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The present study aims to analyse the land market trend with particular reference to the main typologies of crop in Sicily (1992-2010). More specifically, after examining the trend in agricultural land average prices, both in current and constant terms, the dynamic formulation of Shift and Share Analysis (DSSA) was carried out, in order to check the growth gap between the average prices in the Sicilian provinces and the correspondent regional ones over the period, and trying to identify its causes also on the basis of the relationship between land values and the agro-food markets dynamics in the investigated period. The analysis of average land values shows a positive trend in current terms, but a steady erosion in constant values. The application of DSSA highlights that the average land values expressed in current prices have a positive market dynamics (except for the province of Palermo), but lower than the overall regional trend, whereas Agrigento and Ragusa growth rates are higher than the regional one. On the contrary, the analysis in real terms shows a heavily erosive dynamics of provincial average prices which is more marked than the overall regional one, with the exception of Agrigento where the negative growth rate is lower than the overall trend. The analysis also measured the growth differential between the dynamics of the average values for each crop typology and the overall regional trend. More specifically, the study pointed out the dichotomy characterising the Sicilian land market in the period 1992-2010: on the one hand, the positive data of arable and horticultural crops and, to a lesser extent, permanent grassland due to a good structural framework capable of absorbing the shortcomings at local level, on the other hand, negative growth differential recorded for tree crops, due almost exclusively to substantial structural weaknesses.

Bosco Fontana is an ancient primary woodland and represents one of the last remnants of the original Po plain forest. The historic events that have influenced the area are the fragmentation and the decrease of the forest habitat surface, the modification in the forest composition and structure. One of the most relevant events happened is the heavy storm in 1949, which uprooted more than 1500 m3 of wood, leaving "naked" a 50 ha area. The consequent reforestation with allochthonous species (plane tree and red oak) constitutes another alteration of the natural ecosystem. The allochthonous species are progressively eliminated to reconstitute the original oak-hornbeam woodland. From a faunistic point of view, the area represents a "tank" of forest species disappeared or extremely rare in the other areas. The central grassland, used for grazing till 70s, is now treated with scheduled mows.

An internship period spent in the north of Morocco kingdom (Tetouan) gave a contribute to the organization activity in promoting sustainable development in the rural areas under the Kyoto Protocol. The multitasking project will increase biodiversity planting trees for wood, forage and fruits productions. The paper show a first step study to evaluate the possibility to reach an agreement with the propriety and the manager of these areas in a multifunctional reforestation project. The eligible site suitable for reforestation in accordance with the CDM international scheme is a large plateau (more than 5000 hectares) 600 meters high on the sea level far from the Cannabis crops area. The evaluation of the project costs and of the social benefits for the population consider (using different species) the indigenous communities necessity. The evaluation of carbon sequestration show the small scale of the reforestation project on behalf of the Kyoto Protocol, but give also an idea about the people rights and necessities. The normal afforestation and reforestation projects, under the Kyoto Protocol, try to maximize the CO2 sequestration in a short time, than business laws usually require. A small scale project could be self-managing, less expensive (international certification costs) and more interesting for local communities.

