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  • Energy Research
  • 2025-2025
  • Open Access
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  • ETH Zurich

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Efstratios Mikropoulos; Mark Roelfsema; Hsing-Hsuan Chen; Iain Staffell; +13 Authors

    The European Union's goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2050, outlined in the European Green Deal, is supported by numerous studies providing insights into pathways and emission reduction strategies in the energy sectors. However, model comparisons of such pathways are less common due to the complex nature of climate and energy modelling. Our study brings together integrated assessment models and energy system models under a common framework to develop EU policy scenarios: a Current Trends scenario reflecting existing policies and trends and a Climate Neutrality scenario aligned with the EU's emission reduction target. Both scenarios project reduced final energy consumption by 2050, driven by increased electrification and decreased fossil fuel usage. Electricity consumption increases driven by electrification despite the improved efficiency of electrified technologies. Models align on a shift toward renewables but diverge in technology and fuel choices, reflecting various approaches to reach net-zero energy systems. Furthermore, trade-offs between energy demand and supply mitigation strategies, as well as between renewable energy, e-fuels, and CCS technologies are identified. Considering these model variations, our study highlights the importance of consistent model comparison to offer reliable recommendations to policymakers and stakeholders. We conclude that model diversity is a valuable asset when used sensibly. ISSN:0360-5442 ISSN:1873-6785 Energy, 319

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy
    Article . 2025
    License: CC BY
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy
    Article . 2025
    License: CC BY
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    VBN
    Article . 2025
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    IFE Brage
    Article . 2025
    Data sources: IFE Brage
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Article . 2025
    License: CC BY
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Article . 2025
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy
      Article . 2025
      License: CC BY
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy
      Article . 2025
      License: CC BY
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      VBN
      Article . 2025
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IFE Brage
      Article . 2025
      Data sources: IFE Brage
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research Collection
      Article . 2025
      License: CC BY
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research Collection
      Article . 2025
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Perez, Byron; Li, Zhao; Haberkorn, Iris; Dumpler, Joseph; +2 Authors

    Algal Research 88, 104015 (2025). doi:10.1016/j.algal.2025.104015 Published by Elsevier, Amsterdam [u.a.]

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Algal Researcharrow_drop_down
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    Algal Research
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Article . 2025
    License: CC BY
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Article . 2025
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Algal Researcharrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Algal Research
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research Collection
      Article . 2025
      License: CC BY
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research Collection
      Article . 2025
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Grigoratos, Iason; id_orcid0000-0002-1637-2007; Bergamo, Paolo; id_orcid0000-0002-7738-2882; Cauzzi, Carlo Virgilio; id_orcid0000-0003-2033-4537; Danciu, Laurentiu; id_orcid0000-0003-4086-8755; +3 Authors
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Collectionarrow_drop_down
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    Research Collection
    Report . 2025
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research Collection
      Report . 2025
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Although life cycle assessment (LCA) as a method and framework has been extensively examined in the scientific literature, a new emphasis is put on integrating evolving spatiotemporal conditions of the analysed system, aiming to promote a more robust assessment through dynamic LCA. However, dynamic LCA methodologies remain inconsistent across multiple aspects, including on time-dependency, dynamic parameters, and links with other widely applied tools, such as material stocks and flows analysis or geographic information systems. Focusing on the four main phases of the LCA framework, this work presents a systematic review of the latest scientific literature reporting on prospective LCA modelling of buildings, while covering at least one dynamic parameter, such as the decarbonisation of the energy mix. First, this research presents the bibliometric structure of 64 published documents on the dynamic LCA of buildings, through four network visualisation maps. Then, it identifies a sample of 218 documents through the literature review method, and deeply analyses a sub-sample of 34 documents to systematise the emerging knowledge on dynamism in LCA as applied to buildings. We need a more comprehensive dynamic LCA modelling framework that can assess environmental performance of multiple building types, at a high level of spatial and temporal detail. Such framework should be able to integrate dynamic parameters in a simplified manner, and allow flexible time horizons and spatial scopes. Such framework should be able to quickly provide modelling results that may inform decision-making processes in finding solutions towards the challenges of resource depletion and climate change. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 212 ISSN:1364-0321

