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  • Energy Research
  • 2016-2025
  • The Research Council of Norway
  • French

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Schermer, Éliane;

    “Masting” designates a fruiting dynamics common in many perennial plants and characterized by seed production that is highly variable over the years and strongly synchronized among trees within populations. It is expected to strongly impact the population demography of seed consumers, and by cascade effect, the dynamics of forest ecosystems as a whole. Our lack of knowledge of the proximate causes of “masting” currently prevents any reliable prediction about the frequency and the intensity of fruiting, or about their consequences, under climate change. In this work I aimed to test the hypothesis that the pollination process is playing a key role in “masting” in temperate oak forests (Quercus petraea and Q. robur), which would make masting highly sensitive to climate change. By combining an empirical multi-site approach at large spatio-temporal scale in France and a theoretical approach based on a mechanistic model, I found that (i) fruiting dynamics depends on the annual amount of airborne pollen available for reproduction. This amount could be limited some years due to either low amounts of pollen produced at the population level, or harsh weather conditions affecting pollen release and aerial diffusion; (ii) pollen phenology is a key character of “masting”: pollen release takes place in early spring when weather conditions are typically unfavorable to pollination, which leads to frequent fruiting failure and explains thereby why mast years are rare and unpredictable; (iii) “masting” should become less stochastic in the upcoming decades because of the increase of spring temperatures, which should markedly influence the dynamics of seed consumers, and by cascading effect, oak forest regeneration Le « masting » correspond à une dynamique de fructifications, commune chez de nombreuses plantes pérennes, et caractérisée par une production de fruits extrêmement fluctuante d’une année à l’autre et synchronisée à l’échelle populationnelle. Il a un impact important sur la démographie des populations de consommateurs de fruits, et par effet de cascade, sur l’ensemble de la dynamique des écosystèmes forestiers. Notre méconnaissance actuelle des causes proximales du « masting » empêche toute prédiction crédible sur la fréquence et l'intensité des fructifications, et sur leurs conséquences au niveau des écosystèmes forestiers, dans le contexte du changement climatique. Cette thèse vise à tester l’hypothèse selon laquelle le processus de pollinisation pourrait jouer un rôle clé dans le « masting » des chênes de région tempérée (Quercus petraea et Q. robur), ce qui pourrait le rendre extrêmement sensible au changement climatique. En combinant une approche empirique multi-sites à large échelle spatio-temporelle en France et une approche théorique basée sur l’utilisation d’un modèle mécaniste, j’ai montré que (i) la dynamique des fructifications est liée à la disponibilité en pollen pour la reproduction. Le pollen peut être limitant certaines années en raison d’une faible quantité de pollen produite ou de conditions météorologiques défavorables à l’émission et à la diffusion du pollen ; (ii) la phénologie pollinique est un caractère clé du « masting » : l’émission pollinique a lieu au début du printemps, dans des conditions météorologiques souvent défavorables à la pollinisation, ce qui conduit à de fréquents échecs de la fructification et explique le caractère rare et imprévisible des fructifications massives ; (iii) le « masting » deviendrait moins stochastique avec l’augmentation des températures printanières au cours des prochaines décennies, ce qui pourrait avoir des conséquences importantes sur la dynamique des consommateurs de fruits, et par effet de cascade, sur la capacité de régénération des chênaies

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Fumière, Quentin;