Il macrosito “IT08 Laghi Sudalpini” comprende un gruppo di laghi localizzato al margine meridionale della catena alpina. Le tipologie lacustri sono rappresentate da laghi estesi e profondi (Orta, Garda, Maggiore, Como e Iseo) e da un lago di minori dimensioni e bassa profondità (Candia). Le tematiche comuni a tutti i siti di ricerca comprendono: composizione, struttura e dinamica delle comunità biologiche (plancton, necton e comunità litorali) e loro risposte all’eutrofizzazione e ai cambiamenti climatici; le reti trofiche; la paleolimnologia; l’ecotossicologia; la qualità ecologica; il telerilevamento. Le attività di ricerca sono supportate da una ricca disponibilità di laboratori localizzati nelle differenti sedi e da un’ampia dotazione di apparecchiature tecnologiche. Queste infrastrutture, finanziate nell’ambito dei singoli istituti coinvolti nella ricerca, hanno permesso non solo di mantenere, ma anche di aggiornare i classici approcci utilizzati nel monitoraggio scientifico, aprendo, nel contempo, nuovi indirizzi di ricerca: ne sono esempi gli sviluppi nel campo dell’ecologia molecolare e microbica, il profiling metabolomico, la ricerca di geni di resistenza agli antibiotici, la sperimentazione di sistemi di monitoraggio ad alta frequenza mediante l’utilizzo di sensori. Nel corso dell’ultimo decennio, la regolarità nelle attività di ricerca nei laghi di maggiori dimensioni è stata favorita dalla disponibilità di finanziamenti esterni (progetti competitivi o previsti nell’ambito di cooperazioni transfrontaliere) e ordinari (progetti definiti nei singoli istituti o attività istituzionali nel caso delle ARPA). La varietà delle attività di ricerca svolte nei laghi sudalpini è testimoniata dalla pubblicazione di numerosi articoli scientifici e divulgativi, dai contributi presentati in congressi nazionali e internazionali, dall’organizzazione di convegni, seminari e attività e di formazione e divulgazione, oltre che dalla presenza nei media giornalistici. La collaborazione tra i siti di ricerca appartenenti al macrosito Laghi Sudalpini vanta una lunga tradizione. Seppur regolate nell’ambito di progetti e accordi informali, numerose forme di collaborazione tra tutti gli attuali siti di ricerca erano infatti già attive ancor prima dell’istituzione della rete LTER-Italia. Nell’ambito di queste collaborazioni va inserito anche il Lago di Lugano che, pur non incluso nell’attuale network, rimane largamente coinvolto nelle attività di collaborazione scientifica con il supporto attivo della Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera italiana (SUPSI, Canobbio). Le collaborazioni riguardano attività di supporto logistico reciproco (raccolta di campioni e analisi di laboratorio, intercalibrazioni), campagne di indagine focalizzate su argomenti specifici (tra cui ricerca di specie tossigeniche, zooplancton, reti trofiche, ecologia microbica, evoluzione a lungo termine dello stato trofico e dinamiche di mescolamento in relazione alle fluttuazioni climatiche, telerilevamento, microplastiche). I numerosi risultati ottenuti nell’ambito delle collaborazioni hanno permesso di produrre un elevato numero di articoli scientifici e contributi sinottici a livello congressuale e seminariale. In particolare, numerosi lavori di carattere sinottico sono stati recentemente pubblicati in un numero speciale della rivista Hydrobiologia dedicato ai grandi laghi perialpini (2018, volume 824, Issue 1). Riassumendo, l’elemento chiave delle ricerche LTER nei laghi a sud delle Alpi è il loro approccio a lungo termine, su scale temporali che vanno ben oltre la durata tipica dei progetti di ricerca. Il monitoraggio scientifico costituisce un elemento centrale delle ricerche LTER, comprendendo non solo la raccolta di dati (monitoraggio di base), ma anche la loro interpretazione, modellizzazione e manipolazione sperimentale, con particolare attenzione a gruppi chiave di variabili selezionate al fine di individuare gli stressori ambientali più significativi e il grado di cambiamento a livello di ecosistema, comunità, specie e popolazioni. Tale approccio richiede necessariamente di essere implementato in un contesto di ricerca scientifica in grado di mantenere un elevato livello di qualità sia nei dati raccolti sia nella loro elaborazione, interpretazione, diffusione e valorizzazione, non solo a livello di singolo lago o macrosito, ma anche in più ampi contesti nazionali ed internazionali. The Macrosite "IT08 Subalpine Lakes" includes a group of lakes located at the southern border of the Alps. The lake typologies are represented by large and deep lakes (Orta, Garda, Maggiore, Como and Iseo) and by a lake of smaller size and shallow depth (Candia). Topics common to all the research sites include the impact of eutrophication and climate change, the composition, structure and dynamics of biological communities (plankton, necton and littoral communities), trophic webs, paleolimnology, ecotoxicology, ecological status and remote sensing. Scientific investigations are supported by a wide availability of technological infrastructures and laboratories located in the reference institutions, and by a wide range of technological equipment for fieldwork. These facilities, funded within the individual institutes involved in the research, have allowed not only to maintain, but also to update the classical approaches used in scientific monitoring, while opening up new research fields (especially molecular ecology, microbial ecology, metabolomic profiling, antibiotic resistance genes, high frequency monitoring by sensor technology). Over the last decade, the continuity and regularity of investigations have been facilitated by the availability of both external and ordinary funds. The variety of research activities carried out on the IT08 macrosite is evidenced by the publication of numerous scientific papers, as well as contributions (oral or poster) presented at national and international conferences, and by the presence in the mass media. In this context, the scientific monitoring is a key element of LTER research, including not only data collection (basic monitoring), but also data interpretation, modeling, and experimental manipulation, with particular attention to key groups of selected variables in order to identify the most significant environmental stressors and the degree of change at the level of ecosystems, communities, species and populations.