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Renewable and Sustai...arrow_drop_down
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    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Article . 2025
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2025
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Renewable and Sustai...arrow_drop_down
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      Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
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    Authors: Rosaria Volpe; Adriano Bisello; Andreas Tuerk; Francesco Guarino; +16 Authors

    This research delves into the environmental impact assessment of Positive Energy Districts (PEDs), focusing on comparative analyses of methodologies, key performance indicators, and an array of both theoretical and practical case studies. The literature review uncovers the strengths and weaknesses inherent current evaluation practices. The study reveals critical gaps in current assessment frameworks, particularly regarding the application to PEDs. It highlights the necessity for a holistic approach to PED evaluation, incorporating diverse energy sources and consumption patterns to fully understand their impact. The research advocates for the integration of multiple environmental factors in terms of innovative design and technology in PEDs, tailored to enhance both functionality and sustainability. It calls for the development of standardized guidelines and the learning from successful implementations to ensure the resilience and effectiveness of PEDs over time. Thus, this review paper aims to contribute to the body of knowledge on PEDs, offering insights and recommendations for future developments in this critical area of sustainable urban and energy planning. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 16 ISSN:2666-7894

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    Cleaner Environmental Systems
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2025
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cleaner Environmenta...arrow_drop_down
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      Cleaner Environmental Systems
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    Authors: Sandra Garcés-Pastor; Peter D. Heintzman; Scarlett Zetter; Youri Lammers; +26 Authors

    Abstract In the face of human land use and climate dynamics, it is essential to know the key drivers of plant species diversity in montane regions. However, the relative roles of climate and ungulates in alpine ecosystem change is an open question. Neither observational data nor traditional palaeoecological data have the power to resolve this issue over decadal to centennial timescales, but sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) does. Here we record 603 plant taxa, as well as 5 wild, and 6 domesticated mammals from 14 lake sediment records over the last 14,000 years in the European Alps. Sheep were the first domesticated animals detected (at 5.8 ka), with cattle appearing at the early Bronze Age (4.2 ka) and goats arriving later (3.5 ka). While sheep had an impact similar to wild ungulates, cattle have been associated with increased plant diversity over the last 2 ka by promoting the diversity of forbs and graminoids. Modelling of the sedaDNA data revealed a significantly larger effect of cattle and wild ungulates than temperature on plant diversity. Our findings highlight the significant alteration of alpine vegetation and the entire ecosystem in the Alps by wild and domesticated herbivores. This study has immediate implications for the maintenance and management of high plant species diversity in the face of ongoing anthropogenic changes in the land use of montane regions.

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    Authors: Wendi Qu; Hao Hua; Ting Yang; Constantin M. Zohner; +4 Authors

    Climate warming has led to earlier leaf green-up dates (GUD) with a greening trend of land surfaces in spring, yet the influence of multi-source particle pollution is not well understood. Using ground records and satellite observations of green-up date and fine particulate matter below 2.5 mu m (PM2.5) over the last two decades in China, here we show that PM2.5 pollution is associated with reduced plant carbon uptake and delayed green-up dates. These effects offset climate-driven spring greening and reduce subsequent photosynthesis in China. We find that pollution-associated delays in green-up date are primarily linked to increased chilling demands and higher heat requirements. PM2.5-associated decreases in photosynthetically active radiation and maximum rate of carboxylation could also weaken plant photosynthetic capacity. Finally, when we incorporate a PM2.5 effect, phenological models predict up to a one-week delay in green-up date by the year 2060 compared to previous predictions. Negative feedbacks between anthropogenic pollution and terrestrial carbon uptake suggest unexpected uncertainty of China's carbon neutral targets resulting from air pollution, with far-reaching implications for both ecosystem health and policy-making. Nature Communications, 16 (1) ISSN:2041-1723

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    Authors: Miriam Elser; Pirmin Sigron; Betsy Sandoval Guzman; Naghmeh Niroomand; +1 Authors

    Road transport represents a major contributor to air pollution, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions in Switzerland. In response, stringent emission regulations, penalties for non-compliance, and incentives for electric vehicles have been introduced. This study investigates how these policies, along with shifting consumer preferences and vehicle design advancements, have influenced the composition of the Swiss new passenger car fleet. Using machine learning techniques, we segment passenger vehicles to analyze trends over time. Our findings reveal a decline in micro and small vehicles, alongside an increase in lower- and upper-middle-class vehicles, sport utility vehicles, and alternative powertrains across all segments. Additionally, steady increases in vehicle width, length, and weight are observed in all classes since 1995. While technological advancements led to reductions in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions until 2016, an increase has since been observed, driven by higher engine power, greater vehicle weight, and changes in certification schemes.

