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11 ABSTRACT Masters Thesis THE PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM THE JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES AND THE USAGE POSSIBILITY OF IT AS A STILLAGE Mehtap ÇA?ÇA? (KARAO?LU) Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science Department of Food Engineering Supervisor : Prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN 1994, Page: 28 Jury : Prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN Prof.Dr.Oguz KILIÇ Assoc. Prof.Dr. İsmail YAVAŞ In this study, ethanol is produced from the Jerusalem artichokes which is grown in Beypazarı is a city of Turkey which grows the 90% of the production of Turkey. In this research Rasse XII, Narince UJ, Kalecik and Steinberg yeasts were used in ethanol production. Rase XII and Steinberg yeasts were more efficient in fermentation. The samples were diluted by using 2 or 3 times of water and it has been founded that there is no significant differences between the samples. For into produce ethanol from Jerusalem artichokes, first step was to change the inulin to the fructose. For this aim two different methods were used. In first process the sample was heated one hour at 100°C, by using pH 2. At the second process the sample was heated two hours at 60-65°C, by using pH 6.2 which is the pH of Jerusalem artichokes. The percentage of fructose at pH 2 was 79.01 % and at pH 6.2 was 77.3 % in dry matter. In the first 11 litres ethanol was produced from the 100 kg. of Jerussalem artichokes, and at he second process 10 litres ethanol was produced from the same amount of Jerussalem artichokes. In the cromotografic consideration of ethanol there is differences in the high alcohol percentages depends on the yeasts. In the alcohol which is produced with the Rasse XII yeast, the proportion of acedaldhyd is 36 mg/1, and the methanol is 335 mg/I, n-prophanol is 122 mg/1, 70 mg/1 i-amylalcohol is obtained. Also with Narince III yeast, 30 mg/1 acedaldehyd, 210 mg/1 methanol 130 mg/1 n prophanol and 520 mg/1 i-amylalcohol was obtained. With the fermentation in which the Kalecik yeast was used, 38 mg/1 acedaldehyd, 215 mg/1 methanol, 122 mg/1 n-prophanol and 484 mg/1 i-amylalcohol was obtained. And with Steinberg yeast 47 mg/1 acedaldehyd, 203 mg/1 methanol, 143 mg/1 n prophanol, and 350 mg/1 i-amylalcohol was produced. KEY WORDS : Inulin, D-fructose, D-glucose, fermentation, ethanol. ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi YERELMASINDAN ETİL ALKOL ÜRETİMİ VE İÇKİ İSPİRTOSU OLARAK KULLANILMA OLANA?I Mehtap ÇA?ÇA? (KARAO?LU) Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Danışman; Prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN 1994, Sayfa: 28 Jüri : prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN Prof.Dr.Oğuz KILIÇ Doç.Dr.İsmail YAVAŞ Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de yetiştirilen yerelmasının hemen hemen %90'nın yetiştiği Beypazarı'ndan sağlanan yerelmasında etil alkol üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üretimde Rasse XII, Narince III, Kalecik ve Steinberg mayalarından yararlanılmış, en iyi verime Rasse XII ve Steinberg mayaları kullanıldığında ulaşılmıştır. 1:3 ve 1:2 oranında seyreltilen mayşelerden sağlanan alkol miktarları arasında büyük bir fark gözlenmemiştir. Etil alkol üretiminde asıl amaç inülinden fruktoz elde etme olmuştur. Bunun için 2 ayrı yöntem denenmiştir. Birincisi pH 2'de 100°C'de 1 saat ısıl işlem, diğeri kendi pH'sında (pH 6.2) 60- 65°C'de 2 saat ısıl işlem olmuştur. Bunların fruktoza dönme oranlan pH 2'de %79.01, pH 6.2'de %77.3 dolayında kalmıştır. Birincide 100 kg yerelmasından 11 1 etil alkol, ikincide ise 10 1 etil alkol sağlanmıştır. Etil alkolün kromatografik incelenmesinde mayaya bağlı olarak yüksek alkol miktarları farklılık göstermektedir. Rasse XII mayası ile fermentasyon sonucu oluşan alkolde 36 mg/1 asetaldehit, 335 mg/1 metanol, 122 mg/1 n-propanot, 470 mg/1 i-amil alkolü elde olunmuş; Narince III mayası ile 30 mg/1 asetaldehit, 210 mg/1 metanol, 130 mg/1 n-propanol, 520 mg/1 i-amil alkolü saptanmış; Kalecik mayası kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen fermentasyon sonucu 38 mg/1 asetaldehit, 215 mg/1 metanol, 122 mg/1 n-propanol, 484 mg/1 i-amil alkole ulaşılmış; Steinberg mayası ile 47 mg/1 asetaldehit, 203 mg/1 metanol, 143 mg/1 n-Propanol, 350 mg/l i-amil alkole ulaşılmıştr. ANAHTAR KELİMELER : înülin, D-fruktoz, D-glukoz, fermentasyon, etil alkol 28