This work was carried out by a consortium of agencies and research institutes, in order to obtain indications on water demand and adaptation of irrigation management of important Italian crops in the coming decades, in the light of climatic scenarios provided by the Agroscenari project. The main results obtained regard integration and improvement of the Criteria crop water balance model and its use to evaluate future irrigation needs of crops like permanent meadows, maize, wheat, tomato, kiwifruit and citrus crops in diverse northern and southern Italy environments. We also developed and implemented an example of "climate service" for early crop classification and seasonal summer irrigation need forecasting in Emilia-Romagna.

On 24 February 2019, the Parliament of Uganda approved the National Environment Act to provide for a correct management of the environment and natural resources. The Act was adopted in order to enhance the protection of the environment, address a strategic assessment in implementing environmental rights and sustainable development, and increase penalties for offences against nature. The relevance of this Act stands in the radical change of the legal consideration of the environment and nature. Indeed, the Ugandan legislation appears to alter the classical parameter of environmental law in considering Nature a subject entitled to its own rights with the possibility of recurring before the Courts in case of danger and/or violations. This reform marks a shift from an anthropocentric vision of the environment towards a more geocentric construction of environmental law. Nuovi Autoritarismi e Democrazie: Diritto, Istituzioni, Societ�� (NAD-DIS), V. 3 N. 2 (2021)

The underlying thesis of this study is that the biomass for energy purposes, coming from farms, forestry, timber industry and Short Rotation Forestry (SRF) for energy, can provide various environmental and socio-economic benefits. First of all, the production of forest biomass for energy involves the reduction of CO2 emissions and the improvement of forest functions, such as hydrogeological and biodiversity conservation. Moreover, forest biomass consumption could contribute to the socio-economic development of rural areas, through the restoration of agro-forest activities and technological advances in the bio-energy field. In the last ten years in Italy several companies of the bioenergy industry, attracted by Government subsidies planned to build dedicated power that use biomass as their main fuel. The primary goal of this study is to analyse the local forest wood supply chain. Therefore, field surveys have been done in order to classify the management and the characteristics of the woodchips supply chain (wood sub-product availability, forest enterprises, working systems, forest woodchips quality).

This site includes coastal dune ecosystems of Central Italy, both along Tyrrhenian and Adriatic coastline. The flora and the fauna of the site is highly specialized with a relevant ecological value. On the other side, the site includes one of the most threatened ecosystems at national and European level, mainly due to direct and indirect human pressures. These areas host many EU interest habitats and species and are included in the Nature 2000 Network. Major EU Habitats are: Habitat 1210 (Annual vegetation of drift lines), Habitat 2110 (Embryonic shifting dunes), Habitat 2120 (Shifting dunes along the shorelines with Ammophila arenaria), Habitat 2230 (Malcolmietalia dune grasslands), priority Habitat 2250* (Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.), Habitat 2260 (Cisto-Lavanduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs) and priority Habitat 2270* (Wooded dunes with Pinuspinea and/or Pinus pinaster). The main topics of the ecological monitoring are: the temporal dynamics of plant diversity and abundance of coastal EU habitats, the periodical observation of nesting avifauna and Testudo hermanni, and the multi-temporal analysis of land cover types and its distribution, as well as of dune morphology and shoreline evolution.