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Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) are built based on vehicular communication technologies with real-time information exchange to improve overall traffic management such as road safety, efficiency, and comfort. Road safety depends on several factors that should be considered, among which the reliability of the used in-vehicle awareness systems. Therefore, communication technologies are rapidly evolving, and New Radio Access Technologies (RATs) are emerging to provide enhanced performances in terms of reliability, coverage, and throughput. C-ITS can benefit from these new RATs enhancements to allow new use cases and applications and then prevent additional road accidents. In this context, the IEEE 802.11bd and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) technologies such as LTE-V2X and NR V2X are being developed. This advance is fundamentally reshaping the C-ITS landscape as both technologies (IEEE 802.11bd and LTE-V2X) are competing. In this paper, we analyze how these technologies help increase road safety by making communication more reliable. Furthermore, we will compare their performance using our IEEE 802.11bd implementation in OMNeT++ in terms of packet reception ratio. Finally, we will forecast the number of avoided serious injuries on the European roads.

Natural disturbance regimes are changing with the anthropogenic climate change. These modifications induce pressure on worldwide ecosystems. As a result, forest ecosystems are facing droughts and pest outbreaks, among other disturbances. We conducted three case studies in European forests to investigate the consequences of forest dieback on the habitats and resources as well as on the saproxylic beetle communities. We observe that forest dieback generated a large increase in deadwood amount. It also changed the profile of tree-related microhabitats, with an increase in fruiting bodies of saproxylic fungi in our three case studies. Furthermore, by promoting deadwood, forest dieback had positive effects on individual abundance and species richness of saproxylic beetles. We also showed in a case study that forest dieback had positive impact on the functional richness of saproxylic beetles, mainly at the landscape scale. However, the increase in deadwood, as a resource pulse, and the beneficial effects on saproxylic beetles may only be short to medium term. Moreover, species associated with declining habitats and resources due to forest dieback could be negatively affected. Therefore, major efforts to study ecosystems as a whole and over time must be made to better prepare for future changes.

PurposeResearch and development (R&D) is increasingly considered to be a key driver of economic growth. The relationship between these variables is commonly examined using linear models and thus relies only on single-point estimates. Against this background, this paper provides new evidence on the impact of R&D on economic growth using a machine learning approach that makes it possible to go beyond single-point estimation.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the kernel regularized least squares (KRLS) approach, a machine learning method designed for tackling econometric models without imposing arbitrary functional forms on the relationship between the outcome variable and the covariates. The KRLS approach learns the functional form from the data and thus yields consistent estimates that are robust to functional form misspecification. It also provides pointwise marginal effects and captures non-linear relationships. The empirical analyses are conducted using a sample of 101 countries over the period 2000–2020.FindingsThe estimates indicate that R&D expenditure and high-tech exports positively and significantly influence economic growth in a non-linear manner. The authors also find a positive and statistically significant relationship between economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions. In both cases, the effects are higher for upper-middle-income and high-income countries. These results suggest that a substantial effort is needed to green economic growth. Internet access is found to be an important factor in supporting economic growth, especially in high-income and middle-income countries.Practical implicationsThis paper contributes to underlining the importance of investing in R&D to support growth and shows that the disparity between countries is driven by the determinants of economic growth (human capital in R&D, high-tech exports, Internet access, economic freedom, unemployment rate and greenhouse gas emissions). Moreover, since the authors find that R&D expenditure and greenhouse gas emissions are positively associated with economic growth, technological progress with green characteristics may be an important pathway for green economic growth.Originality/valueThis paper uses an innovative machine learning method to provide new evidence that innovation supports economic growth.

Environmental aesthetics encompasses aesthetic relationships to and in the environment, including an urban aesthetic and an aesthetic of nature—which emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries both from the sciences and from the distinction from the scientific in the aesthetic observations of nature. Environmental aesthetics notably comprises philosophical, artistic, and geographical work. Increasingly since the 1990s, the social and environmental crisis, and particularly climate change, is and has been causing shifts within this field of research and reflection. As of the 2020s, the admiration humans can bear toward nature is not without fear of its disappearance caused by their own activities. Ethics is more and more linked to aesthetics as humans are morally affected by this catastrophic environmental degradation. Thus, a certain anxiety quickly reveals itself in the face of planetary transformations. What can the geographer do? Since the 1990s, the discipline has been inviting thought about the environment from the aesthetic experience, challenging or interrogating the perception, understanding, and relationship to the natural surroundings. The geographer has been attempting to apprehend through creative research—such as “psychogeographical” situational walks (dérive, situation of inquiry, influence map), and, more generally, artistic works firmly rooted in the whole landscape question—the ways of redefining local situations and places. The need is to face three major challenges. First, there is the necessity to explore how planetary threats transform the perceptions of the environment. Anxieties reflect the difficulties of politics. Second, an aesthetic of the ordinary should be investigated as an ordinary environmentalism, meaning that which is related to the daily creation of environments. Third, the importance of research creation and ecoplastic forms of art needs to be highlighted (art and environment-making processes).