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    Photovoltaics (PV) is a widely accepted technology that has a vital role to play in the energy transition. However, residential and community-owned installations are not accessible to everyone. Citizen-financed PV projects (CiFi PV) offer opportunities for tenants, individuals with limited upfront investment capacity, and homeowners with unsuitable rooftops to invest in PV installations. To evaluate the attractiveness of CiFi PV and its influencing factors, we conducted two online experiments with representative samples of the Swiss population. The first experiment (N = 807) analyzed the impact of four project characteristics (minimal investment, pay-out model, rooftop type, provider) on perceived attractiveness of CiFi PV projects. The second experiment (N = 512) examined the effect of seven motivational frames and a control frame on the same dependent variable. Both studies also evaluated willingness to invest. Over half of respondents were willing to invest in CiFi PV projects, primarily to support solar power and renewable energy generation. The main deterrent was uncertainty about the provider's trustworthiness. Neither project characteristics nor motivational frames significantly influenced perceived attractiveness. While financial and societal impact motivations were significant in the first experiment, the motivational frames in the second did not significantly affect attractiveness. These results indicate that CiFi PV projects have a strong diffusion potential because they can effectively engage various kinds of individuals in terms of socio-demographic and motivational attributes. To do so, there must be more of such projects, and they must be made more visible by practitioners and policymakers. Enhancing regulatory framework conditions can further improve project development. Energy Research and Social Science, 123

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    Energy Research & Social Science
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    Authors: Laurent, Julie Marine; id_orcid0000-0002-5198-1326;

