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120405095 Penelitian tentang pembuatan biogas dari sampah organik dan kotoran sapi terhadap pengaruh penambahan trace metal (nikel, cobalt) telah selesai dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan trace metal (nikel, cobalt) terhadap kinerja digester anaerobik dalam perolehan biogas. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mencampurkan sampah organik dan kotoran sapi yang diblender menggunakan air dengan perbandingan 1:1:2 (w:w:v) dan dioperasikan di dalam digester berukuran 5L dengan volume isian sebesar 4L secara batch selama 30 hari dengan kondisi pH dijaga konstan 6,5-7,5 pada suhu ruangan 25-30 oC. Variasi yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini yaitu penambahan nikel sebanyak 0,245 mg/L, penambahan cobalt sebanyak 0,245 mg/L dan kombinasi nikel dan cobalt masing-masing 0,25 mg/L. Adapun parameter yang diamati setiap hari yaitu volume biogas dan suhu, parameter yang dianalisa sekali dalam dua hari yaitu chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solid, volatile suspended solid dan pH. Pada penelitian yang dilakukan diperoleh volume biogas terbesar dengan penambahan cobalt sebesar 85 ml/hari, % reduksi COD sebesar 46,48% , % reduksi TSS sebesar 88,78% dan VSS sebesar 16.540 mg/L. The research on biogas production from organic waste and manure to the effect of trace metal (nickel, cobalt) has been done. The objective of this study was to discover the effect of trace metals nickel, cobalt on the performance of biogas anaerobic digester in the acquisition of the raw material organic waste and cow dung. Organic waste and cow dung were blended using water at a ratio of 1:1:2 (w:w:v) and operated in the digester sized 5L with stuffing volume of 4L as batch for 30 days with conditions held constant of pH 6.5-7, 5. This research was conducted with a variety of trace addition of nickel metal as much as 0.245 mg/L, the addition of trace metal cobalt as much as 0.245 mg/L and the combination of nickel and cobalt respectively 0.25 mg/L. As for some of the parameters was observed every day, such as biogas volume and temperature, the parameters are analyzed every 2 days of fermentation such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS) and pH. In the study conducted acquired the largest biogas volumes per day with the addition of trace metal cobalt amount of 85 ml, percentage of COD removal by 46,48%, TSS remove percentage obtained was 88,78% and volatile suspended solid as much as 16.540 mg/L.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the conversion programfrom kerosene to Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) on a target group in Gili Raja island of SumenepMunicipal, East Java. Previous study on this program was quite formative one and focusing on the efficiency and the effectiveness of the program implementation. In addition, by applying Minimum Evaluation Procedure's (MEP) method, this research questioned the implementation of the program consecutively from the output, the outcome as well as the impact. Furthermore, through a qualitative approach, this research will be able to describe context and setting naturally. Result of the research shows that there is illegal fees (levies) in the process of distributing the program package, also the limited access or the low utilization of the program package, as well as the non-existing evidence of the program's impact. Furthermore, it is found a local potential in the form of renewable energy that is generated from livestock's feces. Hence, it is recommended to establish a program, asymmetrically, in accordance with the local condition and the target group that ensures the occurrence of an intensive communication amongst program implementer, target group, and other stakeholders. Moreover, based on the potency of the target group of Gili Raja, an alternative policy on renewable energy should be developed in order to fulfill the need of energy for Gili Raja's people, as well as to support the achievement of the National energy policy. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi program konversi minyak tanah ke Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) pada kelompok sasaran di pulau Gili Raja kabupaten Sumenep Jawa Timur. Kajian sebelumnya terhadap program ini masih bersifat formatif dengan fokus efisiensi dan efektivitas implementasi. Dengan menggunakan metode Minimum Evaluation Procedure (MEP) penelitian ini mempertanyakan implementasi program secara runtut, mulai output, outcome sampai impact. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif penelitian ini dapat mendeskripsikan konteks dan setting secara alamiah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pungutan dalam proses distribusi paket program, rendahnya akses atau penggunaan paket program serta tidak adanya dampak program. Selain itu, ditemukan adanya potensi lokal berupa kotoran ternak yang dapat dikembangkan menjadi sumber daya energi terbarukan. Berdasarkan hal itu, disarankan sebuah program dapat dikembangkan secara asimetris sesuai dengan kondisi lokasi dan kelompok sasaran, terjadinya komunikasi intensif antara pelaksana program dengan kelompok sasaran serta stakeholders lainnya. Berdasarkan potensi kelompok sasaran di pulau Gili Raja, hendaknya dikembangkan kebijakan energi alternatif biogas untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi masyarakat serta mendukung pencapaian tujuan kebijakan energi nasional.

