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Today in connection with deficiency and addition of value of organic fuel, aggravation of an ecological situation in the world, threat of global warming interest to small hydroelectric power stations reinstated. Thus it is necessary to note economic feasibility of building of minihydroelectric power station as an alternative source of power supply of the enterprises and housing and communal services fund, even at their significant removal from this source. In this connection the author from the scientific point of view considers the basic directions of development of small power and feature of application of independent energy sources. Сегодня в связи с дефицитом и увеличением стоимости органического топлива, ухудшением экологической ситуации в мире, угрозой глобального потепления интерес к малым ГЭС возобновился. При этом стоит отметить экономическую целесообразность строительства мини-ГЭС в качестве альтернативного источника энергоснабжения предприятий и фонда ЖКХ, даже при значительном их удалении от этого источника. В связи с этим автор с научной точки зрения рассматривает основные направления развития малой энергетики и особенности применения автономных источников энергии.

The aim of the work is to develop technical measures to improve the quality of the power transmission process through electrical link, which contains a frequency converter based on a PST (phase-shifting transformer) with circular rotation of the output voltage phase in relation to the input, made according to the triangle scheme and controlled by means of power electronics. To achieve this goal, the use of longitudinal inductive elements (chokes) has been proposed as one of the measures that significantly improves the controlled mode parameters in the process of frequency conversion. The problem has been solved by performing computational experiments on simulation models of electrical links, combining two power systems with a frequency of 60 and 50 Hz, respectively. The structure of electrical links at various stages of the study has included several circuit variants of a frequency converter (single-channel circuit, dual-channel with reversing control winding sections, dual-channel circuit without reversing control winding sections) and has developed by authors earlier. In the process of research, the value of inductance of chokes has been changed, as well as their place of connection. The controlled transmission's characteristics have been analyzed as well. The novelty of the work lies in the use of longitudinally included inductive elements as a possible solution to the problem of improving the quality of power transmission when combining power systems with different operating frequencies using static frequency converters. The optimal values of the parameters of inductive elements, comprised between 0.03-0.035Hn for all circuit versions of the converter, have been identified.

Использование местных возобновляемых энергоресурсов позволяет удобно и выгодно для электроснабжения территориально разобщенных и имеющих небольшой объем электропотребления объектов, находящихся в труднодоступных местах. Рассмотрены перспективы строительства малых ГЭС. Use of local renewed power resources allows conveniently and favourably for an electrical supply territorially separated and having small volume of a power consumption of the objects which are in hard-to-reach spots. Prospects of building of small HPS are considered.

The paper considers the problem of increasing fuel efficiency and reducing emissions of gas turbine power plants. The aim of the work is to develop a method for burning extra-lean fuel mixtures. The method of ignition by a streamer high-frequency discharge was considered. The discharge was ignited in the presence of the resonator by a quasioptical beam of microwave radiation with a wavelength of 8.9 - 12.5 cm. The resonant ignition method was 20 to 100 times more energy efficient than laser and plasma ignition methods. The method combines an experiment and mathematical modeling of a streamer discharge. The result was the ignition of an extremely lean mixture with an air fuel rate of more than 30. A regime of flameless combustion was detected, when a flame wasn’t visible, but heat generation as a result of a chemical reaction has occurred. Stable combustion of the lean mixture was obtained at a flow rate of up to 30 m/s. These conditions simulated combustion in a tubular combustion chamber. A pulse with a wavelength of about 2.5 cm couldn’t create a streamer discharge and couldn’t be used for multi-point ignition. Burning front speed was 2-4 times higher than in spark ignition. Traditional low-emission combustion chambers have large dimensions and a very complex design. This makes it difficult to use them in microturbine. The application of the method described in the article makes it possible to create significantly more compact low-emission and highly economical combustion chambers for power gas turbine plants.