    Industrial material production is highly energy intensive and significantly contributes to CO2 emissions. In particular, most synthetic polymers rely on limited fossil fuel resources, generate plastic waste, and are processed at high temperatures using non-aqueous solvents. Materials produced by microorganisms offer a promising alternative to these synthetic materials, as they can be synthesized from abundant resources under ambient conditions and are inherently biodegradable. Despite their potential, biofabricated materials face challenges related to yield, process control, and functional versatility. Among these microbially produced materials, bacterial cellulose is an industrially relevant polymer due to its purity and exceptional mechanical properties. It grows at the air-water interface as a pellicle, which can be easily harvested for applications in textiles, packaging, or medicine. This thesis aims to evolve cellulose-producing bacteria into a stable, high-yielding strain, and investigate the structure and properties of free-standing pellicles and surface biofilms made by the Evolved microorganism alone or in cellulose-producing microbial communities. To achieve this, a platform for the directed evolution of whole microorganisms was first developed. A library of cellulose-producing variants was generated using whole-genome random mutagenesis, with single bacteria encapsulated in nutrient-rich micron-sized droplets. Efficient quantification of cellulose production within the individual droplets was enabled with a cellulose-specific fluorescent dye. Leveraging the high throughput of droplet-based microfluidics, 40’000 variants were screened, from which the top cellulose overproducers were selected. Four Evolved strains were identified and showed to produce free-standing pellicles with 54-70\% more cellulose than the Native wild-type variant. Genomic analysis revealed a unique and consistent 12-base pair deletion in overproducing strains. This mutation occurred in a gene coding for the protease subunit ClpA, specifically at its binding site with ClpS. The contribution of this mutation to cellulose overproduction was further supported by a ClpS Knockout strain, which also exhibited enhanced cellulose production. However, the Knockout strain did not reach the cellulose yield of the Evolved strain, indicating that the complete loss of ClpA-ClpS interaction alone does not fully explain the overproducing phenotype, and additional non-genetic factors might be involved. To understand the effect of the genetic mutations on the properties of the bacterial cellulose pellicles, the proteome of the Evolved strain was analyzed and the resulting cellulose pellicles were investigated, both in their native state and after bacterial cell removal. Proteomic analysis revealed an abundance of cellulose synthase subunits in the Evolved and Knockout strains, shedding light on the role of the genetic mutations in cellulose overproduction. Additional changes in the protein landscape were identified, suggesting indirect regulatory effects on material formation. Combined, these proteomic modifications enhanced cellulose production and influenced the structure and mechanical properties of the synthesized material. While the cellulose from all strains was chemically identical and exhibited a similar crystallinity index, the Evolved strain produced denser pellicles with thicker cellulose fibers interwoven within a network of thin fibrils. The cell-free cellulose pellicles from the Evolved strain featured a 51% higher tensile strength and a 57% greater stiffness compared to other strains. These improved mechanical properties were attributed to the increased density of cellulose in the Evolved pellicle. Finally, the phenotypic diversity among the cellulose-producing strains provided a valuable framework to study the self-organization of bacteria in microbial communities during biofilm spreading. Fluorescently labeled strains were co-cultured on solid medium to identify key physical parameters influencing self-organization into spatial patterns. Depending on strain combinations, distinct concentric segregation patterns emerged during spreading, with one strain encircling the other. To quantify segregation, a novel metric called the eye-score was introduced. The effect of strain-specific phenotypes on biofilm cell composition and organization revealed that biofilm-substrate friction mismatch strongly influences the extent of spatial segregation, whereas the cellulose-forming ability determines the final biofilm cell composition. While the overproducing strain mostly occupied the nutrient-rich biofilm edge, three distinct pattern types were observed depending on phenotype mismatches between the co-cultured strains. Co-spreading occurs when both strains exhibit similar friction and cellulose production. When this is not the case, two other scenarios are observed. If the core strain has the lowest friction, a high eye-score bullseye pattern emerges. If the core strain has the highest friction, the overproducing strain dominates the entire community, leading to a biofilm with a low eye-score. In summary, this thesis demonstrates that high-throughput directed evolution is a powerful tool for developing novel strains and enabling scalable fabrication of sustainable materials without requiring prior genotypic knowledge. Beyond isolating a cellulose-overproducing strain capable of forming dense pellicles, this work advances the understanding of the material secretion machinery by linking genetic and proteomic changes to observed phenotypes. The identified mutations in the ClpAPS protease complex raise new scientific questions and technological opportunities for genetically manipulating cellulose-producing bacteria. Moreover, tuning cellulose production and biofilm friction presents a promising strategy to control cell composition and direct self-organization in microbial communities relevant for health, advanced biomaterials, and biotechnology.

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    Authors: Efstratios Mikropoulos; Mark Roelfsema; Hsing-Hsuan Chen; Iain Staffell; +13 Authors

    The European Union's goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2050, outlined in the European Green Deal, is supported by numerous studies providing insights into pathways and emission reduction strategies in the energy sectors. However, model comparisons of such pathways are less common due to the complex nature of climate and energy modelling. Our study brings together integrated assessment models and energy system models under a common framework to develop EU policy scenarios: a Current Trends scenario reflecting existing policies and trends and a Climate Neutrality scenario aligned with the EU's emission reduction target. Both scenarios project reduced final energy consumption by 2050, driven by increased electrification and decreased fossil fuel usage. Electricity consumption increases driven by electrification despite the improved efficiency of electrified technologies. Models align on a shift toward renewables but diverge in technology and fuel choices, reflecting various approaches to reach net-zero energy systems. Furthermore, trade-offs between energy demand and supply mitigation strategies, as well as between renewable energy, e-fuels, and CCS technologies are identified. Considering these model variations, our study highlights the importance of consistent model comparison to offer reliable recommendations to policymakers and stakeholders. We conclude that model diversity is a valuable asset when used sensibly. ISSN:0360-5442 ISSN:1873-6785 Energy, 319

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    Energy
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    Energy
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    Authors: Perez, Byron; Li, Zhao; Haberkorn, Iris; Dumpler, Joseph; +2 Authors

    Algal Research 88, 104015 (2025). doi:10.1016/j.algal.2025.104015 Published by Elsevier, Amsterdam [u.a.]