The objectives of this research are (1) to analyze the changing patterns of soil quality, water quality and Methane (CH4) due to cropping index improvement, (2) to analyze productivity and economic due to the increasing of rice cultivation intensity at technical irrigated rice field, (3) to arrange the optimum model of intensive rice cultivation at technical irrigated rice field by Integrated Crop Management (ICM) approach with low methane emission sustainably, and (4) to analyze sustainable index of optimum model of intensive rice cultivation with cropping index improvement at technical irrigated rice field and (5) to arrange the policy strategy in the implementation of optimum model of intensive rice cultivation at technical irrigated rice field by Integrated Crop Management (ICM) with low methane emission sustainably. This research used split plot design. The treatment of irrigation systems as the main split plot factor is intermittent irrigation and continuous system (flooded) and fertilization as sub plot factor which is fertilization treatment are applied, based on the Recommendation of the Minister of Agriculture No. 40/2007 and based on laboratory analysis recommendation with 8 levels of fertilization treatment with 3 replications. Data analysis for soil quality, water, methane emissions, production and rice productivity are done by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and for the analysis of production, productivity and the methane emission are continued into Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) test. Further sustainability analysis of the RAPFISH modification is called Rapfarm (Rapid Appraisal for Farming) by using the multidimensional scaling (MDS) method, to arrange the scenario is used dynamic model systems approach. The result of study showed that intensive rice cultivation by increasing of planting intensity did not reduce soil and water quality and methane emission can be pushed until 66,05%. Cultivation of intensive rice by increasing of planting season up to four planting seasons in a year by ICM approach can increase rice production and productivity up to 30% and also increase farmer’s income significantly. Optimum Model of intensive rice cultivation is by planting rice for four times a year with the planting pattern of rice-rice-rice-rice by using ICM system especially by using intermittent irrigation system and fertilization appropriate for plant nutrients (recommendation from result of laboratory analysis with the dosage 100% plus probiotic). The value of methane with optimum model application can be reduced significantly from 218.826.889,43 kg CH4 to 397.181,03 kg CH4 in 2030. The value of sustainable index of optimum model of intensive rice cultivation has range between 42,84-66,54 (included in the category of sufficiency) and the result of statistical test showed that RAP-INLASIT-IP 400 method is good enough to be used as one of the devices to evaluate the sustainability implementation optimum model of intensive rice cultivation on technical irrigated rice field. 098106004

Currently Indonesia is still heavily dependent on fossil fuels as an energy source. To reduce dependence on oil and meet global enviromental requirements, one way is with the development of enviromentally friendly fuel that is and alternative energy derived from plant oil called biodiesel. This study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments, S1 (Reaction transesterification 1 hour), S2 (transesterification 2 hours), S3 (transesterification 3 hours), S4 (transesterification 4 hours), and S5 (transesterification 5 hours) with three replications. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, continued by DNMRT at 5 % level. The results showed that the transesterification reaction time significantly (P0.05) on influenced the acid number, total glycerol, flash point, saponfication. The analysis has been carried obtained the best treatment is S5 with the results said saponfication (103.52 mg KOH/g), the acid value (1.29 mg KOH/g), total glycerol (0.19 %), viscosity (2.21 cSt), water content (0.02 %), flash point (115°C ), and the level of methyl ester (99.32 %).

This study was performed to evaluate the input-otput energy for oil palm production and to identify the possibility to save energy consumption for activities related to oil palm production. Observation was conducted at PTPN VII Farm Unit of Rejosari, South Lampung. The energy inputs included human power, fuel and electricity as well as indirect energy resulted from the use of farm machinery, fertilizer, and pesticide. Energy outputs to be considered were resulted from full fruit bunch (FFB) consisted of crude palm oil (CPO), palm kernel oil (PKO), fiber, shell, empty fruit bunch, and trunk. The study revealed that total energy input of 57,63 GJ.ha-1 was required in oil palm production. Maintenance of productive plant consumed the highest energy, that was 33,06 GJ.ha-1 or 57,37 % of the total energy input. Based on energy sources, fertilizer was the most important input for oil palm production, accounted for 31,22 GJ.ha-1 (51,18 % of total energy input). The study also concluded that oil palm production generated energy output of 339,14 GJ.ha-1 with energy rasio of 5,88, energy productivity of 0.258 kg FFB per MJ, energy intensity of 3,87 MJ per kg FFB, and net energy gain of 281,51 GJ.ha-1. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis energi masukan-keluaran dan mengidentifikasi kemungkinan penghematan energi pada proses budidaya kelapa sawit. Penelitian dilakukan di PTPN VII Unit Usaha Rejosari, Lampung Selatan dengan mengamati semua energi yang digunakan dan dihasilkan. Energi masukan terdiri dari tenaga manusia, bahan bakar, energi tidak langsung dari pupuk, pestisida, dan alat-mesin pertanian. Energi keluaran berasal dari tandan buah segar (TBS) dengan komponen minyak sawit, minyak inti sawit, serat, cangkang, dan tandan kosong, serta pelepah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa budidaya kelapa sawit memerlukan energi masukan sebesar 57,63 GJ.ha-1 dan menghasilkan energi 339,14 GJ.ha-1. Sebagian besar energi masukan adalah penggunaan pupuk yang mencapai 31,22 GJ.ha-1 (54,18 % dari total energi masukan). Berdasarkan tahapan budidaya, maka pemeliharaan tanaman produktif memerlukan energi yang paling besar yaitu 33,06 GJ.ha-1 (57,37 %). Budidaya kelapa sawit menghasilkan energi neto 281,51 GJ.ha-1 dengan rasio energi 5,88, produktivitas energi 0,258 kg TBS/MJ, dan intensitas energi 3,87 MJ/kg TBS.

