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The importance of developing a risk management methodology for the development of the renewable energy sector in Russia is justified. The stages of researches on the problem of risk assessments and management in renewable energy in MSU since 2015 are considered. The results are described: a list of risk factors and methods of managing them by using different kinds of renewable energy sources; internal and external components of risk factors that depend and not depend on the developers of RE projects are identified. The author's methodology for assessing resource risks level in the solar energy industry based on the calculation of the variability of the statistical parameters of insolation is presented.

Relevance. The power provided by generating stations based on wind and solar energy depends on the state of the environment at a particular geographical point, the prevailing wind speeds and the level of solar insolation. The wind speeds and solar insolation characterizing patterns are probabilistic in nature and depend on the terrain and season. This means that the power provided by generating stations based on renewable energy sources is also probabilistic. Risks associated with an inaccurate knowledge of the probabilistic patterns describing renewable energy sources, as well as the unpredictability (uncertainty) of the natural environment affecting renewable energy sources, are the reasons why system operators do not take into account such stations in calculating the power balance. This situation does not allow considering the generating stations as full-fledged market participants, covering the flow of investments in such projects. Accurate determination of the output power distribution laws for solar and wind power stations, based on the wind speed and solar insolation data analysis can significantly help system operators in power predicting of the power stations. Aim of study is building models of distribution laws that best describe the results of wind speed and solar insolation observations, as well as models of distribution laws for the generated power of wind and solar stations. Methods: methods for estimating the parameters of distribution laws, methods for testing statistical hypotheses. Results. It is shown, that the 3rd kind of beta distribution laws and their mixtures describe the series of measured wind speed and solar insolation better in the territory. The same concerning the probability distribution of the wind and solar stations power. Distribution law models for wind speed, solar insolation and power of the corresponding stations are constructed. It is shown that on the basis of the law of the distribution of wind speed and the mathematical relationships that connect power with wind speed, good models can be constructed for the probability distributions of power of wind power stations. The models can be used as an auxiliary tool for power system operators to predict output power.

This paper examines the current condition and development prospects of the fuel and energy industry of the Kaliningrad region specified in regional programmes. The authors compare the potentials of different renewable energy sources and provide information on the exploitation of different renewable energy objects in the region. The article presents a preliminary assessment of the thermal capacity necessary for the residential area of an ecovillage with a population of 50,000 and suggests ensuring heat supply with the help of heat pumps. Рассмотрено современное состояние и перспективы развития топливно-энергетического комплекса Калининградской области, предусмотренные региональными программами. Проведено сравнение потенциалов различных возобновляемых энергетических ресурсов, собраны сведения об опыте эксплуатации объектов возобновляемой энергетики на данной территории. Осуществлены первичные оценки необходимых тепловых мощностей для жилого фонда экопоселка численностью 50 тыс. человек и предложен вариант его теплообеспечения от тепловых насосов.

The Republic of Kalmykia is rich in solar energy, where the sun shines for more than three-quarters of a year. In addition to solar energy, wind energy can be used in the region. Since agriculture is the major branch of the economy in the Republic, waste from it can be used as biogas. This paper discusses the use of renewable energy sources in protected areas where additional noise devices and aggregates cannot be used. Also, the use of high-voltage power lines can lead to fires, and they occupy part of the useful area of nature reserves, so additional maintenance is required. To solve this problem, we analyzed the current state of the reserve for the protection of saiga lands in Kalmykia. The questions of insolation depending on the seasons and day-night characteristics are also investigated. The materials were the results of expedition routes conducted in recent years in the Black Lands reserve, data from cordons. The obtained materials will make it possible to use non-traditional types of energy for lighting cordons, hunting and tourist areas, in particular, the use of solar modules of different designs. To promote specially protected areas and the use of solar energy.

The numerical simulation of heat transfer was conducted in a cascade of thermosyphons representing a system for extracting geothermal energy from great depths. We proposed a mathematical model of heat transfer in the coolant layer on the bottom cover of a thermosyphon and in the vapor channel differing from the well-known ones by a simplified description of the complex of thermophysical processes occurring in the evaporation, transport and condensation zones of the thermosyphon. The aim of this work is to develop a simplified method for calculating temperature fields in a cascade of thermosyphons, which makes it possible to conduct design and experimental work to create the systems for extracting geothermal energy based on a cascade of thermosyphons. The boundary problem of mathematical physics was solved by the method of finite differences. We showed the possibility to analyze the main characteristics – temperatures – within the framework of the model of «effective» thermal conductivity. The transfer coefficients of this model can be determined experimentally. We found the possibility of heat transfer from large depths with «efficiency» sufficient to achieve temperatures of about 330 K in the heat supply system when the external contour (thermosyphon surfaces) is completely thermally insulated. The results obtained are the basis for the further development of models and methods for analyzing geothermal energy extraction from great depths using a cascade of sequentially operating thermosyphons. According to the obtained theoretical results, the main directions of experimental studies were formulated to justify the conclusions made by the results of a numerical analysis. The results of numerical simulation provide grounds for concluding that the future (experimental and theoretical) development of a method for extracting geothermal energy from large depths of groundwater using a cascade of thermosyphons is promising.

