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In the palm oil industry, open ponding, aerobic and anaerobic digestion, physicochemical treatment and membrane filtration are generally applied as conventional treatments of palm oil mill effluent (POME). In this study, a sand filtration-dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) system was investigated as an alternative process for treating POME. This system can reduce land USAge, processing time and costs compared to conventional systems. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and oil-grease in relation to the applied voltage were studied. Furthermore, the pH and temperature profiles were investigated. The obtained results indicate that the removal efficiency of COD, BOD5, and oil-grease increased with an increase of the applied voltage. The electrical energy consumption needed is about 10.56 kWh/L of POME.

The purpose of this research was to analyze the biogas production from co-digestion of Salvinia molesta and rice straw. Ratio of Salvinia molesta and rice straw was 5:0, 4:1, 3:2. Lab-scale-batch digesters (600 mL) were operated at room temperature (30 oC) and pressure of 1 atm. Total basis of Salvinia molesta and rice straw was 10 gr, water was added with ratio of organic matter:water = 1:7 (w/w), rumen fluid was added as inoculum, initial pH was adjusted to be 7. Fermentation process was conducted for 30 days. The results showed that total biogas volume for ratio of 5:0, 4:1, 3:2 was 6.30±0.00; 32.76±18.32; 107.54±18.51 mL/g VS respectively. The pH of substrate was changing from 7.00 to 6.77±0.19; 6.60±0.14; 6.73±0.09 for all variables respectively.

An effort to increase the yield and reduce carbon loss from maize farming practices on Ultisols largely depend on fertilizer inputs and in situ crop residual management. The experiment aimed to estimate yields, biomass production and carbon dynamics of several management fertilization on maize farming practice on Ultisols has been conducted from March to July 2013 in Taman-bogo Experimental Farm, East Lampung. The experiment was set up as a randomized complete blockdesign, consisted of 6 treatments namely: 5 t ha-1 of cattle manure, 5 t ha-1of dried sludge manure, and its combination with 200 kg urea ha-1 + 125 kg SP36 ha-1 + 50 kg KCl ha-1 (50% of recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers “RDIF”) and 75% of RDIF. The experimental results revealed that application of combined organic with inorganic fertilizers increased the biomass production, carbon fixation, and grain yield significantly. More than 50% of produced biomass and fixed carbon (grain, maize cob, maize husk, stems and leaves) were removed from maize farming. The use of organic fertilizer combined with NPK fertilizer at 50% of RDIF can be applied to increase the biomass production, organic carbon fixation and maize grain yield in sustainable ways.

Pasir Langu village in Cisarua, West Java, is the largest central production area of paprika in Indonesia. On average, for every 200 kilograms of paprika produced, there is rejection amounting to 3 kilograms. This resulted in money loss for wholesalers and wastes. In one year, this amount can be approximately 11.7 million Indonesian rupiahs. Recently, paprika wholesalers in Pasir Langu village recently are developing cold chain management system to maintain quality of paprika so that number of rejection can be reduced. The objective of this study is to compare environmental impacts between conventional and cold chain management system in paprika distribution process using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology and propose Photovoltaic (PV) system in paprika distribution process. The result implies that the cold chain system produces more CO2 emission compared to conventional system. However, due to the promotion of PV system, the emission would be reduced. For future research, it is necessary to reduce CO2 emission from transportation process since this process is biggest contributor of CO2 emission at whole distribution process.