Production of biodiesel comes from trans-esterification reaction of fatty acid which produces methyl ester. Vegetables, animals and microalgae can be used for fatty acid sources by their oil, but microalgae have a more beneficial prospect compared to vegetables and animals. Microalgae have fast grow-rate, high oil productivity, low production cost and not having a competition with food industries. Among microalgae, Botryococcus braunii is the one with high oil quantity inside their cells (25 – 75 %). The wastewater of tofu industries is liquid residual from soybean processing becomes tofu which having a nuisance for the environment. This wastewater, usually called whey, is still containing organic materials such as water (99,34 %), protein (1,73 %), fat (0,63 %), nitrogen content (0,05%) and ash (0,11 %) and COD. Organic materials have effect to stimulate microalgae's growing. Objectives of this experiment are the influence of tofu whey addition at different concentrations toward biomass and lipid produced. This experiment provided the result which optimal cultivation of Botryococcus braunii reaches when using 10% concentration tofu whey with optimal optical density (OD) at day 9 (0,802), 2,4101 gram/litre of gained biomass and 0,8716 gram/litre of lipid production.,better than cultivation of Botryoccus braunii using syntetic nutrient. Maximum COD reduction was gained at 15% tofu whey addition with 88,51% efficiency. COD reduction at optimal tofu whey addition (10%) is 83,33%.

Potency of Agrriculture Sector as the Producer and the User of Renewble EnergyDevelopment of a dynamic world energy consumption within the limitation of fossil energy reserve as well as the awareness on the environmental conservation evoke the increase of interest on a renewable energy, especially a renewable energy resources from agriculture sector such as food crops, horticulture, estate commodities and animal husbandry. To be more specific, the main commodities are paddy, maize, cassava, coconut, palm oil, sugarcane, Jatropha curcas, sago, and large livestock (Cow/Cow waste). The potency of bio-energy derived from plant biomass residue of agriculture sector (without wood industry, maize) is around 441.1 GJ. At the same condition, in 2000, it is estimated roughly 430 million GJ or just about 470 million GJ if the residue of wood industry is included. Estimated that if the availability of bio-energy derived from the main production of agriculture commodity is calculated, so that Indonesia could provide bio-energy potentially amounted to 360.99 million GJ, therefore, the total amount would be around 802.09 million GJ. In contrast, the value is approximately equal to the continuous operating of more than 25 thousand units of electric power of renewable energy power for middle scale of 10 MW which is now being campaign. Agriculture sector is not only plays the role as the producer of a renewable energy, but also forms as a potential user. Alongside technology development of energy and agriculture sectors, the equivalent estimation between the production and the USAge of renewable energy in agricultural sector need to be studied continuously. This evaluation is useful to analyze the efficiency of agribusiness activities in Indonesia based on the improvement of national agriculture productivity and environmental conservation through renewable energy. RINGKASANPerkembangan kebutuhan energi dunia yang dinamis di tengah semakin terbatasnya cadangan energi fosil serta kepedulian terhadap kelestarian lingkungan hidup, menyebabkan perhatian terhadap energi terbarukan semakin meningkat, terutama pada sumber-sumber energi terbarukan di sektor pertanian seperti komoditi tanaman pangan, hortikultura, perkebunan dan peternakan. Secara lebih sempit lagi, diungkapkan komoditas-komoditas utamanya, yaitu padi, jagung, ubikayu, kelapa, kelapa sawit, tebu, jarak pagar, sagu serta ternak besar (sapi/kotoran sapi). Potensi bioenergi asal residu biomassa tanaman dari sektor pertanian (tanpa industri kayu kehutanan, jagung) adalah sekitar 441,1 juta GJ. Pada kondisi sama pada tahun 2000 diperhitungan sekitar 430 juta GJ, atau sekitar 470 juta GJ jika residu industri kayu dimasukkan. Jika diperhitungkan tersedianya bio-energi dari hasil pokok komoditas pertanian (nira, gula, minyaknya dll), maka diperkirakan Indonesia dapat menyediakan bioenergi secara potensial sejumlah 360,99 juta GJ, sehingga jumlah totalnya sekitar 802,09 juta GJ. Sebagai perbandingan, nilai tersebut kira-kira setara dengan pengoperasian terus menerus lebih dari 25 ribu unit pembangkit listrik tenaga energi terbarukan skala menengah ukuran 10 MW yang saat ini sedang dikampanyekan. Sektor pertanian selain sebagai penghasil energi terbarukan sekaligus merupakan pengguna potensial. Perhitungan keseimbangan antara produksi dan penggunaan energi terbarukan di sektor pertanian, perlu dikaji secara terus menerus, seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi di bidang energi dan pertanian. Evaluasi ini akan bermanfaat untuk menilai efisiensi kegiatan agribisnis di Indonesia dari segi peningkatan produktivitas pertanian nasional dan pelestarian lingkungan melalui energi terbarukan.