Речная сеть является основной дреной подземных вод территорий. Она создается в течение длительного периода и определяется геологическими, климатическими и орографическими условиями. Дренирующая способность гидрографической сети зависит не только от ее густоты, но и от скорости стекание по ней вод. Последняя определяется площадью живого сечения, уклоном, шероховатостью русла. В статье показано, что речной лед северных рек, как сезонное гидравлическое сопротивление, также может оказывать существенное влияние на дренирующую способность гидрографической сети. На примере стока рек в теплые и холодные зимы показано, что ледяной покров регулирует участие подземных вод разных уровней дренирования в формировании речного стока. С потеплением климата регулирующая роль ледяного покрова снижается. Возрастает скорость сработки подземных вод верхних участков речных бассейнов, сопровождаемая увеличением водности в нижних звеньях гидрографической сети. За последние 30-40 лет вклад подземных вод приводораздельной части речных бассейнов в питание рек лесной зоны в межень снизился на 20% по сравнению с предшествующим «квазистационарным» климатическим периодом. Происходит «подсушка» верховьев речных бассейнов, несмотря на рост годовых осадков. В перспективе, при сохранение современных тенденций изменения климата, возможно дальнейшее снижение подземного питания рек, так как дренирующая роль гидрографической сети возрастет. Уменьшение запасов подземных вод в речных бассейнах приведет к снижению их регулирующей роли в речном стоке и может возрасти частота наступления экстремально низкой водности. Это необходимо учитывать при разработке адаптивных мероприятий водного хозяйства к изменению климата. Литература Алексеев В.Р. Наледи. Новосибирск: Наука, 1987. 158 с. Бузин В.А. Заторы льда и заторные наводнения на реках. СПб.: Гидрометеоиздат, 2004. 202 с. Гуревич Е.В. Влияние температуры воздуха на зимний сток рек (на примере бассейна р. Алдан) // Метеорология и гидрология. 2009. № 9. С. 92-99. Донченко Р.В. Ледовый режим рек СССР. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1987. 246 с. Кравченко В.В. Роль наледей в формировании зимнего речного стока и ледяного покрова рек западной части зоны БАМа // Труды Государственного гидрологического института. 1986. Вып. 312. С. 34-84. Марков М.Л. Пространственно-временная динамика взаимосвязи поверхностных и подземных вод // Сборник работ по гидрологии. 2002. №25. С. 90-104. Наставление гидрометеорологическим станциям и постам. Выпуск 6. Гидрологические наблюдения и работы на речных станциях и постах. Часть III. Составление и подготовка к печати гидрологического ежегодника. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1958. 292 с. Разумов В.В., Разумова Н.В., Молчанов Э.Н. Подтопление земель в Сибирском регионе России // Геориск. 2015. № 4. С. 22-35. Чижов А.Н. Формирование ледяного покрова и пространственное распределение его толщины. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1990. 125 с. Шикломанов И.А., Георгиевский В.Ю. Влияние антропогенных изменений климата на гидрологический режим и водные ресурсы // Изменения климата и их последствия: Материалы специальной сессии Ученого совета Центра международного сотрудничества по проблемам окружающей среды, посвященной 80-летию акад. М.И. Будыко (19-20 мая 1999 г.). / Отв. ред. Г.В. Менжулин. СПб.: Наука, 2002. С. 152-164. Kuusisto E., Elo A.-R. Lake and river ice variables as climate indicators in Northern Europe. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010. 2000. Vol. 27. Iss. 5. P. 2761-2764. DOI: 10.1080/03680770.1998.11898168 Рrowse T.D., Вonsal B.R., Duguay C.R, Lacroix M.P. River-ice break-up/freeze-up: a review of climatic drivers, historical trends and future predictions. Annals of Glaciology. 2007. Vol. 46. P. 443-451. DOI: 10.3189/172756407782871431 The river network is the main drainage of underground waters of the territories. It is created over a long period and is determined by geological, climatic and orographic conditions. The draining capacity of a hydrographic network depends not only on its density, but also on the speed of water flowing down it. The latter is determined by the area of the living section, slope, roughness of the riverbed. The article shows that the river ice of the Northern rivers, as a seasonal hydraulic resistance, can also have a significant impact on the drainage capacity of the hydrographic network. On the example of river flow in warm and cold winters, it is shown that the ice cover regulates the participation of groundwater at different levels of drainage in the formation of river flow. As the climate warms, the