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{"references": ["Lienhard, J., Alpermann, H., Gengnagel, C., & Knippers, J. (2013).\nActive bending, a review on structures where bending is used as a selfformation\nprocess. International Journal of Space Structures, 28(3-4),\n187-196.", "Happold, E., & Liddell, W. (1975). Timber lattice roof for the\nMannheim Bundesgartenschau. The Structural Engineer, 53(3), 99-135.", "Harris, R., Romer, J., Kelly, O., & Johnson, S. (2003). Design and\nconstruction of the Downland Gridshell. Building Research &\nInformation, 31(6), 427-454. doi: 10.1080/0961321032000088007", "Harris, R., Haskins, S., & Roynon, J. (2008). The Savill Garden\ngridshell: design and construction. The Structural Engineer, 28.", "Harris, R., Roynon, J., & Happold, B. (2008). The savill garden\ngridshell: Design and construction. The Structural Engineer, 86, 27-34", "Paoli, C. C. A. (2007). Past and future of grid shell structures.\nMassachusetts Institute of Technology.", "Douthe, C., Baverel, O., & Caron, J. (2006). Form-finding of a grid shell\nin composite materials. Journal-International association for shell and\nSpatial Structures, 150, 53.", "McConville Wellburn (2011) Friends of the Earth Scotland (online),\navailable: http://www.foe-scotland.org.uk/ (accessed 16/01/2014).", "Toussaint, M. H. (2007). A Design Tool for Timber Gridshells: The\ndevelopment of a Grid Generation Tool. Msc thesis Delft University of\nTechnoloy, online http://homepage.tudelft.nl/p3r3s/MSc_projecs/\nreportToussaint. pdf.\n[10] Lienhard, J. (2014) Bending-active structures: form-finding strategies\nusing elastic deformation in static and kinetic systems and the structural\npotentials therein, unpublished thesis Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek der\nUniversit\u00e4t Stuttgart.\n[11] Ashby, M. F. (1999) Materials selection in mechanical design, Boston,\nMA: Butterworth-Heinemann.\n[12] EN338 (2009) 'Structural Timber - Strength Classes',\n[13] Institution of Structural, E. and Technology, T. (2007) Manual for the\ndesign of timber building structures to Eurocode 5, London: The\nInstitution of Structural Engineers.\n[14] EN 1995-1-1:2004 'Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-1:\nGeneral - Common rules and rules for buildings',\n[15] EN14358 (2006) 'Timber structures - Calculation of characteristic 5-\npercentile values and acceptance criteria for a sample', National\nStandards Authority of Ireland,\n[16] EN789 (2004) 'Timber structures - Test methods - Determination of\nmechanical properties of wood based panels', National Standards\nAuthority of Ireland,\n[17] Collins and Cosgrove unpublished\n[18] TECO. (2011, 14 Oct 2014). OSB Guide. History of OSB, from\nhttp://osbguide.tecotested.com/osbhistory"]} To determine the potential of a low cost Irish engineered timber product to replace high cost solid timber for use in bending active structures such as gridshells a single Irish engineered timber product in the form of orientated strand board (OSB) was selected. A comparative study of OSB and solid timber was carried out to determine the optimum properties that make a material suitable for use in gridshells. Three parameters were identified to be relevant in the selection of a material for gridshells. These three parameters are the strength to stiffness ratio, the flexural stiffness of commercially available sections, and the variability of material and section properties. It is shown that when comparing OSB against solid timber, OSB is a more suitable material for use in gridshells that are at the smaller end of the scale and that have tight radii of curvature. Typically, for solid timber materials, stiffness is used as an indicator for strength and engineered timber is no different. Thus, low flexural stiffness would mean low flexural strength. However, when it comes to bending active gridshells, OSB offers a significant advantage. By the addition of multiple layers, an increased section size is created, thus endowing the structure with higher stiffness and higher strength from initial low stiffness and low strength materials while still maintaining tight radii of curvature. This allows OSB to compete with solid timber on large scale gridshells. Additionally, a preliminary sustainability study using a set of sustainability indicators was carried out to determine the relative sustainability of building a large-scale gridshell in Ireland with a primary focus on economic viability but a mention is also given to social and environmental aspects. For this, the Savill garden gridshell in the UK was used as the functional unit with the sustainability of the structural roof skeleton constructed from UK larch solid timber being compared with the same structure using Irish OSB. Albeit that the advantages of using commercially available OSB in a bending active gridshell are marginal and limited to specific gridshell applications, further study into an optimised engineered timber product is merited.