The increasing number of vehicles with high fuel consumption and weak emission control policies negatively impact the environment. This research designed to projecting comparison of enery consumption of fuel and exaust emissions on bus and travel minibus route Semarang – Solo on 2013- 2040 using LEAP software with two scenarios, as for these scenarios is business as usual (BAU).Test results using LEAP shows the amount of fuel required bus in 2040 based on the BAU scenario amounted to 1.559.800 Gigajoules or to 43.448.467 liters of diesel fuel and 609.700 Gigajoules or 16.983.286 liters of diesel fuel based on the 2040 AFE scenario or fuel savings up to 39 % . The amount of fuel required for travel minibus based on the BAU scenario in 2040 was 1.333.000 Gigajoules or 37.130.919 liters of diesel fuel and 1.308.300 Gigajoules or 37.130.919 liters of diesel fuel based on the 2040 AFE scenario or savings up to 5 %.Carbon Dioxide Non Biogenic emissions produced by buses and travel minibus in 2040 for the AFE scenario decreased by 45 % compare to BAU scenario, but the value of NOx and CO in scenario AFE decrease 20 % compare to BAU scenario.

Hyacinth (Eichhorhia crassipes) is a weed on waters which is a big problem for damage the environment but it contains materials that can be fermented and produce biogas, there are hemicellulose and cellulose. This research head for produce biogas from hyacinth by anaerob fermentation process with microorganizm on batch system and determine optimum ratio of hyacinth and water along with the effect to the stability of system. There were stages on this research, including seeding, acclimatization, and anaerob batch fermentation. Seeding was doing in ten days with ratio hyacinth and water was 75%:25%, then continued to acclimatization in 48 days. The anaerob batch fermentation was doing with variation of ratio hyacinth and water 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 in anaerob batch bioreactor during 32 days. Analysis of pH, biogas volume, volatile acid, and alkalinity was analized every two days during anaerob batch fermentation. The result of this research showed that in 48 days acclimatization process was produced biogas about 75.840 mL. In the fermentation process was resulted biogas about 23.300 mL with methane contents was 11.924,56 ppm or 1,19%; pH optimum 6,8-7,2; volatile acid concentration 145,8 mg/L; alkalinity concentration 1684,13 mg/L, and ratio of AV/alkalinity 0,087 on the rasio of hyacinth and water at 1:2. In conclusion, the stability of system will decrease along with increasing amount of water in the substrat of anaerob batch fermentation.

Indonesia is located in equator line with it’s avarage temperature is 35°C. Its humidity is high, it can reach 85% (hot humid tropical climate). There are two things that cause extreme climate. Firstly the position between 2 continent and two ocean. Secondly big different between the area of continent and ocean. This condition makes disadvantage for human being in doing their activities becaused of up and down of the temperature that is not comfort for the human body. The best range of temperature for Indonesian people in doing their activities is 22,8°C - 25,8°C and the humidity 70%. Easiest step to create thermal comfort in building is using air condition system. How ever it affects to the electrical energy used. This paper proposes to solve the thermal comfort in building by architectural solution, designing building by considering orientation to wind direction and sun, using of architecture element and building material, and also elements of landscape. sti-jul2005- (26)