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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2019Publisher:Ural State Mining University Authors: A.V. ALEKSEEV; P.E. VERBILO;Relevance of the work. Estimation of the stability of free face is an important task due to the fact that part of headings of tube railroad is erected by mining, with the forehead of the face fixed manually, while indirect methods of forecasting engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions before the forehead of the face indicate the presence of local softening and watering capable affect sustainability. Purpose of the work. Estimation of the zone of influence and the type of drainage of the element of heterogeneity on the stability of the tunnel face passed in the array of Proterozoic clays. Method and methodology. The finite element method used in the PLAXIS software package was chosen as the research method. The Hardening Soil Small Strain hardening soil model was selected as a geomechanical model of soil behavior. The design situations of deforming the unfixed forehead of the face approaching the water-saturated element of heterogeneity, are considered when simulating an element with a capacity of 1 and 4 m and changing the nature of water filtration along the element. Results of the work. When deformation properties of the calculated soil elements differ by 30% with the given level of groundwater, both in the case of drainage and nondrainability, an increase in displacements occurs when the tunneling face approaches the zone of influence of heterogeneity. The size of the zone of influence depends on the chosen type of drainage of the element of heterogeneity. Applicable scope of the results described in the paper. The results described in the paper (subject to determining the parameters of the model that meet the conditions of penetration) can be used to estimate the stability of the forehead of the tunnel face in the area of heterogeneity, which is the water supply canal. Conclusion. When designing construction of a linear underground facility in an area of heterogeneity, it is necessary to evaluate the stability of the forehead of the face using numerical modeling. When modeling an element of heterogeneity, it is necessary to take into account the degree of water saturation, the thickness of the element of heterogeneity and the nature of permeability of water along the element of heterogeneity.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book , Other literature type 2021Publisher:Universität Hamburg Authors: Arneth, Almut; Foken, Thomas;Die intensive Nutzung in Landwirtschaft und Forstwirtschaft und damit einhergehende Bodendegradation stellen eine enorme Herausforderung für die menschliche Gesellschaft dar. Insbesondere die Übernutzung reduziert die Ernährungssicherheit, führt zur Emission von Treibhausgasen und Aerosolen, treibt den Verlust der biologischen Vielfalt an, verschmutzt das Wasser und untergräbt eine Vielzahl von Ökosystemdienstlei - stungen, die über die Nahrungsmittelversorgung sowie die Wasser- und Klimaregulierung hinausgehen. Die direkten Emissionen durch Entwaldung, Düngung, Reisanbau und Wiederkäuer belaufen sich derzeit auf etwa 25% aller menschlichen Treibhausgasemissionen. Der intensiven Landnutzung zugrunde liegen sowohl das Bevölkerungswachstum, der Anstieg im pro-Kopf-Verbrauch an Kalorien, Holz und Fasern sowie verstärkter Konsum von Fleisch- und Milchprodukten. Dieses Kapitel fasst diese soziökonomischen Aspekte kurz zusammen und führt in die grundsätzlichen Prozesse ein, die der Emission von CO2, CH4 und N2O zugrunde liegen. In verschiedenen Kapiteln in diesem Buch werden diese Prozesse wieder aufgegriffen und unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten detaillierter beleuchtet. Socioeconomic aspects of land use change, effects on biogeochemical cycles and greenhouse gas emissions: Intensive agriculture and forestry and associated land degradation, pose an enormous challenge to human society. Overuse of land ecosystems reduces food security, leads to emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols, drives biodiversity loss, pollutes water, and undermines a wide range of ecosystem services beyond food supply and water and climate regulation. Direct emissions from deforestation, fertilization, rice cultivation, and ruminants currently amount to about 25% of all human greenhouse gas emissions. Drivers of intensive land useare population growth, together with increases in per capita consumption of calories, wood, and fiber, and a shift towards consumption of meat and dairy products. This chapter briefly summarizes these socioeconomic aspects and introduces the basic processes underlying the emission of CO2, CH4, and N2O. Various chapters in this book revisit these processes and examine them in more detail from different perspectives. Aspectos socioeconómicos del cambio de uso de la tierra, efectos en los ciclos biogeoquímicos y emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero: El uso intensivo del suelo en la agricultura y la silvicultura asi como la asociada degradación del suelo representan un enorme desafío para la sociedad humana. En particular, el sobreuso hace peligrar la seguridad alimentaria, conduce a la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero y aerosoles, incrementa la pérdida de biodiversidad, contamina el agua y socava una variedad de servicios de los ecosistemas más allá del suministro de alimentos y la regulación del agua y el clima. Las emisiones directas de la deforestación, la fertilización, el cultivo de arroz y los rumiantes representan actualmente alrededor del 25% de todas las emisiones antrópicas de gases de efecto invernadero. El uso intensivo de la tierra se basa en el crecimiento de la población, el aumento del consumo per cápita de calorías, madera y fibra y un mayor consumo de carne y productos lácteos. Este capítulo resume brevemente estos aspectos socioeconómicos e introduce los procesos fundamentales que subyacen a la emisión de CO2, CH4 y N2O. Estos procesos se retoman en varios capítulos de este libro y se examinan con más detalle desde varias perspectivas.