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of alcohol hangover on simulated highway driving performance.Driving performance of forty-two social drinkers was tested the morning following an evening of consuming on average 10.2 (SD = 4.2) alcoholic drinks (alcohol hangover) and on a control day (no alcohol consumed). Subjects performed a standardized 100-km highway driving test in the STISIM driving simulator. In addition to the standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP; i.e., the weaving of the car), lapses of attention were examined. Self-reported driving quality and driving style were scored, as well as mental effort to perform the test, sleepiness before and after driving, and hangover severity.Driving performance was significantly impaired during alcohol hangover as expressed by an SDLP increase of +1.9 cm (t (1,41) = 2.851, p = 0.007), increased number of lapses relative to the control day (7.7 versus 5.3 lapses, t (1,41) = 2.125, p = 0.019), and an increased total lapse time (182.7 versus 127.3 s, p = 0.040). During alcohol hangover, subjects reported their driving quality to be significantly poorer (t (1,41) = 4.840, p = 0.001) and less safe (t (1,41) = 5.078, p = 0.001), wise (t (1,41) = 4.061, p = 0.001), predictable (t (1,41) = 3.475, p = 0.001), and responsible (t (1,41) = 4.122, p = 0.001). Subjects further reported being significantly more tense while driving (t (1,41) = 3.280, p = 0.002), and more effort was needed to perform the driving test (t (1,41) = 2.941, p = 0.001). There was a significant interaction with total sleep time and hangover effects on SDLP and the number of lapses.In conclusion, driving is significantly impaired during alcohol hangover, as expressed in an elevated SDLP and increased number of lapses. Total sleep time has a significant impact on the magnitude of driving impairment.

Amaç: Bu in vitro çalışmanın amacı, beyazlatma tedavisi uygulandıktan sonra, koruyucu ajan (BisCover LV) uygulamanın, minenin renk değişikliğine etkisinin araştırılmasıdır.Materyal ve Metot: Bu çalışma için 120 adet sığır dişi toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın başlangıç aşaması olarak örneklerin spektrofotometrik renk analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ardından bütün örneklere beyazlatma işlemi yapılmıştır ve renk analizi tekrar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örnekler rastgele olacak şekilde, 8 gruba ayrılmıştır (n=15). Bu 8 gruptan 4 gruba koruyucu ajan olarak BisCover LV uygulanmış, diğer 4 gruba ise herhangi bir koruyucu ajan uygulaması yapılmamıştır. Ardından örnekler solüsyonlara (kahve, şarap, kola, su) daldırılmıştır. Sırasıyla 15 dakika, 7 saat ve 3.5 gün olmak üzere solüsyonlarda bekletilen örneklerin spektrofotometrik renk analizleri yapılarak kayıt altına alınmıştır. ΔE renk değişim farkı hesaplanmıştır.Bulgular: Yapılan analiz sonucunda, BisCover LV'nin beyazlatma sonrasında diş minesine uygulandığı örnekler solüsyon ve süre farkı gözetmeksizin, BisCover LV uygulanmayan örneklere göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derece az renklenmiştir (p<0,001). Son renk ölçümlerinden elde edilen ΔE renk dönüşüm dereceleri arasında en az değeri (2,35 ± 1,13) BisCover LV uygulanıp suda bekletilen örnekler göstermiştir ve bu fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır (p<0,001). En fazla (25,60 ±7,28) renklenen örnekler ise BisCover LV uygulanmadan şarapta bekletilen grupta gerçekleşmiştir ve bu farkın istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu gösterilmiştir(p<0,001). Verilerin analizinde Kruskal-Wallis, One-Way ANOVA, post-hoc Dunn ve Tukey testleri kullanılmıştır.Sonuç: Beyazlatma sonrasında dişler tekrar renklenebilmektedir. Bu sebeple renk stabilitesinin