Poly (ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene-graft-styrene-sulfonate) was successfully prepared by irradiation grafting of a styrene monomer into ethylenetetrafluoro-ethylene (ETFE) films and followed by sulfonation of the graft chains. Five film sheets of ETFE which having a size of 3 cm x 8 cm, thickness of 25 µm were packed in vacuum using a Y type tube filled with argon gas. The samples were irradiated using γ-rays with a dose of 15 kGy at 15 kGy/h. The iradiated samples were grafted by using styrene monomer at 60o C for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 h, respectively. The grafted samples (ETFE-g-St) were washed with xylene to remove homopolymer of polystyrene, and then its degree of grafting (DG) was determined. Sulfonation was carried out by using 0.2 M chlorosulfonic acid in dichloroethane solution at a water bath of 60oC for 6 h. Sulfonated samples (ETFE-g-St-SO3H) were washed with water to neutralize its acidity, and dried in a vacuum drier at 40oC for 15 h. The dried sample was weighed as sulfonated sample in order to determine the degree of sulfonation (%DS). Membrane properties of EFTE-g-St-SO3H sample such as ion exchange capacity (IEC), proton conductivity in cross direction (σ1), and in-plane direction (σ11) were determined by using a HIOKI-3522 LCR HI tester. Durability test of samples were conducted in hot water and 3% H2O2 respectively.. The proton conductivity measurement and durability of the membrane were compared to Nafion 112® as standard. The experimental results showed that the degree of grafting was increased with time of reaction for copolymerization, while %DS gave excellent results with an average of 92.7%. The IEC value was more affected by the %DG as compared to that of %DS effect. The average of σl value of the sample was 0.055 S/cm, compared to σ1 of Nafion112® that was 0.066 S/cm. The average of σ11 of the sample was 0.18 S/cm, while the σ11 of Nafion 112® was = 0.36 S/cm. The sample of SA004 with 53.49% DG was more stable than both the SA001 (21.48%DG) and SA003 (41.52% DG) in durability's test of the samples against hot water (334 h resistance). On the peroxides test, all of samples were degraded at 114 h. Received: 20 November 2011; Revised: 28 March 2012; Accepted: 30 April 2012

Mining using an open pit system may lead to a deterioration in the quality of the environment in term of the extent of the cleared land, heavy metals contamination on the overburden rock, the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD) with a pH <5, high level of total suspended solid (TSS), and the content of the metal on it. Several research results on post-mining land indicated a change in the environmental quality of the mine. Handling of the AMD problem can be conducted by several methods, including the active method by spreading calcium oxide (CaO) in AMD with the aim of increasing pH to neutral. The purpose of this study was to study the alternative techniques to manage the AMD using biostimulant. The present study was conducted firstly in the vinil house by using 10 L of AMD water sample with 2 kinds of treatment, i.e. CaO with levels of 0.2 and 0.25. Biostimulant with four kinds of treatment (I, II, III and IV) which resulted from the combination of different types of biostimulants (A, B and C) with different in composition. Secondly, research on the 1000 L of AMD for scaling up applications in the field. CaO and Biostimulant doses were obtained from the first stage of the study. Analysis pH, TSS, Fe, and Mn of the AMD were done on the control, CaO, and biostimulant treatments. CaO treatment resulted in an increase in pH to 6.9, TSS decreased significantly decline so to 60 mg/L. Fe content in AMD decreased to 0.22 mg/L, and Mn levels decreased to 0.12 mg/L on day 10. Biostimulant treatment resulted in increase of pH to pH 6.7. The TSS value decreased to 40 mg/L. Fe and Mn levels decreased to 0.03 mg/L and Mn 2.98 mg/L, respectively.