    Le pourtour méditerranéen, plus particulièrement le Sud-Est de la France, est affecté par des épisodes de pluies intenses pendant l'automne. Déterminer l'évolution future de ces événements est un enjeu scientifique et de société majeur. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier, à très haute résolution spatiale et aux échelles climatiques, la représentation passée et l'évolution future de ces événements de pluies intenses. L'approche utilisée est basée sur l'analyse des simulations d'une famille de modèles de climat régionaux à convection profonde explicite (cprcms, 2-3 km) et sur l'exploitation d'une nouvelle base de données d'observations des précipitations kilométrique et horaire : comephore.L'évaluation des cprcms met en évidence une forte valeur ajoutée des cprcms par rapport aux rcms (Regional Climate Models) à convection paramétrée (12,5 km) pour la représentation des précipitations extrêmes quotidiennes et surtout horaires. Cette valeur ajoutée est robuste à des changements de configurations de cnrm-arome (version, domaine et modèle forceur). Il est également montré que cette valeur ajoutée est vérifiée dans 4 autres paires cprcm/rcm issues du programme cordex fps-convection. L'étude des effets du changement climatique à la fin du 21 ème siècle dans un scénario à forte émission de gaz à effet de serre à partir de simulations de 10 ans des quatre cprcms ne permet pas d'obtenir une évolution significative des précipitations extrêmes même sur le signe du changement attendu. Il est très probable que la variabilité naturelle du climat domine la réponse future des précipitations extrêmes sur des périodes de 10 ans. En revanche, une simulation de scénario de 30 ans avec cnrm-arome selon le scénario rcp8.5 pour la fin du siècle suggère une augmentation des précipitations extrêmes quotidiennes et surtout horaires sur les Cévennes et plus particulièrement sur le Roussillon où l'augmentation des précipitations horaires pourrait dépasser les 15% par degré de réchauffement. Par ailleurs, il a été montré que les cprcms peuvent nettement modifier la réponse des pluies au changement climatique simulées par les rcms à résolution standard. A l'avenir, des simulations d'au moins 30 ans semblent nécessaires pour obtenir des résultats robustes dans les exercices internationaux multi-modèles. Ce travail constitue la première exploitation scientifique intensive du modèle arome en mode climat. Les résultats obtenus ouvrent de nombreuses possibilités pour son usage futur pour étudier le climat à très haute résolution et en particulier les événements extrêmes. The Mediterranean region and more particularly the South-East of France are affected by intense rainfall episodes during the autumn. Determining the future evolution of these events is a major scientific and societal challenge. The objective of this PhD thesis is to study at very high resolution and at climate scales the past representation and future evolution of these intense rainfall events. The approach here is based on the analysis of simulations of a family of explicit deep convection regional climate models (cprcms, 2-3 km) and on the exploitation of a new database of kilometric and hourly precipitation observations : comephore. The evaluation of the cprcms revealed a high added-value of explicit convection models compared with parameterized convection models (12.5 km) for the representation of daily and especially sub-daily extreme precipitation. The robustness of this added value has been showed to changes in cnrm-arome configurations (version, domain and model driving).The added value was also verified in 4 other rcm/cprcm pairs from the cordex fps-convection program. The study of precipitation changes based on 10-year simulations of the four cprcms did not provide a significant response of change in extreme precipitation. It is very natural climate variability is likely to dominate the future response of extreme precipitation over periods of 10 years, which implies that even at the end of the 21st century and in a scenario with high green house-gases emissions, it is likely that some decades will be wetter and others less so than decades of the current climate. It is therefore necessary to extend the simulations to increase the robustness of multi-model results. In addition, the 10-year change results with cnrm-arome are not representative of the changes over 30 years. The 30-year scenario simulation with cnrm-arome according to the rcp8.5 projection for the end of the century suggests an increase in extreme daily and especially hourly precipitation in the Cévennes and more particularly in Roussillon (+15% per degree of warming). In scenario mode, it was possible to show that cprcms can significantly change the rain response to climate change simulated by standard resolution rcms. This work is the first intensive scientific exploitation of the arome model in climate mode. The results obtained open up many possibilities for its future use to study climate at very high resolution and in particular extreme events.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL-IRD
    Doctoral thesis . 2019
    Data sources: HAL-IRD
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL-INSU
    Doctoral thesis . 2019
    Data sources: HAL-INSU
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL-IRD
      Doctoral thesis . 2019
      Data sources: HAL-IRD
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL-INSU
      Doctoral thesis . 2019
      Data sources: HAL-INSU
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