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Dynamics of societal material stocks such as buildings and infrastructures and their spatial patterns drive surging resource use and emissions. Building up and maintaining stocks requires large amounts of resources; currently stock-building materials amount to almost 60% of all materials used by humanity. Buildings, infrastructures and machinery shape social practices of production and consumption, thereby creating path dependencies for future resource use. They constitute the physical basis of the spatial organization of most socio-economic activities, for example as mobility networks, urbanization and settlement patterns and various other infrastructures. This dataset features a detailed map of material stocks for the whole of Germany on a 10m grid based on high resolution Earth Observation data (Sentinel-1 + Sentinel-2), crowd-sourced geodata (OSM) and material intensity factors. Temporal extent The map is representative for ca. 2018. Data format Per federal state, the data come in tiles of 30x30km (see shapefile). The projection is EPSG:3035. The images are compressed GeoTiff files (*.tif). There is a mosaic in GDAL Virtual format (*.vrt), which can readily be opened in most Geographic Information Systems. The dataset features area and mass for different street types area and mass for different rail types area and mass for other infrastructure area, volume and mass for different building types Masses are reported as total values, and per material category. Units area in m² height in m volume in m³ mass in t for infrastructure and buildings Further information For further information, please see the publication or contact Helmut Haberl (helmut.haberl@boku.ac.at). A web-visualization of this dataset is available here. Visit our website to learn more about our project MAT_STOCKS - Understanding the Role of Material Stock Patterns for the Transformation to a Sustainable Society. Publication Haberl, H., Wiedenhofer, D., Schug, F., Frantz, D., Virág, D., Plutzar, C., Gruhler, K., Lederer, J., Schiller, G. , Fishman, T., Lanau, M., Gattringer, A., Kemper, T., Liu, G., Tanikawa, H., van der Linden, S., Hostert, P. (accepted): High-resolution maps of material stocks in buildings and infrastructures in Austria and Germany. Environmental Science & Technology Funding This research was primarly funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (MAT_STOCKS, grant agreement No 741950). ML and GL acknowledge funding by the Independent Research Fund Denmark (CityWeight, 6111-00555B), ML thanks the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC; project Multi-Scale, Circular Economic Potential of Non-Residential Building Scale, EP/S029273/1), JL acknowledges funding by the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF), project ESR17-067, TF acknowledges the Israel Science Foundation grant no. 2706/19.

