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Robust mitigation options will play significant role in achieving the target of limiting global change to below 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2100. To support cooperation for mitigation development, we establish a real options-based model to evaluate the rational decisions of exercising the abandon option for carbon capture and storage-enhanced oil recovery (CCS-EOR) projects under oil market and geological uncertainties. Three possible cooperative mechanisms (fixed carbon dioxide (CO2) price, oil-indexed CO2 price, and joint venture contracts) among CO2-EOR stakeholders are evaluated. The results show that the conflicts in profit maximization targets for different stakeholders in cooperative mitigation are to a great extent unable to be avoided. A joint venture business model is preferred in cooperative mitigation as it can effectively weaken such conflicts. And it is more reasonable to provide incentives to the downstream of the CO2-EOR chain than compensating the adoption cost of carbon capture technologies in the upstream. From a global perspective, the inefficient cooperation can be a main barrier that hinders the development of deep-cutting options. Global mitigation strategies should not only focus on promoting technology progress but also the design of innovative business models to balance the benefits among stakeholders. A joint venture business model is recommended in both the developed and developing countries for seizing the early mitigation opportunities.

Robust mitigation options will play significant role in achieving the target of limiting global change to below 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2100. To support cooperation for mitigation development, we establish a real options-based model to evaluate the rational decisions of exercising the abandon option for carbon capture and storage-enhanced oil recovery (CCS-EOR) projects under oil market and geological uncertainties. Three possible cooperative mechanisms (fixed carbon dioxide (CO2) price, oil-indexed CO2 price, and joint venture contracts) among CO2-EOR stakeholders are evaluated. The results show that the conflicts in profit maximization targets for different stakeholders in cooperative mitigation are to a great extent unable to be avoided. A joint venture business model is preferred in cooperative mitigation as it can effectively weaken such conflicts. And it is more reasonable to provide incentives to the downstream of the CO2-EOR chain than compensating the adoption cost of carbon capture technologies in the upstream. From a global perspective, the inefficient cooperation can be a main barrier that hinders the development of deep-cutting options. Global mitigation strategies should not only focus on promoting technology progress but also the design of innovative business models to balance the benefits among stakeholders. A joint venture business model is recommended in both the developed and developing countries for seizing the early mitigation opportunities.

Pyrolysis, one of the most promising thermal conversion technologies for biomass conversion, can decompose biomass into solid bio-char, liquid bio-oil, and combustible gas to meet different energy needs. However, pyrolysis efficiency and product quality are not as good as expected when raw biomass is used owing to the properties of raw biomass (e.g., high moisture, oxygen, and alkali metal contents). Torrefaction is an emerging biomass pretreatment technology that can improve the physical and chemical properties of raw biomass, and pyrolysis efficiency and final product quality can therefore be improved by using torrefied biomass. We review several advantages of pyrolysis of torrefied biomass in terms of the conversion process and final product quality.

Pyrolysis, one of the most promising thermal conversion technologies for biomass conversion, can decompose biomass into solid bio-char, liquid bio-oil, and combustible gas to meet different energy needs. However, pyrolysis efficiency and product quality are not as good as expected when raw biomass is used owing to the properties of raw biomass (e.g., high moisture, oxygen, and alkali metal contents). Torrefaction is an emerging biomass pretreatment technology that can improve the physical and chemical properties of raw biomass, and pyrolysis efficiency and final product quality can therefore be improved by using torrefied biomass. We review several advantages of pyrolysis of torrefied biomass in terms of the conversion process and final product quality.

Low carbon transformation plays an important role in promoting the energy production and consumption revolution. Currently, the power sector of China still faces a series of challenges, such as the overcapacity of coal-fired power, the renewable energy consumption, the new constraints of carbon-emissions, and fragmented power planning. This study develops a multi-objective optimization model to predict the future trend of China power structure by 2035. The key factors such as network, power, load and storage are taken into account. Besides, the technical feasibility, economic rationality and social acceptable constraints are also fully considered. Through planning and optimization, the premise of low carbon transformation is to ensure the continuity of existing policies for removing inefficient assets, and the core is to develop and utilize non-fossil energy on a large scale. Specifically, the capacity of coal-fired power will be attained in the peak in 2025, and the factor will also transfer from main power supplier to main power and energy supplier. Before 2025, the clean replacement of incremental power installation will be completed. In 2035, 92% of new investment comes from non-fossil energy. The economy and competitiveness of wind power and PV (Photovoltaic) power generation are continuously increasing. By 2020, the coal-fired power and the wind power in eastern of China will be parity firstly. In 2025, the cost of PV and wind power will be the same. Furthermore, the evaluation dimension of modern power system with clean, low-carbon, safety and high efficiency are innovatively constructed, and the index system target of 2035 is quantitatively analyzed and prospected.