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    Algal Research
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      Algal Research
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    Authors: Grigoratos, Iason; id_orcid0000-0002-1637-2007; Bergamo, Paolo; id_orcid0000-0002-7738-2882; Cauzzi, Carlo Virgilio; id_orcid0000-0003-2033-4537; Danciu, Laurentiu; id_orcid0000-0003-4086-8755; +3 Authors
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    Although life cycle assessment (LCA) as a method and framework has been extensively examined in the scientific literature, a new emphasis is put on integrating evolving spatiotemporal conditions of the analysed system, aiming to promote a more robust assessment through dynamic LCA. However, dynamic LCA methodologies remain inconsistent across multiple aspects, including on time-dependency, dynamic parameters, and links with other widely applied tools, such as material stocks and flows analysis or geographic information systems. Focusing on the four main phases of the LCA framework, this work presents a systematic review of the latest scientific literature reporting on prospective LCA modelling of buildings, while covering at least one dynamic parameter, such as the decarbonisation of the energy mix. First, this research presents the bibliometric structure of 64 published documents on the dynamic LCA of buildings, through four network visualisation maps. Then, it identifies a sample of 218 documents through the literature review method, and deeply analyses a sub-sample of 34 documents to systematise the emerging knowledge on dynamism in LCA as applied to buildings. We need a more comprehensive dynamic LCA modelling framework that can assess environmental performance of multiple building types, at a high level of spatial and temporal detail. Such framework should be able to integrate dynamic parameters in a simplified manner, and allow flexible time horizons and spatial scopes. Such framework should be able to quickly provide modelling results that may inform decision-making processes in finding solutions towards the challenges of resource depletion and climate change. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 212 ISSN:1364-0321

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    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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    Authors: Rosaria Volpe; Adriano Bisello; Andreas Tuerk; Francesco Guarino; +16 Authors

    This research delves into the environmental impact assessment of Positive Energy Districts (PEDs), focusing on comparative analyses of methodologies, key performance indicators, and an array of both theoretical and practical case studies. The literature review uncovers the strengths and weaknesses inherent current evaluation practices. The study reveals critical gaps in current assessment frameworks, particularly regarding the application to PEDs. It highlights the necessity for a holistic approach to PED evaluation, incorporating diverse energy sources and consumption patterns to fully understand their impact. The research advocates for the integration of multiple environmental factors in terms of innovative design and technology in PEDs, tailored to enhance both functionality and sustainability. It calls for the development of standardized guidelines and the learning from successful implementations to ensure the resilience and effectiveness of PEDs over time. Thus, this review paper aims to contribute to the body of knowledge on PEDs, offering insights and recommendations for future developments in this critical area of sustainable urban and energy planning. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 16 ISSN:2666-7894

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    Authors: Sandra Garcés-Pastor; Peter D. Heintzman; Scarlett Zetter; Youri Lammers; +26 Authors

    Abstract In the face of human land use and climate dynamics, it is essential to know the key drivers of plant species diversity in montane regions. However, the relative roles of climate and ungulates in alpine ecosystem change is an open question. Neither observational data nor traditional palaeoecological data have the power to resolve this issue over decadal to centennial timescales, but sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) does. Here we record 603 plant taxa, as well as 5 wild, and 6 domesticated mammals from 14 lake sediment records over the last 14,000 years in the European Alps. Sheep were the first domesticated animals detected (at 5.8 ka), with cattle appearing at the early Bronze Age (4.2 ka) and goats arriving later (3.5 ka). While sheep had an impact similar to wild ungulates, cattle have been associated with increased plant diversity over the last 2 ka by promoting the diversity of forbs and graminoids. Modelling of the sedaDNA data revealed a significantly larger effect of cattle and wild ungulates than temperature on plant diversity. Our findings highlight the significant alteration of alpine vegetation and the entire ecosystem in the Alps by wild and domesticated herbivores. This study has immediate implications for the maintenance and management of high plant species diversity in the face of ongoing anthropogenic changes in the land use of montane regions.