Ziel der Diplomarbeit war es, ein Comuputermodell in ANSYS Fluent zu erstellen, um die Tr��pfchenbildung der Eigenschaften des Thermo��ls D12 in einem Latentw��rmespeicher mit den Eigenschaften von Wasser und Wasser-TBAB w��hrend des Erstarrungsprozesses des Speichermaterials zu analysieren. Die Arbeit f��hrt den Leser in die Grundlagen der Strahl- und Tr��pfchenbildung ein und erkl��rt kurz dsas verwendete Modell, bevor die Ergebnisse der Parameterstudie vorgestellt werden. Da str��mungsdynamische Simulationen eine betr��chtliche Menge an PC-Resourcen ben��tigen, wurde das Modell auf die notwendige Gr����e f��r den eingehenden Strahl und den ersten Tropfen zugeschnitten Das Einstellen der kompletten oberen Wand des Modells als Auslass f��hrte zu R��ckstr��mungsbedingungen, die den W��rmestrom in gro��em Ma��stab beeinflussten. F��r die Parameterstuidie wurden der sogenannte Mushy-Parameter f��r die Erstarrung, die Eintrittstemperatur und die Eintrittsgeschwindigkeit variiert. 5 von 11 Berechnungen zeigten ein ��hnliches Verhalten und keine ausreichende Erstarrung, 2 Berechnungen zeigten ein Verhalten, das den Grundgesetzen der Physik widersprechen. Von den 4 Berechnungen mit auswertbaren Daten erfuhren nur 2 einen Erstarrungsprozess, der langsam genug war, um vollst��ndig ausgewertet zu werden. Die anderen 2 konnten konnten aufgrund eines Speicherintervalls von 0.5s, mit der Absicht, den erforderlichen Festplattenspeicher zu minimieren, nicht vollst��ndig aufgel��st werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das CFD-Berechnungen zur Modellierung der Erstarrung in einem direkt Latentw��rmespeicher verwendet werden k��nnen. Allerdings m��ssen daf��r die Randbedingungen sorgf��lltig eingestellt werden. The aimk of this master thesis was to create a computer model in ANSYS Fluent with the intnetion of evaluating the droplet formation of the properties of tzhe thermal oil D12 in a direct contact latent heat storage with the properties of water and water-TBAB during the solification process of the storage aterial. The thesis will introduce the reader into the basics of the jet and droplet formation and briefly explain the used model before presenting and discussing the results of the parameter study. As compuitational fluid dynamic calculation need a significant amount of PC resources the model was created to fit just the incoming stream and the first droplet. Setting the complete top wall of the model geometry as outlet resulted in back-flow conditions effecting the heat flux on a great sccale. For the parameter study, the so-called mushy parameter for solification, the inlet temperature and the inlet velocity were varied. 5 of 11 calculations experienced similar behaviour and no sufficient solification, 2 calculations with exploitable data only 2 experienced a solification process slow enough to be evaluated fully. The other 2 could not be completly resolved due to a savinig interval of 0.5s caused by the intention of minimizing necessary disk space. The results show that CFD calculations can be used for modelling the solification in a direct contact latent heat storage, although the boundary conditions have set to be carefully.

Es wurde ein Versuchsstand f��r einen thermochemischen Energiespeicher geplant und gebaut. Er besteht aus einem Reaktor, der mit festem Kupfersulfat einen der Reaktionspartner enth��lt, und einem Tank, indem der zweite Reaktionspartner Ammoniak gespeichert wird. Der Tank und der Reaktor bilden ein geschlossenes System, das durch Rohre miteinander verbunden wird. Diese Verbindung kann durch Magnetventile, die mittels PLC gesteuert werden, ge��ffnet und geschlossen werden. Durch die Rohre str��mt Ammoniak in den Reaktor, wo das Kupfersulfat unter W��rmefreisetung entladen wird. Zum Beladen des Energiespeichers simuliert ein Heizband ��bersch��ssige Abw��rme und stellt die notwendige W��rme bereit, die zur Freisetzung des Ammoniaks erforderlich ist. Um das Ammoniak speichern zu k��nnen, muss es gek��hlt und kondensiert werden. In dieser Arbeit werden daf��r mehrere Optionen f��r die K��hlung pr��sentiert. F��r ein profundes Verst��ndnis der thermodynamischen Zus��nde der Reaktanden w��hrend des Betriebes ist der Versuchsstand mit Temperatur- und Drucksensoren ausgestattet. Die Datenverarbeitung erfolgt durch eine Prozesskontrollsoftware. Da ein passendes K��hlsystem nicht bereitzustellen war, wurden Tests mit einem anderen thermochemischen System durchgef��hrt. Als Feststoff wurde Calciumoxalat-Monohydrat verwendet, das mit Wasser reagiert. A test rig for the use of a thermochemical energy system was planned and constructed. It consists of a reactor that contains solid copper sulphate as one of the partners of the chemical reaction and a tank, where the other constituent ammonia is stored. The tank and the reactor form a closed system that is connected through pipes. The connection is opened and closed through solenoid valves that are controlled by a PLC. Through the pipes ammonia can stream into the reactor and the copper sulphate is discharged under heat release. For the charging of the energy storage a heating band simulates waste heat and provides the necessary heat for the dissipation of ammonia. In order to store the ammonia it needs to be cooled to 34C and condensed. In the thesis different options for the cooling system are proposed. For a fundamental understanding of the thermodynamic states of the constituents during the test the test rig is equipped with temperature and pressure sensors. The data acquisition is done by a PLC. Since a suitable cooling system could not be provided tests with another thermochemical system were performed. As a solid calcium oxalate monohydrate was used which reacts with water. It was not possible to successfully hydrate the calcium oxalate.