regulatory role of the ice cover decreases. The rate of underground water treatment in the upper sections of river basins increases, accompanied by an increase in water content in the lower parts of the hydrographic network. Over the past 30-40 years, the contribution of groundwater in the watershed of the river basins to the supply of rivers in the forest zone in mezhen decreased by 20 compared to the previous quasi-stationary climate period. There is a drying of the upper reaches of river basins, despite the growth of annual precipitation. In the future, if the current trends of climate change continue, it is possible to further reduce the underground supply of rivers, as the drainage role of the hydrographic network will increase. The reduction of groundwater reserves in river basins will reduce their regulatory role in river flow and may increase the frequency of occurrence of extremely low water content. This should be taken into account when developing adaptive water management measures to climate change. References Alekseev V.R. Naledi Frazil. Novosibirsk, Publ. Nauka, 1987. 158 p. (In Russian). Buzin V.A. Zatory lda i zatornye navodneniya na rekakh Ice jams and mash floods on rivers. St. Petersburg, Publ. Gidrometeoizdat, 2004. 202 p. (In Russian). Chizhov A.N. Formirovanie ledyanogo pokrova i prostranstvennoe raspredelenie ego tolshchiny Ice pack formation and space distribution of the ice pack depth. Leningrad, Publ. Gidrometeoizdat, 1990. 125 p. (In Russian abstract in English). Donchenko R.V. Ledovyi rezhim rek SSSR Ice regime of the USSR rivers. Leningrad, Publ. Gidrometeoizdat, 1987. 246 p. (In Russian abstract in English). Gurevich E.V. Influence of air temperature on the river runoff in winter (the Aldan river catchment case study). Russian Meteorology and Hydrology, 2009, vol. 34, iss. 9, pp. 628-633. (Russ ed.: Gurevich E.V. Vliyanie temperatury vozdukha na zimnii stok rek (na primere basseina r. Aldan). Meteorologija i gidrologija, 2009, no. 9, pp. 92-99). DOI: 10.3103/S1068373909090088 Kravchenko V.V. Rol naledei v formirovanii zimnego rechnogo stoka i ledyanogo pokrova rek zapadnoi chasti zony BAMa The role of icing in the formation of winter river runoff and ice cover of rivers in the western part of the BAM zone. Trudy Gosudarstvennogo gidrologicheskogo institute Transactions of the State Hydrological Institute. 1986, vol. 312, pp. 34-84. (In Russian). Kuusisto E., Elo A.-R. Lake and river ice variables as climate indicators in Northern Europe. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010, 2000, vol. 27, iss. 5, pp. 2761-2764. DOI: 10.1080/03680770.1998.11898168 Markov M.L. Prostranstvenno-vremennaya dinamika vzaimosvyazi poverkhnostnykh i podzemnykh vod Spatial-temporal dynamics of the relationship of surface and groundwater. Sbornik rabot po gidrologii Collection of works on hydrology, 2002, No 25, pp. 90-104. (In Russian). Nastavlenie gidrometeorologicheskim stantsiyam i postam. Vypusk 6. Gidrologicheskie nablyudeniya i raboty na rechnykh stantsiyakh i postakh. Chast tretya. Sostavlenie i podgotovka k pechati gidrologicheskogo ezhegodnika Manual to hydrometeorological stations and posts. Issue 6. Hydrological observations and work at river stations and posts. Part three. Compilation and preparation for printing of the hydrological yearbook. Leningrad, Publ. Gidrometeoizdat, 1958. 292 p. (In Russian). Рrowse T.D., Вonsal B.R., Duguay C.R, Lacroix M.P. River-ice break-up/freeze-up: a review of climatic drivers, historical trends and future predictions. Annals of Glaciology, 2007, vol. 46, pp. 443-451. DOI: 10.3189/172756407782871431 Razumov V.V., Razumova N.V., Molchanov E.N. Podtoplenie zemel v Sibirskom regione Rossii Flooding of lands in the Siberian Region of Russia. Georisk Georisk, 2015, no. 4, pp. 22-35. (In Russian abstract in English). Shiklomanov I.A., Georgievskii V.Yu. Vliyanie antropogennykh izmenenii klimata na gidrologicheskii rezhim i vodnye resursy The impact of anthropogenic climate change on the hydrological regime and water resources. In Menzhulin G.V. (ed.) Izmeneniya klimata i ikh posledstviya: Materialy spetsialnoi sessii Uchenogo soveta Tsentra mezhdunarodnogo sotrudnichestva po problemam okruzhayushchei sredy, posvyashchennoi 80-letiyu akad. M.I. Budyko (19-20 maya 1999 g.). Climate change and their consequences: Materials of a special session of the Scientific Council of the Center for International Cooperation on Environmental Issues, dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Acad. M.I. Budyko (May 19-20, 1999). St. Petersburg, Nauka, 2002, pp. 152-164. (In Russian).

