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{"references": ["Retrieved on April 12, 2013 from website http://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=432", "Alexander, Christopher, \"Notes on the Synthesis of Form, 1st ed.\", Harvard University Press, 1964, pp. 1-224.", "Borucke, Michael, David Moore, Gemma Cranston, Kyle Gracey, Katsunori Iha, Joy Larson, Elias Lazarus, Juan Carlos Morales, Mathis Wackernagel, Alessandro Galli, 2012, \"Accounting for demand and supply of the biosphere's regenerative capacity: The National Footprint Accounts' underlying methodology and framework\", Ecological Indicators 24 (2013) 518\u2013533, Elsevier Ltd.", "Adams, W.M., \"The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the Twenty-first Century\", 2006, Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, 29\u201331 January 2006.", "Abdaei, Kaveh, Ahadollag Azami, \"Sustainability Analyses of Passive Cooling Systems in Iranian Traditional Buildings approaching Wind-Catchers\", Recent Advances in Energy, Environment and Development, pp.124-129.", "Afrasiabian, Shaghayegh, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad, Negar Badri, \"Nature as a Source of Sustainable Design in Architecture of Original Countries (Case Study: Traditional Architecture of Iran)\", Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road 2nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women's Univ., Nishinomiya, Japan, July 14-16, 2012 Proceedings, pp.257-261.", "Azami.A, Y., \"Climate passive architecture in hot and dry regions of iran, Passive and low energy cooling for the built environment\", Greece: Santorini, 2005, pp. 613-617.", "Fardpour, Tohid, \"Analysis of Iranian Traditional Architecture Through the Lens of Kenneth Frampton's \"Critical Regionalism\"\", American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2013, 6 (2): 205-210.", "Ghobadian. Vahid, \"Climate Analysis of the Traditional Iranian Buildings\", 5th ed., Tehran: University of Tehran Press, 2008.\n[10]\tKasmai, Morteza, \"Climate & Architecture\", 4nd ed., 2006, pp. 107-130.\n[11]\tKiani, W. K., \"Cultural heritage organization of Iran\", Tehran, 1995.\n[12]\tPourvahidi, Parastoo, \"Bioclimatic Analysis of Vernacular Iranian Architecture\", Master diss., Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa, North Cyprus, 2010, 1-161.\n[13]\tPourvahidi, Parastoo, Mesut B. Ozdeniz, \"Bioclimatic analysis of Iranian climate for energy conservation in architecture\", Scientific Research and Essays, 2013, Vol. 8(1), pp. 6-16.\n[14]\tShojaei, S.A.R., Zahra khodayari, \"Sustainable Architecture In Arid Regions of Iran\", 5th Symposium on Advances in Science & Technology, May 12-17, 2011.\n[15]\tUtaberta, N., N. Sharifi, M. Surat, A. I. Che-Ani and N.M. Tawil, \"The Experience of Iranian Architecture in Direction of Urban Passages and Forming of Urban Structures to Increase Climatic Comfort\", World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 2012, Vol. 67, pp. 637-641.\n[16]\tRetrieved on June 2, 2013 from website http://news.discovery.com/earth/global-warming/hottest-spot-on-earth-120416.htm\n[17]\tAttmann, Osman , \"Green architecture: overview\", Green architecture: advanced technologies and materials. definitions and operationalizations of green architecture, McGraw-Hill Professional, AccessEngineering, ICC (International Code Council), 2010, pp. 1-26.\n[18]\tRetrieved on May 28, 2013 from Website http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=965506\n[19]\tPirnia, Mohammad Karim, Stylistic of Iranian Architecturem, 3rd ed., 1383, pp. 32.\n[20]\tRetrieved on April 18, 2013 from website Website: http://n-a-c.blogfa.com/cat-12.aspx\n[21]\tShokouhian.M, S., \"Enviromental effect of the courtyard in sustainable architecture of Iran\", Tehran: Islamic azad university, 2007.\n[22]\tRetrieved on April 26, 2013 from website http://www.gardenhistorysociety.org/post/agenda/the-gardens-of-persia/\n[23]\tLe Corbusier \"The Modulor: A Harmonious Measure to the Human Scale, Universally Applicable to Architecture and Mechanics\". Basel & Boston: Birkh\u00e4user, (2004) (First published in two volumes in 1954 and 1958.).\n[24]\tRetrieved on May 06, 2013 from website http://ghoolabad.com/index2.asp?id=26"]} Iran Central Plateau encompasses a large proportion of this country. The weather in these flat plains is warm and arid with very little precipitation. Different attempts in architecture have been done to alleviate the weather severity of this area and create a living place compatible with humans’ comfort criteria. Investigations have showed that some of the most successful approaches in traditional architecture of the area has been forgotten or are not being used widely. As sustainability is defined as an appropriate solution for environmental, economical, and social disorders, this research is a try to demonstrate the sustainability in aforementioned architecture and based on these studies, propounds solutions for today architecture in hot arid zones.