https://dx.doi.org/1... arrow_drop_down https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Datacitehttps://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Datacitehttps://dx.doi.org/10.25592/wa...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Dataciteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert https://dx.doi.org/1... arrow_drop_down https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Datacitehttps://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Datacitehttps://dx.doi.org/10.25592/wa...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Dataciteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2011Embargo end date: 17 Oct 2011 GermanyPublisher:TUHH Universitätsbibliothek Authors: Banduch, Izabela;doi: 10.15480/882.1025
Since the establishment of the activited sludge process in everyday life, we are constantly in search of new solutions to optimize the biologic process of sewage purification in a sustinable and economic way. The application of ultrasonic sound, which is investigated in this thesis, manifests itself as a qualified technique. After the influence of ultrasound an optimal morphological modification in the flake structure is achieved and the microbial activity in the activated sludge is enhaced. Furthermore, we can observe a reduction of the excess biomass by pro-rata dissolution of the activated sludge. Seit der Etablierung des Belebtschlammverfahens im Alltag ist man auf der Suche nach neuen Lösungen um den biologischen Prozess der Abwasserreinigung nachhaltig und wirtschaftlich zu optimieren. Der in dieser Arbeit untersuchte Einsatz des Ultraschalls zeigte sich als geeignete Technik. Nach der Ultraschalleinwirkung werden optimale morphologische Veränderungen in der Flockenstruktur erreicht, infolge dessen wird die mikrobielle Aktivität im Belebtschlamm gesteigert. Darüber hinaus durch Auflösung eines Teils des Belebtschlammes wird eine Verringerung der überschüssigen Biomasse beobachtet.
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visibility 320visibility views 320 download downloads 540 Powered bymore_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type , Research 2018Publisher:Unknown Schimmelpfenning, Sonja; Anter, Jano; Heidecke, Claudia; Lange, Stefan; Röttcher, Klaus; Bittner, Florian (Eds.); Schimmelpfenning, Sonja; Anter, Jano; Heidecke, Claudia; Lange, Stefan; Röttcher, Klaus; Bittner, Florian (Eds.);On September 11 and 12, 2017, a symposium on "Irrigation in agriculture", jointly organized by the Thünen Institute, the Julius-Kühn Institute and the University of Applied Sciences Ostfalia took place at the Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Campus Suderburg. For this purpose, experts from the field of irrigation were invited to give current assessments on the development of irrigation needs and the irrigation-worthiness of different crops at different locations in Ger-many as well as on the development of irrigation technology. The irrigation of crops in outdoor vegetables or special crops has long been a common practice. The profitability of irrigating agri-cultural crops in Germany has so far been limited to a few, dry locations. As a result of climate change, an increasing average annual temperature and changed precipitation patterns (in partic-ular lower rainfall at the beginning of the vegetation period in spring) have been observed in Germany for some years now. For the future, according to the results of climate models, a fur-ther increase in temperatures and further changes in the precipitation distribution such as a de-crease in the summer precipitation and an increase in winter precipitation are to be expected. The conference proceedings provide an overview of the latest research findings from the field of drought stress and discuss possible alternative sources for meeting the additional