sağlanması amacıyla koruyucu ajan olarak BisCover LV uygulanması faydalı olabilir. Aim: The purpose of this in vitro study is to investigate the effect of the preservative agent (BisCover LV) application on the color change after bleaching treatment has been applied.Materials and Methods: 120 bovine teeth were collected for this study. Spectrophotometric color analysis of the samples was performed as an initial step of the study. All samples were bleached and color analysis is performed again. The samples are randomly divided into 8 groups (n=15). BisCover LV was applied as 4 group protective agents from these 8 groups and no protective agent was applied to the other 4 groups. Then the samples were submerged in solutions (coffee, wine, cola, water).Spectrophotometric color analysis of the specimens kept in solution for 15 minutes, 7 hours and 3.5 days, respectively, were recorded. ΔE color change was calculated.Results: As a result of the analysis, BisCover LV applied samples were statistically significantly less colored than BisCover LV-free samples regardless of solution and time, after teeth bleaching (p<0,001). Between the ΔE color conversion values obtained from the final color measurements, the least value (2.35 ± 1.13) showed BisCover LV applied water-submerged samples and this difference was statistically significant (p<0,001). The maximum (25,60 ± 7,28) colored samples was observed in the wine group without BisCover LV application and this difference was shown to be statistically significant (p<0,001). Kruskal-Wallis, One-Way ANOVA, post-hoc Dunn and Tukey tests were used in the analysis of the data.Conclusion: After bleaching, the teeth could be colored again. For this reason, it may be useful to apply BisCover LV as a preservative to maintain color stability.Keywords: Bleaching, discoloration, BisCover LV, spectrophotometer 69

Alcohol is frequently used in combination with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Both drugs affect cardiovascular function, hydration and temperature regulation, but may have partly opposing effects. The present study aims to assess the acute physiologic effects of (co-) administration of MDMA and ethanol over time. A four-way, double blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled study in 16 healthy volunteers (9 male and 7 female) between the ages of 18 and 29. MDMA (100 mg) was given orally and blood ethanol concentration was maintained at pseudo-steady state levels of 0.6‰ by a three-hour 10% intravenous ethanol clamp. Cardiovascular function, temperature and hydration measures were recorded throughout the study days. Ethanol did not significantly affect physiologic function, with the exception of a short lasting increase in heart rate. MDMA potently increased heart rate and blood pressure and induced fluid retention as well as an increase in temperature. Co-administration of ethanol with MDMA did not affect cardiovascular function compared to the MDMA alone condition, but attenuated the effects of MDMA on fluid retention and showed a trend for attenuation of MDMA-induced temperature increase. In conclusion, co-administration of ethanol and MDMA did not exacerbate physiologic effects compared to all other drug conditions, and moderated some effects of MDMA alone.

This chapter explores the implications of trade unions not being formally involved in local service improvements in the NHS (England) over the last decade. This is despite their involvement in the largest pay modernisation in the NHS (Buchan and Evans 2007) and national level collective bargaining (Bach and Kessler 2012). This chapter draws on evidence from three national government-funded initiatives to illustrate the crowding out of collective dialogue, and concludes that such actions undermine the sustainability of service improvements and increase the potential for ‘partial failure’ (Hyman 1987, p. 30). This highlights the contradictory nature of management more generally in accepting the co-ordinating role of trade unions while eschewing the perceived critique of managerial objectives from which it could ultimately benefit.