This paper examines the impact of climate change on primary crops grown in Africa. An innovative approach is presented that bridges the gap between agro-economic and traditional Ricardian models. We label it a ‘structural Ricardian model’. It first captures the type of crop a farmer will select and then examines the conditional net revenue of that crop. The model is estimated using a sample of over 5000 farmers across 11 countries in Africa. The analysis finds that farmers shift the crops they plant to match the climate they face. Studies that fail to account for crop switching will overestimate the damages from climate change and underestimate the benefits.

{"references": ["Purvis, B., Mao, Y. & Robinson, D. Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins. Sustain Sci 14, 681\u2013695 (2019) [online] https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5 [Accessed 17th August, 2020]", "Vernon, Raymond (1966). \"International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle\". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 80 (2): 190\u2013207. doi:10.2307/1880689", "The European Plastics Pact [online] Available: https://europeanplasticspact.org/ [Accessed 17th August, 2020]", "Little, J. D. C. (1961). \"A Proof for the Queuing Formula: L = \u03bbW\". Operations Research. 9 (3): 383\u2013387. doi:10.1287/opre.9.3.383. JSTOR 167570", "Yan Dong, Michael Z. Hauschild. M. Z.Indicators for Environmental Sustainability, Procedia CIRP, Volume 61, Pages 697-702 (2017) [online] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.11.173. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212827116313336) [Accessed 17th August 17, 2020]", "Ansoff, H. Igor (1965). Corporate Strategy: an Analytic Approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion. New York: McGraw-Hill", "Committee for Waste Reduction [online] Available: https://cfwr.org.au/news/6957745 [Accessed 17th August , 2020]", "The Ellen McArthur Foundation [online] Available: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/concept [Accessed 17th August 2020]", "Toyota Production System [online] Available: https://global.toyota/en/company/vision-and-philosophy/production-system/ [Accessed 18th August 2020]", "Friedman, M. (1970). \"A Friedman doctrine\u2010- The Social Responsibility Of Business Is to Increase Its Profits\", The Ney York Times. [online] Available: https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/13/archives/a-friedman-doctrine-the-social-responsibility-of-business-is-to.html [Accessed 18th August 2020]", "Kay, I. (2017).\"CEO Pay-For-Performance\" Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance [online] Available: https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2016/08/17/ceo-pay-for-performance/ [Assessed 18th August 2020]"]} Most available approaches to assess and compare sustainability of packaging solutions make it difficult for business executives to make decisions between different options: Only one snapshot of a steady state is being evaluated - the LifeCycle of the product is not being consiered The development of different ididicaters over time is being neglected Key Parameters (e.g. circulation numbers for re-use packaging, transport) are being estimated and can be off real figures Factors along the supply chin are neglected (losses, lead times, internal recycling streams) While financial figures are a main base for decicion making, the economic and financial impact of are not being evaluated This paper describes a mote holistic approach that considers key parameters of the supply chain (e.g. losses, lead times, etc.) considers market scenarios evaluates economic figures as well as sustainability metrics shows the development of those metrics over time (over the whole Life Cycle) compares those metrics between different packaging options The outcome is a holistic comparison of packaging Options in different business Scenarios not only on base of sustainability metrics but also on economic and financial Impact on the business.

The biodiesel industry in the United States has grown significantly in recent years. Production increased from 25 million gallons in 2004 to an estimated 250 million gallons in 2006, and many new plants are being built. Most biodiesel in the United States is produced from soybean oil, but canola offers characteristics which make it a favorable feedstock for biodiesel production. Characteristics of canola oil also make it an increasingly popular choice for human consumption. This study examines the structure of the biodiesel and canola industries. Specifically, the study describes changes in the biodiesel industry, trends in canola production in the United States and Canada, profitability and production risk for canola, the characteristics of canola oil for both human consumption and biodiesel production, the profitability of biodiesel production, and the potential to meet the demand for biodiesel production in the United States.