water require-ments of agricultural crops. Aspects of the landscape water balance and hydrological correlations in the agricultural landscape are addressed and solutions presented. Insights into possible con-flicts of water use and practical experience with the development of solutions are accompanied by the presentation of the legal framework for water use. The contributions are supplemented by reports of long-term irrigation field trials conducted by the LWK Lower Saxony. On the one hand, the experiments have shown that irrigation can increase the nutrient efficiency of crops and the quality of crops. On the other hand, the present state of the art of irrigation will be explained and limits and possibilities for increasing efficiency in the future will be presented. In order to in-crease the efficiency of irrigation, irrigation control is of great importance; its current status is presented and the trends for the future are shown. The profitability of investments in irrigation technology is presented in two contributions. Here, both the different techniques and their prof-itability in different crops are assessed economically. Possible developments of regional irrigation needs are exemplarily shown for the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The conference proceedings conclude with a chapter on the overview of previous projects in the field of water management and on irrigation of agricultural land in view of future climate change in Germany.
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more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book 2021Publisher:Universität Hamburg Authors: Lozán, José L.; Breckle,Siegmar-W;Weltweit spielen Großstaudämme eine immer wichtigere Rolle für die »erneuerbare« Energieversorgung und in den vielen Trockengebieten der Erde für die Bewässerung und Ausweitung der Landwirtschaft. Einige neuere Staudämme sind spektakuläre Riesenprojekte. Großstaudammprojekte sind aber inzwischen sehr umstritten, sie sind Konfliktherde; sie verändern die Landnutzung diametral, sie vertreiben die eingesessene Bevölkerung und zerstören deren Lebensgrundlagen. Die ökologischen und ökonomischen Auswirkungen sind nicht nur positiv, sondern sie weisen in erheblichem Maße auch negative Folgen auf. Dazu kommt, dass Staudamm und Nutzung der Wasserspeicher auch nur eine begrenzte Zeit möglich ist. Large water dams for energy generation and irrigation and its social problems: An introduction: Large dams play an increasingly important role worldwide for the renewable energy supply and in the many arid regions of the world for irrigation and the expansion of agriculture. Some of the newer dams are spectacular giant projects. Large dam projects are now very controversial, they are sources of conflicts; they change land use diametrically, they drive out the local population and destroy their livelihoods. The ecological and economic effects are not only positive, they also have negative consequences to a considerable extent. In addition, the dam and the use of the water reservoir are only possible for a limited time. Grandes represas para la generación de energía y proyectos de irrigación y sus conflictos sociales: Una introduccion: Las grandes represas desempeñan un papel cada vez más importante en todo el mundo en la producción de energia »renovable« y en las muchas regiones áridas del mundo para mejorar el riego y la expansión agricola. Algunas de las represas más nuevas son proyectos gigantescos. Muchos proyectos de represas tienen sus lados negativos y son fuentes de conflictos; cambian diametralmente el uso de la tierra, conducen al desalojos de la población local y destruyen sus fuentes de trabajo, también los efectos ecológicos y económicos son en gran medida negativos. Además el uso de las represan tienen un tiempo limitado y su desmontaje es costoso.