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    Authors: Wendi Qu; Hao Hua; Ting Yang; Constantin M. Zohner; +4 Authors

    Climate warming has led to earlier leaf green-up dates (GUD) with a greening trend of land surfaces in spring, yet the influence of multi-source particle pollution is not well understood. Using ground records and satellite observations of green-up date and fine particulate matter below 2.5 mu m (PM2.5) over the last two decades in China, here we show that PM2.5 pollution is associated with reduced plant carbon uptake and delayed green-up dates. These effects offset climate-driven spring greening and reduce subsequent photosynthesis in China. We find that pollution-associated delays in green-up date are primarily linked to increased chilling demands and higher heat requirements. PM2.5-associated decreases in photosynthetically active radiation and maximum rate of carboxylation could also weaken plant photosynthetic capacity. Finally, when we incorporate a PM2.5 effect, phenological models predict up to a one-week delay in green-up date by the year 2060 compared to previous predictions. Negative feedbacks between anthropogenic pollution and terrestrial carbon uptake suggest unexpected uncertainty of China's carbon neutral targets resulting from air pollution, with far-reaching implications for both ecosystem health and policy-making. Nature Communications, 16 (1) ISSN:2041-1723

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    Authors: Miriam Elser; Pirmin Sigron; Betsy Sandoval Guzman; Naghmeh Niroomand; +1 Authors

    Road transport represents a major contributor to air pollution, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions in Switzerland. In response, stringent emission regulations, penalties for non-compliance, and incentives for electric vehicles have been introduced. This study investigates how these policies, along with shifting consumer preferences and vehicle design advancements, have influenced the composition of the Swiss new passenger car fleet. Using machine learning techniques, we segment passenger vehicles to analyze trends over time. Our findings reveal a decline in micro and small vehicles, alongside an increase in lower- and upper-middle-class vehicles, sport utility vehicles, and alternative powertrains across all segments. Additionally, steady increases in vehicle width, length, and weight are observed in all classes since 1995. While technological advancements led to reductions in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions until 2016, an increase has since been observed, driven by higher engine power, greater vehicle weight, and changes in certification schemes.

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    Photovoltaics (PV) is a widely accepted technology that has a vital role to play in the energy transition. However, residential and community-owned installations are not accessible to everyone. Citizen-financed PV projects (CiFi PV) offer opportunities for tenants, individuals with limited upfront investment capacity, and homeowners with unsuitable rooftops to invest in PV installations. To evaluate the attractiveness of CiFi PV and its influencing factors, we conducted two online experiments with representative samples of the Swiss population. The first experiment (N = 807) analyzed the impact of four project characteristics (minimal investment, pay-out model, rooftop type, provider) on perceived attractiveness of CiFi PV projects. The second experiment (N = 512) examined the effect of seven motivational frames and a control frame on the same dependent variable. Both studies also evaluated willingness to invest. Over half of respondents were willing to invest in CiFi PV projects, primarily to support solar power and renewable energy generation. The main deterrent was uncertainty about the provider's trustworthiness. Neither project characteristics nor motivational frames significantly influenced perceived attractiveness. While financial and societal impact motivations were significant in the first experiment, the motivational frames in the second did not significantly affect attractiveness. These results indicate that CiFi PV projects have a strong diffusion potential because they can effectively engage various kinds of individuals in terms of socio-demographic and motivational attributes. To do so, there must be more of such projects, and they must be made more visible by practitioners and policymakers. Enhancing regulatory framework conditions can further improve project development. Energy Research and Social Science, 123

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    Energy Research & Social Science
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    Authors: Laurent, Julie Marine; id_orcid0000-0002-5198-1326;