It is substantiated that energy resource approach to person’s education is based on syntagma of the three grounds: phenomenon of a person as a fount of personal energy resources; education of a person as naturally and socially determined phenomenon, which is characterized by development of personal energy resources aroused by interchange of information with setting; consolidation of social influence on education of a person. Обосновано, что энергоресурсный подход к образованию человека базируется на синтагме трех оснований: феномене человека как развивающегося кладезя личных энергоресурсов; образовании человека как природоопределенном и социально обусловленном явлении, характеризующемся развитием личных энергоресурсов, происходящем вследствие обмена информаций с окружением; консолидации социального влияния на образование человека.

Relevance. The improved energy and resource-saving technology, implemented in new technological complexes with preliminary «cold» re-preparation, allows returning valuable raw material resources to industrial circulation and obtaining vermiculite and sugulite concentrates from mining waste accumulated in the Kovdor flogopit-vermiculite deposit. Therefore, this work is devoted to the issues of improving the processing of sungulite-vermiculite conglomerates. The aim of the research is to analyze the possibility of improving the technology for producing thermally activated sungulite and expanded vermiculite from mining wastes of the Kovdor phlogopite-vermiculite deposit and increasing its energy efficiency. The object of the research is the technological equipment for processing sungulite-vermiculite conglomerates, which implements energy- and resource-saving technology for producing activated sungulite and vermiculite concentrate. The methods are based on the experimental data and analysis of aerodynamic separation of vermiculite and sungulite from olivine-pyroxene rock and increase of allotment of sungulite in sungulite concentrate. The results prove the aim of the research is achieved. On their basis, it is possible to develop the improved technology for vermiculite producing, including expanded and magnesia-silicate reagent (thermoactivated sungulite) from mining industrial wastes with energy savings of up to 182 kJ/kg, which reduces energy consumption of their processing by 28 % compared to the previous technology. Besides, additional technological operations make it possible to obtain 350 kg of raw vermiculite, 68 kg of pure magnesia-silicate reagent with grain sizes of 2,4...3.5 mm and 158 kg of sungulite concentrate in a thermo-activated form with grains of 1,3...2,4 mm at almost 86 percent concentration. In general, we can conclude that the continuation of work in the field of development and improvement of technologies for processing sungulite-vermiculite conglomerates is promising.

The aim of the article is a quantitative assessment of the influence of non-condensable gases on the intensity of heat and mass transfer processes during film condensation of steam in the specific conditions for heat exchanger. The task is achieved by conducting experimental research of heat and mass transfer processes in film condensation of steam in the presence of non-condensable gases.The study was carried out by the method of stationary heat flow on an experimental kettle with a jacket (0,02 m3 capacity), industrial cooking boilers (0,04 m3 and 0,06 m3 capacity). Cylindrical kettles with a hemispherical and elliptical bottom were selected as the condensation surface. The results of the experiments are presented in the form of a criterion equation for determining the mass transfer coefficient for vapor concentration diffusion. When the concentration of a non-condensable gas reaches 40% an intensification of the resulting heat transfer coefficient from the vapor-gas mixture to the condensation surface is observed. The coefficient of heat transfer to the condensation surface depends on the concentration of non-condensable gases in the apparatus cavity. The results of the research indicate that it is possible to improve the heat exchangers with a jacket and allow an assessment of the heat input when removing the gas mixture from the jacket in the heating mode of the cookers at the design stage. Material research allows to develop automatiс systems and control parameters in the operation of apparatus with a jacket

В статье обоснована необходимость развития возобновляемых источников энергии, где наиболее перспективным направлением определено строительство солнечных электростанций. Проведен анализ существующих мощностей на основе возобновляемой энергии в рамках всего Мирового хозяйства за последние годы, при этом установлены основные направления инновационного развития солнечной энергетики. По результатам исследования было выявлено наличие активной инновационной деятельности в области солнечной энергетики, определены основные ее преимущества как относительно традиционных способов выработки энергии, так и прочих возобновляемых источников энергии. Данное исследование позволило сделать вывод, что регулярному использованию экологически чистых источников энергии препятствуют существенные материальные затраты. The article substantiates the necessity in developing renewable energy sources, where the construction of solar power plants are considered the most promising direction. The study conducts an analysis of the existing capacities based on renewable energy in the entire world economy in recent years, while also establishing the main directions of innovative development of solar energy. The results of the study determine the presence of active innovative activities in the field of solar energy, identifies its main advantages both in relation to traditional methods of energy generation and other renewable energy sources. This study allowed the authors to conclude that the regular use of environmentally friendly energy sources is hindered by significant material costs. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 6 (108) 2021, Pages 129-131