The final energy consumption in buildings in Europe is more than 40% of the total energy consumption and is growing steadily due to the constant increase in living standards. At the same time, building sector has the highest potential for ecological and energy savings and the implementation of renewable energy sources. Croatia itself is rich in renewable energy resources, especially the Dalmatian region with its Mediterranean climate that, according to UNDP, has a great predisposition for a self-sustainable region. In order to begin to rely on on- site renewable resources a series of activities at the national level, and especially at the local level is required. Due to the favourable geographic location, concern for the pupils and the environment, the Elementary school Ostrog wants to become the first energy independent school in Croatia, meaning it produces as much energy on site as what is consumed throughout the course of the year. This thesis focuses on examining the best and most feasible ways to meet the school's need for energy: through combination of energy efficiency measures and implementation of locally available renewable sources. Through a dynamic simulation software two scenarios were applied: the refurbishment of the lighting system and the thermal improvement of the opaque part of the building envelope. The results were compared and evaluated according to the different criteria: electricity and heating demand. The renewable energy potential on site was calculated and explored if it can cover the school's annual need for electrical energy through installed photovoltaic system and heating demand through biomass from olive pomace. Finally, the financial costs for proposed measures were calculated, as well as possibilities for financing them.

In 2007 the European Union launched the 2020 Climate & Energy Package, with three core targets: A 20 % share of renewable energies, a 20 % cut in greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels, and a 20 % increase in energy efficiency. This thesis provides a review of the two legislative pieces that were at the core of the package, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive of 2010 and the Energy Efficiency Directive of 2012. Buildings account for more than 40 % of the total European energy consumption, making the improvement of building energy performance imperative. The two directives provide a framework for the promotion of energy efficiency by introducing National Energy Efficiency Action Plans, energy efficiency obligation schemes as well as strategies and measures aimed at the improvement of building energy efficiency. Implementation of the directives is examined based on the Austrian legislation concerning energy efficiency and building energy performance. Traditionally legislation on building matters has been the responsibility of the 9 federal states, but in recent years the Austrian Institute of Construction Engineering has promoted harmonization of construction laws through the release of guidelines. Guideline 6 includes provisions implementing core parts of the EPBD, although doubts about the quality and stringency remain. As technological advances and laws on building construction greatly evolved since the 1973 oil crisis the majority of energy performance improvements can be achieved with renovations of the existing building stock, particularly buildings constructed before 1990. A combination of improvements to the building envelope and technical building systems, as well as the increased use of alternative energy sources can reduce the energy demand of buildings by up to 90 % and more. While it is too early to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of regulations that entered into force so recently, financial and administrative barriers and the user-investor-dilemma remain and prevent substantial improvements in the renovation rate of buildings, particularly those privately owned.

Gasification of solid fuels attracts increasing interest within the energy supply sector. Allothermal concepts typically use steam as gasification agent and require heat input from external sources. In the “classical” dual fluidized bed gasifier, heat is provided in direct contact with hot bed material particles externally heated in a combustion reactor. This type of gasification system is demonstrated in Güssing and Oberwart (Austria) and yields a high quality product gas. Thus, the gas is well suited for synthesis processes. However, a substantial improvement of fuel flexibility as well as overall efficiency of the process is necessary. In order to achieve these improvements the bubbling fluidized bed, which is used in the classical gasifier design, will be replaced by a countercurrent reactor with zones of solids accumulations in sections operated in the turbulent fluidized bed regime. Therefore, the gas-solids contact, which is important for tar reforming reactions, is increased significantly. Moreover, higher gasification rates and higher efficiencies can be expected due to the improved gas-solids interaction in the gasification section. Proceedings of the 19th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 6-10 June 2011, Berlin, Germany, pp. 1456-1462