    Industrial material production is highly energy intensive and significantly contributes to CO2 emissions. In particular, most synthetic polymers rely on limited fossil fuel resources, generate plastic waste, and are processed at high temperatures using non-aqueous solvents. Materials produced by microorganisms offer a promising alternative to these synthetic materials, as they can be synthesized from abundant resources under ambient conditions and are inherently biodegradable. Despite their potential, biofabricated materials face challenges related to yield, process control, and functional versatility. Among these microbially produced materials, bacterial cellulose is an industrially relevant polymer due to its purity and exceptional mechanical properties. It grows at the air-water interface as a pellicle, which can be easily harvested for applications in textiles, packaging, or medicine. This thesis aims to evolve cellulose-producing bacteria into a stable, high-yielding strain, and investigate the structure and properties of free-standing pellicles and surface biofilms made by the Evolved microorganism alone or in cellulose-producing microbial communities. To achieve this, a platform for the directed evolution of whole microorganisms was first developed. A library of cellulose-producing variants was generated using whole-genome random mutagenesis, with single bacteria encapsulated in nutrient-rich micron-sized droplets. Efficient quantification of cellulose production within the individual droplets was enabled with a cellulose-specific fluorescent dye. Leveraging the high throughput of droplet-based microfluidics, 40’000 variants were screened, from which the top cellulose overproducers were selected. Four Evolved strains were identified and showed to produce free-standing pellicles with 54-70\% more cellulose than the Native wild-type variant. Genomic analysis revealed a unique and consistent 12-base pair deletion in overproducing strains. This mutation occurred in a gene coding for the protease subunit ClpA, specifically at its binding site with ClpS. The contribution of this mutation to cellulose overproduction was further supported by a ClpS Knockout strain, which also exhibited enhanced cellulose production. However, the Knockout strain did not reach the cellulose yield of the Evolved strain, indicating that the complete loss of ClpA-ClpS interaction alone does not fully explain the overproducing phenotype, and additional non-genetic factors might be involved. To understand the effect of the genetic mutations on the properties of the bacterial cellulose pellicles, the proteome of the Evolved strain was analyzed and the resulting cellulose pellicles were investigated, both in their native state and after bacterial cell removal. Proteomic analysis revealed an abundance of cellulose synthase subunits in the Evolved and Knockout strains, shedding light on the role of the genetic mutations in cellulose overproduction. Additional changes in the protein landscape were identified, suggesting indirect regulatory effects on material formation. Combined, these proteomic modifications enhanced cellulose production and influenced the structure and mechanical properties of the synthesized material. While the cellulose from all strains was chemically identical and exhibited a similar crystallinity index, the Evolved strain produced denser pellicles with thicker cellulose fibers interwoven within a network of thin fibrils. The cell-free cellulose pellicles from the Evolved strain featured a 51% higher tensile strength and a 57% greater stiffness compared to other strains. These improved mechanical properties were attributed to the increased density of cellulose in the Evolved pellicle. Finally, the phenotypic diversity among the cellulose-producing strains provided a valuable framework to study the self-organization of bacteria in microbial communities during biofilm spreading. Fluorescently labeled strains were co-cultured on solid medium to identify key physical parameters influencing self-organization into spatial patterns. Depending on strain combinations, distinct concentric segregation patterns emerged during spreading, with one strain encircling the other. To quantify segregation, a novel metric called the eye-score was introduced. The effect of strain-specific phenotypes on biofilm cell composition and organization revealed that biofilm-substrate friction mismatch strongly influences the extent of spatial segregation, whereas the cellulose-forming ability determines the final biofilm cell composition. While the overproducing strain mostly occupied the nutrient-rich biofilm edge, three distinct pattern types were observed depending on phenotype mismatches between the co-cultured strains. Co-spreading occurs when both strains exhibit similar friction and cellulose production. When this is not the case, two other scenarios are observed. If the core strain has the lowest friction, a high eye-score bullseye pattern emerges. If the core strain has the highest friction, the overproducing strain dominates the entire community, leading to a biofilm with a low eye-score. In summary, this thesis demonstrates that high-throughput directed evolution is a powerful tool for developing novel strains and enabling scalable fabrication of sustainable materials without requiring prior genotypic knowledge. Beyond isolating a cellulose-overproducing strain capable of forming dense pellicles, this work advances the understanding of the material secretion machinery by linking genetic and proteomic changes to observed phenotypes. The identified mutations in the ClpAPS protease complex raise new scientific questions and technological opportunities for genetically manipulating cellulose-producing bacteria. Moreover, tuning cellulose production and biofilm friction presents a promising strategy to control cell composition and direct self-organization in microbial communities relevant for health, advanced biomaterials, and biotechnology.

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    Doctoral thesis . 2025
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      Doctoral thesis . 2025
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