Violence and drug use are significant public health challenges that are strongly linked. It is known that alcohol plays a major role in the causation of unnatural deaths and that stimulants like cocaine and amphetamine are often implicated in aggressive acts or violence. However, a clear causal relationship between these substances and aggression, and more specifically a blood concentration threshold at which intoxicated aggression emerges is lacking. In case of a crime and subsequent law enforcement, knowledge about dose-response relationships could be of pivotal importance when evaluating the role of alcohol and drugs in aggressive offences.The present review aimed to determine whether there is a causal relation between intoxication with these psychoactive substances and aggression, and to define blood concentration thresholds above which these substances elicit aggression.Empirical articles published between 2013 and 2017 and review papers containing the predefined search strings were identified through searches in the PubMed and Embase databases and additional reference list searches. The complete search query yielded 1578 publications. Initially all articles were manually screened by title and abstract. Articles with irrelevant titles, given the selected search terms and review aims were discarded. Remaining articles were carefully studied and those that did not comply with the main objectives of this review were discarded. At the end of this process, 167 titles were found eligible for review.While placebo-controlled experimental studies clearly showed a causal link between alcohol and aggression, it is evident that such a link has not yet been established for cocaine and amphetamines. In case of alcohol, it is clear that there are various individual and contextual factors that may contribute to the occurrence of an aggressive act during intoxication. A clear threshold blood alcohol concentration has not been defined yet for alcohol, but a statistically significant increase of aggression has been demonstrated at a dose of 0.75 g/kg and higher. Future studies into intoxicated aggression should include multiple doses of alcohol and stimulants and take into account individual and contextual factors.

Ill SUMMflRV This work has been carried out as directed to the flotation, the adsorption of frother and the preparation of coal-water suspensions, all of which depend on the surface properties of coal. In the flotation eKperiments, the flotation properties of Aşkale lignite haue been inuestigated by using a modified Hallimond rnicroflotation cell. For this aim, the effects of flotation time, uarious frothers (MIBC, n-amyl alcohol, a-terpineol, and o-cresol), kerosene as a collector, and some electrolytes (KMnu4, Na2Cr207, NaCN and B 1 C 1 3 ) on the remoual of pyritic sulfur and ash haue been determined. It was found that the coal sample had a poor floatability in absence of any flotation reagent, and that the frothers and the electrolytes considerably increased the recoruery of coal. In addition, it was seen that the electrolytes used in this work had depressing effect on the pyrite and ash. In the adsorption eKperiments, the effects of adsorption time, frother concentration on adsorption of the frothers such as methylisobutylcarbinol (MIBC), n-amyl alcohol, a-terpineol and o-cresol, which are commonly used in flotation processes, from their aqueous solutions by Aşkale and Balkaya lignites and Zonguldak bituminous coal haue been inuestigated. In addition, the change of the adsorption of o-cresol on these coals with the ottidation eKtent of coal has been alsoW researched. It was found ttiet all of ttıe frottiers were significantly adsorbed by the coals and also that the adsorption equilibrium was attained in a fairly short time. On the other hand, the adsorption continuously increased with the increased extent of oKidation in the cases of the lignites, but it decreased first and then increased in comparison with the raw coal with increasing the extent of