In order to meet the renewable energy targets for Europe, decentralized renewable electricity generation will play a crucial role. For Austria, an important path toward sincreasing electricity from renewable sources and towards decentralization has been cleared in the Erneuerbaren-Ausbau-Gesetz (Renewable Energy Expansion Act) by introducing Energy Communities. In this work a detailed overview of energy communities is being provided. Based on the legal framework, energy communities are analysed from different perspectives.Building on this theoretical foundation, a model is introduced that supports local authorities in Lower Austria in estimating a municipality’s potential for establishing a renewable energy community using PV modules on the roof of typical community buildings.In a first step, the generation potential of the different buildings can be estimated.Here, parameters like roof type, building orientation, roof area, tilt angle of the roof are incorporated. In a second step, the own electricity consumption of the buildings is estimated based on the floor size and the type of the buildings. The surplus of PV generation and own demand can be used as basis for establishing a renewable energy community. In addition to the surplus calculation, the consumption of the surplus by different consumer groups and their respective consumption patterns are investigated. Annual data are not meaningful in this context as PV generation and electricity demand show different seasonal patterns. Therefore, monthly data are analysed during the different steps of the model.The model is set up for an easy usability by local authorities. The model calculation is implemented using a common spread sheet software. With the help of this workand the developed model, local authorities should be able to play an active role in increasing the renewable electricity share and support the decentralization of the energy system.

The aim of this work was to gain insight and knowledge with the basic concepts of the Bitcoinnetwork and its relation to energy consumption. Precisely, the ambition of this literature-based research was to identify key determinants of the network ́s energy intensiveness. After an extensive review of the relevant literature on the topic, key principles of Bitcoin ́s electricity consumption were derived.With regards to environmental sustainability concerns, it was found that the network ́sproperties, in theory, allow for improvements of the unit economics of renewable energy production facilities and renewable intensive energy grids. Such applications, however, are dependent on the unforecastable market dynamics of the Bitcoin price.In a contextualization approach it was attempted to categorize the electricity consumption levels of the Bitcoin network based on the services offered with similar but not comparable entities.This approach finds that energy consumption does not provide a conclusive and instructive comparative parameter to determine whether energy consumption levels of the Bitcoin network.The paper concludes with advocating for location dependent policy approaches that encourage the strategic deployment of Bitcoin mining hardware to minimize environmental and economic opportunity cost.

The EPDB is the most important policy directive at the EU level that defines the directive of the energy performance of buildings in the EU-Member States. The EPBD 2018/844/EU Article 2e introduces the EPCs (Energy Performance Certificate of buildings and units) as an instrument to provide building energy performance information. Over the past years, EPCs have developed increasingly and still play an important role in the political context of decarbonisation of the building stock. This report presents an overview of the current policy framework of EPCs, and how some aspects of the EPBD have been implemented in the implementing countries Austria (focus Styria), Belgium (focus Flanders), Germany, Greece, Finland and Spain. To develop the present report, ePANACEA project partners were invited to respond to a questionnaire (with about 60 questions) that covered the following topic areas related to the EPCs and buildings related topics: environment, recommendations, end-user perception, technology uptake, energy assessment and rating system. By reviewing the current state, this report prepares the ground for future project activities, which are: the development of possible pathways how the policy framework could evolve in the future and the analysis and estimation of future replication potential of EPC results and the corresponding impact. That will be included in the project report “Pathways of EPC related policy framework”. Besides the description of the current state, this report also provides insights about possible future perspectives according to current national political discussions and implementing partner’s expertise. Complementary to this report, other reports also provide information about the current state: Report on the use of innovative certification schemes and their implementation Guidelines on how national EPC schemes and SRI could be linked Report on the use of (energy) data within EPC schemes Report on the current status of national plans, schemes and initiatives on building renovation passports 1st REBs conclusions report This report is structured as followed: chapter 1 presents a short introduction about the country-specific EPC framework, chapter 2 presents the current state of each topic area and in each country and chapter 3 presents the future perspectives of each area. Finally, chapter 4 presents the main conclusions of both topics.