Climate change represents the greatest challenge of the 21st Century and will affect human societies in multiple ways. Our knowledge about the nature and physics of climate change, its causes and its consequences, is far greater than our understanding of the societal changes it poses. Climate change is a social production, a complex process of societal transformations, which we all need to understand to better cope with the challenge it presents. Climatic conditions play a significant role in people's lives and can interfere with lives in multiple ways. The causes are known, and they put human action at the center of the debate. The consequences of climate change to ways of life are complex, diversified, inevitable, and will likely become worse over time. The nations that contributed most to the problem are often those that least suffer the consequences while those who contributed the least are often the most affected, vulnerable and unprepared. In addition to the expected impacts in the most diverse economic and environmental sectors, human health has emerged as an important area associated with climate change. Although not frequently mentioned or targeted as a key political concern, it is expected that the impact of climate change on human health will be severe, both in the distribution and incidence of diseases. Moreover, climate change will have extensive implications to human well-being, which will reflect on social structures and ways of life. The aim of this E-Book is to highlight and share knowledge on the social, economic, political and cultural implications of climate change, as well as reflect upon the required transformations in policy, governance and social-cultural strategies to mitigation, adaptation and prevention. To understand the multiple dimensions of climate change and their interdependencies, we need to bring together various sciences, knowledges and powers. The social sciences, and sociology, play a central role in analyzing the effects of human activities on natural systems. Social Sciences can scrutinize those phenomena and relations that, within human societies, produce social structures that ultimately have negative impacts on the environment. This E-Book also aims to provide an overview of social sciences literature and research on climate change, identifying key areas for further research and development. This work was carried out at the R&D Unit Center for Functional Ecology - Science for People and the Planet (CFE), with reference UIDB/04004/2020, financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) Portugal, and also at the Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon (ICS-ULisboa), Portugal. This Research Topic was developed with the support of the European project-PHOENIX: The rise of citizen’s voices for a Greener Europe - (contract ID: 101037328) funded by the European Commission under the EGD-European research priority Green Deal of the H2020 Program (H2020-EU.3.6). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The link between migration and the environment is not new, environmental conditions have always influenced human mobility. However, the nature, the dynamics and the scale of environment related migration have dramatically changed in recent years, and the complex nexus between migration and the environment has drawn increasing attention in the contemporary international context. This relationship is not easy to outline for several reasons, including the range of environmental phe- nomena that may cause migration flows (natural disaster as well as gradual process of environmental deterioration), the difficulty of isolating environmental factors from other political, social and eco- nomic drivers of migration, the complexity of differentiating between forced and voluntary migra- tions in cases of environment-induced flows. In addition, from a different perspective, migratory flows may contribute to environmental degradation in the areas of destination and transit, giving rise to phenomena such as unmanaged urbanization or temporary camps or shelter that produce further pressure on the environment. The complexity of the link between migration and the environment challenges the current legal par- adigm in which migration is largely framed and calls into question the adequacy of the existing pro- tection frameworks. In several international fora, it is increasingly recognized that there are certain groups of people who move for environmental reasons and are in need of assistance and who currently fall outside of the scope of international protection. The goal of the volume on Migration and the Environment: Some Reflections on Current Legal Issues and Possible Ways Forward is to discuss the extent to which people whose movements are induced by environmental factors are protected under the existing international legal framework, to investigate the main legal issues and the normative gaps and to analyze the solutions being discussed in the international arena.

The link between migration and the environment is not new, environmental conditions have always influenced human mobility. However, the nature, the dynamics and the scale of environment related migration have dramatically changed in recent years, and the complex nexus between migration and the environment has drawn increasing attention in the contemporary international context. This relationship is not easy to outline for several reasons, including the range of environmental phe- nomena that may cause migration flows (natural disaster as well as gradual process of environmental deterioration), the difficulty of isolating environmental factors from other political, social and eco- nomic drivers of migration, the complexity of differentiating between forced and voluntary migra- tions in cases of environment-induced flows. In addition, from a different perspective, migratory flows may contribute to environmental degradation in the areas of destination and transit, giving rise to phenomena such as unmanaged urbanization or temporary camps or shelter that produce further pressure on the environment. The complexity of the link between migration and the environment challenges the current legal par- adigm in which migration is largely framed and calls into question the adequacy of the existing pro- tection frameworks. In several international fora, it is increasingly recognized that there are certain groups of people who move for environmental reasons and are in need of assistance and who currently fall outside of the scope of international protection. The goal of the volume on Migration and the Environment: Some Reflections on Current Legal Issues and Possible Ways Forward is to discuss the extent to which people whose movements are induced by environmental factors are protected under the existing international legal framework, to investigate the main legal issues and the normative gaps and to analyze the solutions being discussed in the international arena.