The purpose of the study is to determine the conditions and efficiency of the use of built-in bundles of condensers of cogeneration steam turbines for make-up water heating during their work when the main bundles are disabled. The proposed method for estimating the heat flows entering the condenser when working with a closed sliding grid is used. The program of the thermal calculation program for steam turbine condensers and a computational mathematical model of a turbine plant type T-50-130 are applied. The heat fluxes entering the condenser were calculated in a wide range of influencing factors. An important result of the calculations is the identification of significant limitations of the applicability of this method of the make-up water heating according to the condition that the temperature of the make-up water at the exit from the built-in bundle is not exceeded. Calculation studies on the mathematical model of a condenser to determine the pressure in the condenser depending on the pressure in the lower heat extraction section with different levels of throughput of the closed sliding grid and different flow rates of the make-up water were carried out. Another result is a calculated estimate of the energy efficiency when using built-in bundles for heating the make-up water. It was found that heat saving in the considered modes always takes place, and when working on a heat mode, it is close to the heat load of the built-in bundles, and when working on an electric mode, it is several times lower

Wind power plants’ (WPPs) high penetration into the power system leads to various inconveniences in the work of system operators. This fact is associated with the unpredictable nature of wind speed and generated power, respectively. Due to these factors, such source of electricity must be connected to the power system to avoid detrimental effects on the stability and quality of electricity. The power generated by the WPPs is not regulated by the system operator. Accurate forecasting of wind speed and power, as well as power load can solve this problem, thereby making a significant contribution to improving the power supply systems reliability. The article presents a mathematical model for the wind speed prediction, which is based on autoregression and fuzzy logic derivation of Takagi-Sugeno. The new model of wavelet transform has been developed, which makes it possible to include unnecessary noise from the model, as well as to reveal the cycling of the processes and their trend. It has been proved, that the proposed combination of methods can be used simultaneously to predict the power consumption and the wind power plant potential power at any time interval, depending on the planning horizon. The proposed models support a new scientific concept for the predictive control system of wind power stations and increase their degree integration into the electric power system.

В статье обосновывается актуальность применения методов искусственного интеллекта для задач энергосбережения и приводятся примеры подобных работ, в том числе с использованием методом математической оптимизации. Даны несколько примеров актуальных оптимизационных задач. Обосновывается необходимость исследования ландшафта целевой функции при оптимизации гидравлических режимом системы отопления зданий. Приведена постановка задачи данного исследования, включая формулу расчета целевой функции. Дано краткое описание используемых алгоритмов оптимизации (генетический алгоритм и алгоритм направленного поиска). Дано описание вычислительного эксперимента, в ходе которого были исследованы результаты оптимизации термогидравлических режимов отапливаемых помещений при разных условиях: температуре наружного воздуха, температуре и расхода теплоносителя. Данное исследование выявило, что оптимальное значение гидравлических сопротивлений клапанов отопительных приборов в общем случае уменьшается с уменьшением температуры наружного воздуха, а так же температуры и расхода теплоносителя. Отклонения от этой закономерности наблюдаться при экстремальных условиях: слишком низкая температура наружного воздуха, при низкой (для данных условий) температуре теплоносителя или низкого расхода теплоносителя. The article substantiates the relevance of the use of artificial intelligence methods for energy saving problems and provides examples of such works, including using the method of mathematical optimization. Several examples of topical optimization problems are given. The necessity of studying the landscape of the objective function when optimizing the hydraulic regime of the heating system of buildings is substantiated. The formulation of the problem of this study, including the formula for calculating the objective function, is given. A brief description of the optimization algorithms used (genetic algorithm and directed search algorithm) is given. A description of a computational experiment is given, during which the results of optimization of thermohydraulic modes of heated rooms under different conditions were investigated: outside air temperature, temperature and coolant flow rate. This study revealed that the optimal value of the hydraulic resistances of the valves of heating devices generally decreases with a decrease in the outside air temperature, as well as the temperature and flow rate of the heat coolant. Deviations from this pattern are observed under extreme conditions: too low outside air temperature, at low (for these conditions) coolant temperature or low coolant flow rate.