oxidation for Zonguldak bituminous coal. In the preparation of coal-water suspensions, the effects of parameters such as coal loading (wt %), the extent of coal oxidation, the pH of suspension, the addition of various electrolyte and surfactant agents on the viscosity of suspension obtained by using Balkaya lignite haue been investigated. The suspension viscosities were measured using a Brookfield type rotational viscometer. The additives used ivere filCI3, CaCI2 and NaCI as the electrolytes, and Synperonic NPE 1800 (CgHig-Ph-(P0)m(E0)n0H), Cetyltrimethylemmonium- bromide (CTflB), Morwet D425 (alkylnaphthalensulfonate), Borresperse NR-3R (ligninsulfonate) and polyvinyl alcohol (MID: 14.000) as the surfactans. It was found that the most effective additives, in terms of the viscosity reduction, were HICI3 and Borresperse NA-3R, and that the coal-water suspension (CIDS) which had coal concentrations up to 60-62 % (based on the weight of dry coal) could be prepared by using these two additives. Also, the viscosites of suspensions were found to increase with an increase in the pH of suspension and at the extent of coal oxidation. ÖZET Bu çalışma, kömürlerin yüzey özelliklerine dayalı olan fiotasyon, köpük yapıcı adsorpsiyonu ne kömür-su süspansiyonlarının hazırlanması işlemlerine yönelik olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Fiotasyon deneylerinde, bir değiştirilmiş Hallimond mikro- flotasyon hücresi kullanılarak, Hşkale linyitinin fiotasyon özellikleri incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, fiotasyon süresinin, çeşitli köpük yapıcı (MIBC, n-amil alkol, cc-terpinol ve o-kresol). toplayıcı (kerosen) ve elektrolit (KMnG4, Na2Cr2C7, fs'aCN ve BICI3) maddelerin ; kömür kazanımı ile piritik kükürt ve kül giderimine olan etkileri araştırılmıştır. Her hangi bir katkı maddesi eklenmeden yapılan fiotasyon işlemlerinde, linyit örneğinin zayıf yüzebilirlik özelliği gösterdiği, buna karşılık, köpük yapıcı ve elektrolitlerin kullanılmasıyla kömür kazanımının önemli ölçüde arttığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca kullanılan elektrolitlerin pirit ve kül üzerine bastına etkilerinin olduğu bulunmuştur. Rdsorpsiyon deneylerinde, fiotasyon işlemlerinde kullanılan köpük yapıcıların, Aşkale ve Balkaya linyitleri ve Zonguldak taş kömürü tarafından, sulu çözeltilerinden adsorpsiyonu üzerine, adsorpsiyon süresi ve köpük yapıcı konsan trasyonunun etkisi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, bu kömürler üzerine o-kresol adsorpsiyonunun, kömürün oksidasyon derecesiyleIk değişimi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan kopuk yapıcıların tümünün, oldukça kısa bir sürede adsorpsiyon dengesine ulaştıkları ve kömürler tarafından önemli ölçüde adsorp- landıkları bulunmuştur. Diğer yandan, linyit örneklerinde artan oksidasyon derecesi ile adsorpsiyonun sürekli arttığı, taş kömüründe ise oksidasyon derecesine bağlı olarak adsorp- siyonda artma ve azalmalar olduğu gözlenmiştir..a Kömür-su süspansiyonlarının hazırlanmasında, Balkaya linyiti iie eide edilen kömür-su süspansiyonlarının uizkoziteieri üzerine; kömür yükleme yüzdesi, oksidasyon derecesi, süspansiyon pH sı, çeşitti elektrolit ve yüzey aktif madde eklenmesi gibi değişkenlerin etkileri incelenmiştir. Süspansiyon uizkoziteieri, Brookfield tipi bir dönel uizkozimetre kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Elektrolit madde olarak RICI3, CaCI2 ve NiaCI ; yüzey aktif madde olarak da, Synperonic NPE 1800, CTflB, Moruıet D425, Borresperse NR-3R ve poliuinilalkol kullanıldı. Kullanılan bu katkı maddelerinden, uizkozite düşürme açısından, en fazla etkili olanların RICI3 ve Borresperse NR-3R olduğu ve bu maddelerin kullanılmasıyla, maksimum 7.60-62 kömür konsantrasyonlarına sahip süspansiyonların hazırlanabildiği bulunmuştur. Ayrıca süspansiyon pH sının ve kömürün oksidasyon derecesinin artmasıyla, süspansiyon uizkozitelerinin arttığı belirlenmiştir. 97

