired stressors, fewer studies have assessed the combined impact of pCO2, O2, and temperature. A long-term experiment (10 months) with different treatments of these three stressors was conducted to determine their sole or combined impact on the abundance and survival of a benthic foraminiferal community collected from a continental-shelf site. Foraminifera are well suited to such study because of their small size, relatively rapid growth, varied mineralogies and physiologies. Inoculation materials were collected from a 77-m deep site south of Woods Hole, MA. Very fine sediments (<53 μm) were used as inoculum, to allow the entire community to respond. Thirty-eight morphologically identified taxa grew during the experiment. Multivariate statistical analysis indicates that hypoxia was the major driving factor distinguishing the yields, while warming was secondary. Species responses were not consistent, with different species being most abundant in different treatments. Some taxa grew in all of the triple-stressor samples. Results from the experiment suggest that foraminiferal species' responses will vary considerably, with some being negatively impacted by predicted environmental changes, while other taxa will tolerate, and perhaps even benefit, from deoxygenation, warming and OA. In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2021) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2021-06-17.

Streamflow and stream temperature are important water resources variables, and regional-scale simulations are essential for water resources management and multi-sector assessment for large regions, e.g., regional ecological assessment and power system planning. In large-scale stream temperature modeling practices, reservoir thermal stratification is mostly ignored. We have synthesized a process-based modeling approach, consisting of a series of established models, to simulate streamflow and stream temperature for a complicated river-reservoir system, which explicitly considers thermal stratification. This approach consists of a large-scale, spatially-distributed hydrological model (Variable Infiltration Capacity or VIC; Liang et al., 1994; Hamman et al., 2018), a river routing model (Model for Scale Adaptive River Transport or MOSART; Li et al., 2013), coupled to a spatially-distributed water management model (WM; Voisin et al., 2013, 2017), and a stream temperature model (River Basin Model or RBM; Yearsley, 2009; 2012) that includes a two-layer reservoir thermal stratification module (2L; Niemeyer et al., 2018). To generate this dataset, we applied this modeling approach at a temporal resolution of 1 day and a spatial resolution of 1/8º to river systems in the southeastern United States that include 271 major reservoirs. We used an ensemble of downscaled meteorological forcing data from 20 global climate models (GCM) based on RCP8.5 to simulate potential climate change impacts. This dataset includes simulated river flow and temperatures for both historical (1980-2009; 1980s) and future periods (2070-2099; 2080s). The simulations for the 1980s are based on the gridMet data set (Abatzolglou, 2013), which also forms the basis for the statistical downscaling that is applied to each of the climate models. All simulations for the 2080s are based on downscaled climate model outputs. This dataset includes streamflow and stream temperature using both unregulated and regulated model setups to quantify the impacts of reservoir regulations. The unregulated setup does not account for withdrawals and impoundments in the river system. The stream temperature in the unregulated model setups is constant in each river cross section. In the regulated setup, we explicitly considered reservoir regulation, thermal stratification, and water withdrawal. For a more detailed description of the model configuration, please see Cheng et al. (2020). File structure and filenames: The archive includes two directories, named “streamflow/” and “stream_temperature/”, which contain model output for streamflow and stream temperature, respectively. Within each directory, subdirectories named “regulated/” and “unregulated/” contain model output for the regulated and unregulated model setups, respectively. All data files are in netCDF format and provide model outputs at a temporal resolution of 1 day and a spatial resolution of 1/8º. The unit for streamflow is m3/s and the unit for stream temperature is °C. Files are constructed as follows: SERC.<climate simulation>.RCP85.<model setup>.<variable>.nc where <climate simulation> is either ‘historical’ for the simulation that represents the 1980s or an abbreviation that indicates the climate model for the simulations that represent the 2080s. The abbreviations for the climate models are shown in column 1 in the Table below. <model setup> is either ‘regulated’ or ‘unregulated’ for the regulated and unregulated model setups, respectively. <variable> is either ‘streamflow’ or ‘stream_temperature’ for streamflow and stream temperature, respectively. More details please see README.pdf {"references": ["Cheng, Y., N. Voisin, J. Yearsley, and B. Nijssen, 2020: Reservoirs modify river thermal regime sensitivity to climate change: a case study in the southeastern United States. Water Resources Research, doi:10.1029/2019WR025784", "Cheng, Y., N. Voisin, J. Yearsley, and B. Nijssen, 2020: Thermal extremes in regulated river systems under climate change: an application to southeastern U.S. rivers. Environmental Research Letters, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab8f5f"]}

In this study, we observed a methane depression phenomenon induced by the accumulation of fire-derived pyrogenic carbon in peat soil. This observation was obtained through laboratory microcosm and bioelectrochemical incubation experiments. The measured parameters involved in this observation were mainly methane production rate, environmental electron transfer balance, and isotopic tracking that shows the degradation extent of pyrogenic carbon. The data was collected from 2017 to 2018 during the laboratory incubation of peat soil from New York State, USA. We collected the data to investigate the effect of pyrogenic carbon in controlling greenhouse gas emissions in peat soils. The data was collected by carbon isotopic analysis system, electron transfer monitoring and quantification device, and microbial sequencing analysis.