Die weltweit steigende Anzahl an Windkraftwerken beschert der Weiterentwicklung an Windturbinen ebenfalls einen großen Aufschwung. Obwohl computerunterstützte Simulationsmethoden wie CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Erprobung von Windturbinen leisten, sind experimentell bestimmte Ergebnisse in diesem Bereich unerlässlich. Windtunnelanlagen eignen sich für solche Untersuchungen hervorragend, da es möglich ist, maßstabsgetreue und geometrisch ähnliche Modelle von Windturbinen unter realistischen Bedingungen auf deren Effizienz zu testen. Abgesehen davon stellt solch eine Anlage in der Lehre einen erheblichen Mehrwert dar, da mit dieser äußerst komplexe Strömungsexperimente durchgeführt werden können. Ein leichteres Verständnis wird dem/der Studierenden durch die Visualisierung ermöglicht. Deshalb wurde ein Windkanal für das Institut für Energietechnik und Thermodynamik an der Technischen Universität Wien entwickelt. In dieser Diplomarbeit werden die Grundlagen der Energiegewinnung durch Windkraftwerke und Modellierung von Windturbinen durchgearbeitet, wobei der Fokus dieser Arbeit auf der Entwicklung des Windtunnels liegt. Dabei wird auf die Berechnung, Auslegung und technische Konstruktion jedes Einzelteils der Anlage eingegangen und die bestmöglichen Zukaufteile ausgewählt. Da komplette, jedoch teure Windtunnelanlagen auf dem Markt erwerblich sind, wurde ein niedriger Preis bei der Entwicklung dieser Anlage stets angestrebt. Die Effizienz der Anlage durfte jedoch nicht unter dieser Vorgabe leiden, weshalb eine Strömungssimulation mit Hilfe der Simulationssoftware Ansys Fluent durchgeführt wurde. Erst nach Erreichen zufriedenstellender Ergebnisse wurden Kostenvoranschläge für Materialien und die Herstellung der finalen Bauteile eingeholt. Dadurch war es erst möglich, eine Entscheidung treffen zu können, ob sich der Eigenbau einer solchen Anlage rentiert. The ever-increasing volume of wind power plants all around the globe has increased the run on the further development of wind turbines. Nevertheless, even with today ́s simulation methods like CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), it is mandatory to predetermine the behaviour of the evolved turbine with experimental results. Wind tunnel systems are the best way to test down-scaled models of wind turbines with similar dimensions and parameters as the full-scale application. Besides, this test facility is beneficial for education at universities. A wide variety of aerodynamic experiments are possible, and complex flow profiles can be visualized, enabling a better understanding of the matter. Hence, a wind tunnel was developed for the Institute of Energy Systems and Thermodynamics at the Vienna University of Technology. The study presented also provides a detailed insight into the fundamentals of energy generation through wind power and the modelling of wind turbines. However, the focus is on the computation and technical design of each component of the wind tunnel and the selection of the best compatible outsourced parts. Since commercially available wind tunnel facilities are comparatively expensive on the market, the goal was to keep the costs for materials and construction as low as possible but ensuring maximum efficiency. For that reason, several performance checks have been carried out with the help of the CFD-Software Ansys-Fluent until nearly no flow separation occurred inside the wind tunnel, and the flow quality, as well as velocity inside the test chamber, was satisfying. Furthermore, quotations of all parts have been requested to evaluate the economic competitiveness of independently building a wind tunnel facility or buying the whole system from a well-known manufacturer.