https://dx.doi.org/1... arrow_drop_down https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/wa...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Datacitehttps://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Datacitehttps://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Dataciteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert https://dx.doi.org/1... arrow_drop_down https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/wa...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Datacitehttps://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Datacitehttps://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Dataciteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2023Publisher:Zenodo Schmutz, S.; Jungwirth, M.; Ratschan, C.; Siemens M. V.; Guttmann, S.; Paintner, S.; Unfer, G.; Weiss, S.; Hanfland, S.; Schenekar, T.; Schubert, M.; Brunner, H.; Born, O.; Woschitz, G.; Gum, B.; Friedl, T.; Komposch, C.; Mühlbauer, M.; Honsig-Erlenburg, W.; Hackländer, K.; Haidvogl, G.; Eberstaller, J.; Friedrich, T.; Geist, J.; Gumpinger, C.; Graf, C.; Hofpointner, M.; Honsig-Erlenburg, G.; Latzer, D.; Pinter, K.; Rechberger, A.; Schähle, Z.; Schotzko, N.; Seliger, C.; Sutter, G.; Schröder, W.; Zauner, G.;Originally, the Danube salmon (Hucho hucho) occurred in Bavaria and Austria in more than 250 rivers occupying more than 7,400 km of rivers. Nowadays, populations in »very good« and »good« status exist in only 0.7 % and 7.1 % of the original distribution. Therefore, the Danube salmon is classified as an endangered species. Due to ongoing stock declines the Danube salmon is running the risk to become a critically endangered species soon. The main reasons for the declines are river channelization and hydropower development. In addition, climate change may further contribute to stock declines in lowland river sections due to exceedance of water temperature limits of this cold-water species. Furthermore, Danube salmon and prey fish populations have lost their resilience to cope with re-established populations of fish predators (cormorant, goosander, fish otter) leading to ongoing population declines. Effective protection against further degradations such as new hydropower developments is required to safeguard the Danube salmon remaining populations. Furthermore, degraded rivers need to be restored and fish predators have to be managed to allow recovery of Danube salmon and prey fish populations. Due to the precarious situation conservation and restoration actions have to be implemented immediately.
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visibility 831visibility views 831 download downloads 740 Powered bymore_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2010 GermanyAuthors: Moser, Massimo; Trieb, Franz; Kern, Jürgen;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2017Embargo end date: 08 Mar 2017 GermanyPublisher:Universität Ulm Authors: Schropp, Daniel;doi: 10.18725/oparu-4265
In unserer konsumorientierten Überflussgesellschaft fallen organische Reststoffe in beträchtlichen Mengen sowohl in privaten Haushalten als auch in der lebensmittel-erzeugenden Industrie an. Diese Reststoffe müssen wie andere Reststoffe auch entweder vermieden oder ökologisch möglichst sinnvoll verwertet werden. Die Zielsetzung einer ökologisch sinnvollen Verwertung der organischen Reststoffe sollte die Schließung der Nährstoffkreisläufe beinhalten, aber auch gleichzeitig nur geringe Emissionen an Treibhausgasen verursachen. Die Erzeugung von Biogas aus Reststoffen zur Erzeugung von Elektrizität und Wärme und eine anschließende Verwertung des Gärrestes als Dünger stellen dabei die ökologischste Möglichkeit dar. Bislang wird der Großteil an organischen Reststoffen kompostiert bzw. thermisch verwertet, da der Einsatz in der anaeroben Vergärung als problematisch angesehen wird. Dies liegt vor allem an der Tatsache, dass es sich bei organischen Reststoffen meist um proteinreiches Substrat handelt, welches dadurch große Mengen an Stickstoff enthält. Durch den Abbau der proteinreichen Substrate kann es zu einer Akkumulation von Ammoniak (NH3) kommen. NH3 wirkt als Zellgift und kann dadurch die Mikroorganismen im Fermenter schädigen. Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) stellt zusammen mit Wasserstoff (H2) einen für die Methanogenese entscheidenden Ausgangsstoffe dar. Die Dynamik der CO2-Partialdrücke (pCO2) im Fermenterinhalt ist daher entscheidend für den Biogasprozess. Um die Potentiale bei der Vergärung von organischen Reststoffen zu untersuchen, wurden insgesamt vier Gärversuche mit 11 Fermentern im Labormaßstab durchgeführt. Bei den Reststoffen handelte es sich um organisches Material, welches während des Betriebsprozesses in einer Großschlachterei anfällt. Für die Betrachtung des pCO2 im Fermenterinhalt wurden fünf Versuche mit Speiseresten als Substrat ausgewertet. Die eingesetzten Substrate wiesen in ihrer strukturellen Zusammensetzung teils deutliche Schwankungen auf. Die Versuche zeigten niedrige Methanerträge und einen geringen Abbau der organischen Substanz, die durch eine Schädigung der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft durch NH3 hervorgerufen wurde. Die Messung der Ammonium (NH4+) Konzentrationen erfolgte bisher nur selten über den gesamten Prozessverlauf. Unsere Messungen zeigten hohe NH4+ Konzentrationen und deutliche Schwankungen, die vor allem in der Dynamik des Gesamtprozesses begründet sind. Die gemessenen Nährstoffgehalte weisen den Gärrest als einen sehr guten Dünger aus. Vor allem die Konzentrationen an Stickstoff (N), Phosphor (P) und Kalium (K) im Gärrest sind deutlich höher als in Schweine- oder Rindergülle. Zudem besitzt der Gärrest durch den großen Anteil an organischer Substanz eine humusbildende Wirkung. Die Messungen des pCO2 zeigten einen Überschuss an CO2 bei nicht optimalem Prozessverlauf auf. Dies lässt darauf schließen, dass ausreichend CO2 für die Methanbildung vorhanden wäre, allerdings nicht optimal genutzt wird. Es zeigte sich, dass eine Monovergärung von Abfällen aus der lebensmittelproduzierenden Industrie grundsätzlich möglich ist. Allerdings muss bei der Vergärung hohen NH3-Konzentrationen entgegengewirkt werden. Die Analyse der Nährstoffgehalte der Gärreste ergab ein beträchtliches Potential für die Pflanzendüngung. Eine Nutzung der Gärreste als Pflanzendünger führt zu einem geschlossenen Nährstoffkreislauf, was letztlich klare ökologische Vorteile mit sich bringt. Die Ergebnisse aus der Analyse des pCO2 zeigen neue Möglichkeiten auf, um die Biogasqualität, beispielsweise durch Zugabe von H2, zu steigern. Eine Steigerung der Methanerträge ist dabei sowohl aus ökologischen als auch aus ökonomischen Gesichtspunkten wichtig, da dadurch eine höhere Energieausbeute erreicht werden könnte. In our consumption based affluent society, organic waste is mass produced in private households as well as in the food producing industries. These residual materials, as with other organic waste material either should be avoided or exploited in an ecologically worthwhile way. The aim of an ecological sound exploitation of organic waste should be the closing of nutrient cycles but also, at the same time, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The creation of biogas out of organic waste to produce electricity and heat combined with the use of the digestate as a fertilizer represents an ecological useful way to exploit organic waste material. To date, most of these organic residues is incinerated because the usage in anaerobic digestion is seen as problematic. This is due to the fact that organic waste materials are often rich in proteins and therefore rich in nitrogen. Through the degradation of protein-rich substrates there can occur an accumulation of ammonia (NH3). NH3 acts as a cellular toxine and can therefore destroy the microbial community in the digester. Carbon dioxide (CO2) together with hydrogen (H2) represents the main components for methanogenesis. The dynamics of the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in the liquid phase of the reactor is therefore an important component in the biogas process. To investigate the potentials of the anaerobic digestion of organic wastes, four lab scale experiments with 11 reactors were carried out. The organic waste materials were obtained from a slaughterhouse. To observe the dynamics of the pCO2, we analyzed five reactors feed with food leftovers as the main substrate. The used substrates differed clearly in their structural composition. The experiments showed low methane yields and a low degradation of the organic matter. This was due to the damage of the microbial community caused by NH3. There are nearly no publications measuring the ammonium (NH4+) concentration over the whole