This is a supporting dataset for the paper : Yang, J. C., Bowling, D. R., Smith, K. R., Kunik, L., Raczka, B., Anderegg, W. R. L., Bahn, M., Blanken, P. D., Richardson, A. D., Burns, S. P., Bohrer, G., Desai, A. R., Arain, M. A., Staebler, R. M., Ouimette, A. P., Munger, J. W., and Litvak, M. E.: Forest carbon uptake as influenced by snowpack and length of photosynthesis season in seasonally snow-covered forests of North America, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 353, 110054, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.110054, 2024. Descriptions and units for each column can be found in a dedicated page within the data file. Methods are decribed in the paper.

While policies for responding climate change impacts need the support and cooperation from the public who may be affected by the policies, understanding the general public’s opinion is important and can help form feasible action plans. In this paper we take advantage of a temperature event that took place during primary data collection to explore how this affects public opinion about helping farmers adapt to climate change. We find that the public is surprisingly supportive of government involvement in farmer adaptation, and that the warm spell has a brief positive effect on support. For several years until 2011, there was a trend of declining belief in the existence and seriousness of climate change. In 2012, belief in climate change bounced back and meanwhile for several months in that year the monthly average temperatures were record highs. While it is reasonable to hypothesize that contemporaneous weather may influence the public’s attitudes about addressing climate change issues, it is unclear how temperature affects public attitudes. There are gaps in existing research about the determinants of public attitudes towards climate change. How public attitudes towards adaptation policy, especially with respect to a government’s intervention aimed at improving prospects for a particular industry sector, is influenced under unusual weather events, are rarely discussed. Until very recently, researchers have not explored how public opinion is influenced by climate change phenomenon per se, especially periods abnormally warm temperature. Prior articles discuss the effect of temperature with certain limitations, including perception of temperature rather than actual temperature, general temperature rather than deviations from normal status, and either short run or relatively long run average temperature to represent the temperature when the survey was taken rather than the temperature of the day when the respondent answered the survey. Another missing issue among climate change surveys is the public’s opinion on adaptation policies, although many have discussed ideas surrounding that of mitigation policies. As Palutikof, Agnew and Hoar indicated in their work, “…none of these studies addressed people’s responses and adaptations.” How the general public thinks about adaptation strategies and policies is seldom considered. Similar to studies about public opinion, we found little research regarding how willingness to pay (WTP) for adaptation policies or strategies is influenced by specific climate change phenomenon. None of the research considered the WTP for an adaptation policy in reference to a particular industry or addressed the effect of abnormal warm temperature. Since agriculture is likely to be one of the most affected industries under climate change, with potentially serious global food availability issues if climate change outpaces the rate of adaptation, understanding public support for government involvement in adaptation and the public’s WTP to fund such efforts can inform policy dialogue about these critical questions. Therefore, we focus on adaptation in agriculture to explore public opinion toward government involvement in helping the sector adapt as well as the WTP for an adaptation policy. We use the data based on a random sample general population poll in Michigan, secondary sources, and an unseasonal fruit-crop damaging warm spell that occurred during the survey period to assess the effects of this short-term phenomenon on public attitudes and the WTP. Temperatures during the two-week warm spell went as high as 40° F above normal Considered as a natural experiment, this unexpected warm spell provided variation of daily temperature deviation and variation of the exposure of this abnormal temperature when respondents were surveyed. Thus, in addition to the daily temperature deviation, as well as its accumulation for a short period (3 days, a week, etc.), several time period index variables are used to explore how the level of the respondents’ exposure to the warm spell would affect the attitudes and WTP. The basic set up is before-within-after warm spell, and we test several variations of time modeling approaches to explore the duration of the effect. Demographic variables and political ideology are used to control selection bias. While it is unable to control in our data set, we consider the effect due to media coverage of the warm spell as an indirect effect and part of the priming mechanism. We constructed four questions to understand how attitudes about government adaptation assistance vary across levels of government (state or national) and crop types (corn-soybeans or fruits-vegetables) since climate change is an issue which has national and worldwide impacts but agricultural production techniques are more localized. In addition to the questions about government assistance, the instrument also included single-bounded dichotomous choice questions to evaluate the WTP for government-sponsored adaptation programs. Given the contentious nature of climate change, it was surprising to find that around two thirds of the respondents showed a tendency to support the idea of the governments’ role helping farmers of either corn/soybeans or fruit/vegetables adjust their cropping systems. This could be due to the warm spell or the fact that we focus on agriculture, where the public may more easily connect changes in weather with the need to adapt than might be the case with other sectors. Results from the basic models confirm several of our hypotheses. Abnormally warm temperature deviation does affect the public attitude toward government’s role on adaptation significantly. So does the variables of sub-periods or exposure of warm spell. However, the WTP is only affected significantly by these time period index variables while the temperature deviation is not significant. In other words, there appears to be a kind of tipping point beyond which further increases in deviation do not make much difference. From the preliminary results, we found that, the public attitudes about whether government should be involved in the adaptation are quite sensitive to short run temperature anomalies. The warm spell effect boosted the support, but it did not last long and quickly dropped back to the pre-event level or lower level merely on the second week of the warm spell. In addition, temperature anomalies may lead to more polarized public attitudes. We also found that the support is higher while the question specified the agriculture industry than in the general question without mentioning specific industry. The importance of local agriculture production had certain but more muted influence than our a priori expectations. Our research focuses on the agriculture industry, adaptation policies, as well as the WTP. The three key dimensions distinguish this paper from prior work. Our research further identifies the effect of the unusual warm spell event by various means. This paper shows how the warm spell event influenced the public attitudes toward climate change adaptation policy regarding two government levels and two crop types and the WTP for government-sponsored adaptation programs. The effects of daily or cumulated temperature deviation as well as the level of exposure to the warm spell will be discussed.