Low carbon transformation plays an important role in promoting the energy production and consumption revolution. Currently, the power sector of China still faces a series of challenges, such as the overcapacity of coal-fired power, the renewable energy consumption, the new constraints of carbon-emissions, and fragmented power planning. This study develops a multi-objective optimization model to predict the future trend of China power structure by 2035. The key factors such as network, power, load and storage are taken into account. Besides, the technical feasibility, economic rationality and social acceptable constraints are also fully considered. Through planning and optimization, the premise of low carbon transformation is to ensure the continuity of existing policies for removing inefficient assets, and the core is to develop and utilize non-fossil energy on a large scale. Specifically, the capacity of coal-fired power will be attained in the peak in 2025, and the factor will also transfer from main power supplier to main power and energy supplier. Before 2025, the clean replacement of incremental power installation will be completed. In 2035, 92% of new investment comes from non-fossil energy. The economy and competitiveness of wind power and PV (Photovoltaic) power generation are continuously increasing. By 2020, the coal-fired power and the wind power in eastern of China will be parity firstly. In 2025, the cost of PV and wind power will be the same. Furthermore, the evaluation dimension of modern power system with clean, low-carbon, safety and high efficiency are innovatively constructed, and the index system target of 2035 is quantitatively analyzed and prospected.

Abstract The transport sector has become an important source of urban greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutant emissions, with the continuous growth of transportation demand. The co-benefits of reducing GHG and air pollutant emissions in the transport sector are receiving more and more attention. Taking Guangzhou as the case study city, this study quantitatively analyzed the co-benefits of reducing CO2 and air pollutant emissions under the sustainable scenario in the transport sector by developing a quantitative analysis model based on the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) framework. The co-benefits quantitative parameter and the co-benefits radar chart analysis method are used to identify and evaluate the generated co-benefits, and then the co-benefits generated by implementing the sustainable measures are discussed. The results show that adjusting transport modes and increasing the application of electricity are the two most effective measures for achieving the co-benefits of reducing CO2 and air pollutant emissions in the Guangzhou transport sector. Thus, these two measures are highly preferential for mitigating CO2 and air pollutant emissions. In addition, increasing the application of biofuel and hydrogen energy also has good co-benefits. However, increasing the application of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has poor co-benefits. Promoting the utilization of LNG intercity buses, trucks, and cargo ships will lead to emission increases of CO and HC compared to the current policy scenario, and small emission reductions of CO2 and other air pollutants. Therefore, to promote the utilization of LNG vehicles and ships, it is necessary to cooperate with the use of air pollutant end removal devices and high-pressure direct injection (HPDI) gas engines.

Abstract The transport sector has become an important source of urban greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutant emissions, with the continuous growth of transportation demand. The co-benefits of reducing GHG and air pollutant emissions in the transport sector are receiving more and more attention. Taking Guangzhou as the case study city, this study quantitatively analyzed the co-benefits of reducing CO2 and air pollutant emissions under the sustainable scenario in the transport sector by developing a quantitative analysis model based on the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) framework. The co-benefits quantitative parameter and the co-benefits radar chart analysis method are used to identify and evaluate the generated co-benefits, and then the co-benefits generated by implementing the sustainable measures are discussed. The results show that adjusting transport modes and increasing the application of electricity are the two most effective measures for achieving the co-benefits of reducing CO2 and air pollutant emissions in the Guangzhou transport sector. Thus, these two measures are highly preferential for mitigating CO2 and air pollutant emissions. In addition, increasing the application of biofuel and hydrogen energy also has good co-benefits. However, increasing the application of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has poor co-benefits. Promoting the utilization of LNG intercity buses, trucks, and cargo ships will lead to emission increases of CO and HC compared to the current policy scenario, and small emission reductions of CO2 and other air pollutants. Therefore, to promote the utilization of LNG vehicles and ships, it is necessary to cooperate with the use of air pollutant end removal devices and high-pressure direct injection (HPDI) gas engines.

Recycling the arsenic-rich biomass of Pteris vittata is a critical problem during phytoremediation primarily because of the low value and high risk of arsenic-rich biomass. Nevertheless, extracts of P. vittata have been found to have a variety of bio-activities (e.g., anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, and anti-bacterial) and abundant valuable bio-active compositions (e.g., flavonoids), which might present a new solution for the recycling of P. vittata harvests. This work demonstrated a pilot-scale experiment to extract and purify the phenolic compounds from 1 t of arsenic-rich P. vittata biomass. Result showed that 47.9 kg of phenolic-rich extract with a potential value of US$908.66-8345.14 was obtained. This extract showed no acute oral toxicities (LD50 > 10 g/kg), no skin irritation, and no chronic risks in the long-term skin contact exposure pathways. All of the wastes from production have been recycled and safely disposed with low cost (US$28.44), and the cost may be further reduced. The calculated benefits from this method showed a potential to provide 995-53,050 US$/hm2 per year to a phytoremediation project. Therefore, this strategy could address the issue of expensive phytoremediation.