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Below is replication data and code, supporting the manuscript title “Uncovering the Intersections of Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality in Climate Resilience Capacities within Climate Hotspots for Women in Zambia.” The data was collected in Luapula and North-Western provinces in Zambia. The selection of these provinces was based on identifying subnational climate hotspot areas for women in agrifood systems. Luapula province was identified as a hotspot for perennial crops, while the North-Western province was identified as a hotspot for mixed farming and vegetables, as well as for cereals and perennials. The data collection took place in the Zambezi district within the North-Western province and the Kawambwa district in Luapula province. These districts are rural areas where the majority of households depend on agrifood systems for their livelihoods. To obtain comprehensive insights, we interviewed 199 households, conducting separate interviews with both male and female co-heads. Among these households, 82 were located in the Zambezi district in the North-Western province, while 117 were situated in the Kawambwa district in Luapula province. The data presents information on various important aspects, including women's empowerment, access to and knowledge of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) and climate information services (CIS), perceptions and experiences related to climate change, as well as socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the households. The replication data is part of the AICCRA Zambia Baseline Survey 2022 (Zambezi district, North-western province and Kawambwa district, Luapula province) (Gbegbelegbe et al. 2022. AICCRA Zambia Baseline Survey 2022, Harvard Dataverse, V1, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NLWWKM). We acknowledge and are thankful for the collaboration with IITA, in particular, Sika Gbegbelegbe, Steve Cole and David Chikoye, for the development of research tools and designing and conducting the data collection in the study areas in Luapula and North-western provinces, Zambia.

This dataset is a result of research conducted by a multidisciplinary team of researchers from Haramaya University, Ethiopia. It contains economic, environmental, and social indicators of sustainability. The data were generated using the Tool for Agroecological Performance Evaluation (TAPE) developed by the FAO (FAO, 2019). Primary data on basic socio-demographic, economic, institutional, social and ecological dimensions of agroecological performance were generated using a survey questionnaire uploaded on Kobo Toolbox (on a smart device). The data collection and overall field work were supported by the FAO, and supervised by the researchers and local research translation partners. The data contained herein refers to 619 smallholder farms located in four districts of Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's (SNNP) regions.

In recent decades, many societal changes have unfolded, including population ageing, reconfigurations of household structures, labour market transformation, and a secular deceleration of economic growth. These shifts pose considerable challenges to preexisting welfare states, particularly to the efficacy of countries’ pension systems. This dissertation examines the context and trajectory of pension reforms in Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Its contribution is to ascertain the viability and political feasibility of reforms that enhance the financial sustainability of their pension systems, while maintaining adequate income and coverage levels. The dissertation builds on political economy approaches and on the institutionalist literature, which highlight how the role of interest groups and structure of institutions and political systems shape policy outcomes. The frameworks of blame avoidance and credit-claiming are also considered, to provide a comprehensive analysis of the complex dynamics surrounding pension systems and reform efforts. This dissertation uses a mixed-methods approach – including public opinion surveys of 3,000+ individuals, semi-structured elite interviews, historical document analyses, and specialized fiscal and actuarial projections of selected pension reforms in the three selected countries. It addresses three core research questions: 1) What is the current context for pension reform in Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States given their histories? 2) Is the necessary (for achieving specific minimum levels of sustainability, adequacy, and coverage) pension reform politically feasible? 3) How do the characteristics of each reform affect its political feasibility? Corollary: The modification of which channel (benefits, contributions, retirement age) is perceived as more politically feasible for diverse stakeholders? The methodology chosen provides a timely picture of the context surrounding potential pension reforms in the three case studies. In Mexico, credit-claiming and the interests of private stakeholders explain the success of recent pension reforms, and partisan politics are the key determinants for future fiscal changes. For the United Kingdom, the institutionalist literature helps explain the reasons for the relatively easier reform avenues; the most politically feasible reforms are those in the private sector, while the housing market is of key importance for pensions. In the United States, the institutionalist literature and the framework of blame avoidance also help explain the current legislative gridlock and the reasons why no major reform has been enacted for decades. For Mexico and the United Kingdom there exist politically feasible reforms, notably a modification of the retirement age channel, that can increase the system’s sustainability while maintaining income adequacy and coverage; whereas based on the current context of extreme polarisation and legislative gridlock, there do not seem to exist politically feasible pension reforms that preserve the structure of Social Security in the United States. The dissertation brings the lens of political feasibility to bear on a previously technical literature on the structure of the pension systems in the three countries, and thus on the feasibility of reform to deliver financial sustainability, adequacy of retirement incomes, and adequate coverage of the old age population. It identifies the feasible routes for reform in Mexico and the United Kingdom, but concludes that the political economy context the United States has reached rules out feasible reforms of its current pension structures.

We use extreme regional pollution emergencies to provide new evidence regarding the motivations for corporate social responsibility (CSR). We document that local firms strategically improve CSR to build trust following pollution emergencies, and this is specifically true for highly polluting firms. Firms face different intensities of external pressure from their stakeholders. In particular, following pollution emergencies, political dependency, institutional investors and public monitoring are the main sources of stakeholder pressure and drivers of the increased CSR. We further find that firms that gain trust through CSR activities after pollution emergencies are rewarded. CSR serves as a buffer against financial constraints, financing distress and the negative profitability effect following emergencies. This study contributes to the CSR literature on trust-building-motivated CSR strategies.