In the summer season, irrigation sector in Bangladesh suffers a lot due to the country wide electricity crisis. Solar pump offers a clean and simple alternative to the conventional fuel fired engine or grid electricity driven pump in this regard to resolve the issue. In this paper, the techno-economic analyses of solar irrigation plants installed in Bangladesh are evaluated. It was observed that systems were running around 70% to 80% of the rated power which was quite acceptable. A 10 hp pump was able to pump 600 liter of water per minute which was also satisfactory to irrigate the land. Average operating time was found to be 8 hour/day. It was found that the overall efficiency of the systems were in between 11.39% to 16.52% whereas the typical average value of lit/Wp/year was 9200. On the other hand, the cost of irrigation to cultivate paddy in 0.161 hectares' land for one season was 1,750 BDT by solar irrigation which was found to be lower than that of other available modes. This charge for grid electricity based irrigation was about 3,000 to 3500 BDT per 0.161 hectares' and 2,300 to 2,600 BDT per 0.161 hectares' for diesel engine based irrigation. According to the current financial scheme (15% equity investment, 35% credit support and remaining 50% from government through IDCOL) the average value of payback period was 5.43 years, NPV in the range from 7 to 15% and IRR was 18%. By considering 100% equity investment, however, these projects were not economically attractive. The payback period for this case was about 18 years. Study also revealed that each solar irrigation plant reduces 42.8 kg of CO2 emission per day compare to diesel engine operated pump and 2566.24 kg/day compared to grid electricity operated pump. A comprehensive effort from the Government as well as from all the stakeholders is required for further expansion of solar irrigation plants in Bangladesh. Article History: Received Sept 05, 2015; Received in revised form Dec 15, 2015; Accepted February 2, 2016; Available online How to Cite This Article: Hoque, N., Roy, A., Beg, M.R.A. and Das, B.K. (2016) Techno-Economic Evaluation of Solar Irrigation Plants Installed in Bangladesh. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 5(1), 73-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.5.1.73-78

Municipal solid waste is still a big problem in the cities of Indonesia especially in the Capital and capital of province. Open dumping in TPA is operated through all of Indonesian cities, this bring to consequences a bad influence to the environment. Conversion of Organic solid waste either to energy or biofertilizer is one of the best choices on the solid waste management. These methods will create a good manageable of cities environment, producing fertilizer for the farmer, energy for the communal and jobs for the people. Municipal organic wastes were grinded andfermented in anaerobic aerobic conditions. Anaerobic conditions produce rrydrogen or methane as bioenergy meanwhile aerobic fermentation was used to get either compost or liquid oiofertilizer. The result of Bioenergy and biofertilizer production showed that Municipal organic waste has a great potential as substrate for bioenergy such as hydrogen and methane or substrate for biofertilizer. The biofertilizer could be either as compost or liquid biofertilizer which are rich with growth promoting substances produces by specific bacteria during municipal organic solid waste fermentation.

Planning is the beginning of development activities towards sustainable environmental urgently needed and by integrating ecological footprint into development planning in the region, especially the Spatial Plan (RTRW) that is effective and has a strong tenure. This research aims to analyze existing ecological footprint in South Sumatra, to be able to note the condition of regions ecological footprint. Data analysis is carried out through a quantitative analysis, such as calculating where Ecological Footprint (EFA) and Counting Biocapacity (BC). Results of the analysis obtained EF EF = 0.967 and 1.088 that BC = EF

Microalgae Nannochloropsis sp is autotrophic organism that can utilize atmospheric CO2 and sunlightfor growth via photosynthesis. It is potential sources for biodiesel due to its high lipid content. Formass production, two basic designs of photo-bioreactor are available, i.e. open and enclosed systems.Study was conducted to investigate the growth performance of Nannochloropsis sp in outdoor batchculture system using Parallel Enclosed Glass-Tubular Photo-bioreactor (PBR) for 18 days withmodified f/2 medium. Nutrient N-P was calculated based on the empiric structure of microalgae cell(C1O0.48H1.83N0.11P0.01) with target of biomass yield was 1gL-1. Temperature, pH, Optical Density (OD),Dry Cell Weight (DCW), population, lipid content, and fatty acid were observed. Data showed thattemperature fluctuated between 22oC and 35oC, pH was stable at 7.0-7.5, OD increased from 0.134 to0.878, DCW increased 39 times higher than its initial value. At the 18th day, the cell diameter variedin range of 1-9 μm, cell weight increased 5.3 times (3.5 to 18.4 pg.cell-1), and lipid content is 35.71%.Fatty acid was composed by saturated fatty acids (92.39%) that covered of lauric (20.30%), myristic(12.69%), palmitic (50.05%), and stearic (9.35%) that was suitable for biodiesel. Unsaturated fatty acidwas performed by oleic acid (3.49%).