53 SUMMARY 242 women living in Kayseri countryside were compared with the 102 of others who live in block of flats having central heating, located in the centre of the city, in terms of chronic bronchitis symptoms and their etiologic causes. Furthermore 150 male and 128 female were taken into consideration who have been medical supervision by means of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COI'D) diagnosis in terms of smoking habit and bioniass fume exposure. The city dweller women cigarette addicts are far more than the ones who live in the countryside (%14.7 and %4.5) (P<0.01). Without taking the effects of cigarette consideration, the prevalance of chronic bronchitis of the rural women liwing with bioniass fume exposure is far proportionally found more in comparison with the city dwellers (%20.7 and %I0.8) (P<0.05). Similarly, the COI'D prevalance of the ones who under bioniass fume exposure is higher than the prevalance of the control group(%l2.4 and %3.9) (l'<0.05). In cacli group, though the pulmonary function testing values are in their under normal limits, FEVI value of the ones under bioniass fume exposure was determined relatively low when compared to the control group. The prevalance of chronic bronchitis senn in rural women was observed as to be54 increased by aging (P<O.OOI). Only one tuberculosis patient who formerly got over, was found among the rural women who have chronic bronchitis. Listening diagnosis such as crackling and wheeze and findings of cor pulmonale were observed among the rural women being under biomass fume exposure. Smoking ratio for male patients having COPD was %89.33, while as for females only %2.34. Among the COPD patients whom could be questioned about their being under biomass fume exposure, it was learned that %91.66 of them had been using the biomass. In women patient's chest x-ray %88 of reticular and reticulonodular infiltration was found. Consequently, biomass fume exposure on the rural women is the major cause of the COPD. ilence, the necessary precautions to lower the exposure on rural women, should be taken. ÖZET Kayseri kırsal kesiminde biomass duman maruziyeti olan 242 kadını, kronik bronşit semptomları ve elyolojik nedenleri açısından, şehir merkezinde kaloriferli evlerde yaşayan 102 kadından oluşan kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırdık. Ayrıca hastanede KOAM tanısı ile takip edilen 150 erkek ve 128 kadını sigara hikayesi ve biomass duman maruziyeti açısından değerlendirdik. Şehirde yaşayan kadınlarda sigara alışkanlığı kırsal kesimde yaşayanlardan daha Cazla bulundu (%14.7 ve %4.5) (P <0. 01). Kırsal kesimde yaşayan ve biomass duman maruziyeti olanlarda şehirde yaşayanlara oranla kronik bronşit prevelansı sigaradan bağımsız olmak üzere daha yüksek tespit edildi (%20.7 ve % 10.8) (P <0. 05). Yine biomass duman maruziyeti olanlarda KOAI1 prevelansı kontrol grubuna göre daha fazla bulundu (%12.4 ve % 3.9) (P <0.05). Her iki grupta da SFT değerleri normal sınırlarda olmasına rağmen HİVl değeri biomass duman maruziyeti olanlarda kontrol grubuna oranla daha düşük düzeyde tespit edildi. Kırsal kesimde yaşayan kronik bronşit vakalarında yaşla birlikte prevalansın arttığı gözlendi (P <().(>() 1 ). Geçirilmiş akciğer hastalığı olarak kırsal kesimde yaşayan kronik bronşitli kadınlardan sadece birinde tüberküloz tespit edildi.Biomass duman maruziyeti olan kırsal kesim kadınlarında daha fazla kor pulmonale bulgusu ve rai ronküs gibi dinleme bulguları gözlendi. Kronik obslrüktif akciğer hastalığı tanısıyla takip edilen hastalarda, sigara içme oranı erkeklerde %89.33 iken kadınlarda % 2..VI idi. Biomass duman ınaruziyeti sorgulanabilen KOAIIIı hastalardan % 91.66' sında bioınass kullanma hikayesi alındı. Kadın hastaların akciğer grafilerinde %88 oranında retiküler ya da retikülonodüler infiltrasyon tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak; kırsal kesimde yaşayan kadınlarda biomass duman maruziyeti kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığının en büyük nedenidir. Bu nedenle buralarda yaşayan kadınlarda maruziyeti azaltacak önlemler alınmalıdır. 64