digestion period. Our measurements showed high amounts of NH4+ and in addition, a fluctuation of the NH4+ concentration during the digestion process caused by the dynamics of the anaerobic digestion. The measurement of the nutrient content identified the digestate as a good fertilizer. In particular, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were considerably higher than in liquid manure from pigs or cattle. Additionally the digestate comprised high amounts of organic carbon, which can be used for humus production. The evaluation of the pCO2 in the reactor slurry showed an oversaturation in CO2 at a suboptimal process. This leads to the conclusion that there was surplus CO2 available for methanogenesis, which cannot be utilized. It becomes apparent that it is possible to use organic wastes from food producing industries for anaerobic digestion. However, it is necessary to counter the high NH3 concentrations for an optimal process performance. The nutrient analysis of the digestate demonstrated its high potential as a fertilizer. If the digestate is used as a fertilizer, it brings the ecological advantage of a closed nutrient cycle. The results of the pCO2 evaluation showed new possibilities to enhance biogas quality, e.g. in addition of H2. An increase in the methane yield to generate a higher energy amount is not only important in the viewpoint of ecology, it is also important in an economical way.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2023 GermanyPublisher:Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau Authors: Gottardo Morandi, Carlo;doi: 10.26204/kluedo/7515
Der Klimawandel erfordert den Ausbau urbaner blau-grüner Infrastrukturen, was jedoch mit einem erheblichen Mehrbedarf an Wasser einhergeht. Zentrale Abwasserinfrastrukturen genügen nicht den Ansprüchen der Ressourceneffizienz und Nachhaltigkeit. Daher ist ein neuer Umgang mit Wasser im städtischen Kontext notwendig. Die getrennte Erfassung von schwach belastetem Grauwasser aus Duschen und Handwaschbecken bietet eine nahezu kontinuierliche, wenig verschmutzte Wasserressource zur Wiederverwendung. Naturnahe Verfahren wie Bodenfilter können zur Grauwasseraufbereitung eingesetzt werden; der hohe Flächenbedarf beschränkte jedoch bisher den Einsatz in dicht besiedelten Gebieten. In dieser Arbeit werden technologiebasierte und konzeptionelle Ansätze vorgestellt. Dabei wurden acht vertikal durchströmte Bodenfilter zur nutzungsorientierten Grauwasseraufbereitung im kleintechnischen und Pilotmaßstab untersucht und zusätzlich ein Excel-basiertes Instrument entwickelt, das die Auswirkungen der Grauwasserseparation auf konventionelle zentrale Kläranlagen bewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen schwankende Zusammensetzungen und Mengen von Grauwasser. Aufgrund begrenzter Datenverfügbarkeit in der Fachliteratur wird empfohlen, die hier ermittelten 85-Perzentilwerte von 13 g CSB (chemischer Sauerstoffbedarf) pro Einwohner (E) und Tag sowie 55 L/(E·d) für die Bemessung von Anlagen zur Behandlung von gesiebtem, schwach belastetem Grauwasser heranzuziehen. Die ermittelten Stickstofffrachten und -konzentrationen waren aufgrund von Urinkontamination um 60 – 130 % höher als bisher angenommen, während die Phosphorkonzentrationen gesetzlich bedingt um ca. 60 % niedriger lagen. Alle Vertikalfilter wiesen im Ablauf meist < 2,0 mg/l abfiltrierbare Stoffe (AFS) bzw. < 10 mg/l CSB auf (also Eliminationen von überwiegend > 98 % AFS bzw. > 97 % CSB). Der aufgeständerte Rheinsandfilter zeigte bei < 12°C eine eingeschränkte Nitrifikation, während der Lavasandfilter bei > 5°C vollständig nitrifizierte. Die Vertikalfilter entfernten bis zu 50 – 70 % Stickstoff bei Drainageeinstau und Nitratrückführung. Der Lavasandfilter hielt Phosphor weitestgehend zurück. Die Reduktion von Escherichia coli, Enterokokken und Gesamtcoliformen betrug > 3 log-Stufen, während organische Spurenstoffe meist zu > 85 % entfernt wurden. Durch gezielte Anpassungen im Aufbau und Betrieb wurden für verschiedene Nutzungszwecke (Bewässerung, Versickerung und Toilettenspülung) geeignete Qualitäten erreicht. Der erforderliche Flächenbedarf für Bodenfilter zur Behandlung von schwach belastetem Grauwasser wurde zu 0,4 m2/E bestimmt (bezogen auf 85-Perzentilwerte). Dem liegen eine CSB-Flächenbelastung von 32 g/(m2·d) und eine hydraulische Flächenbelastung von 130 L/(m2·d) zugrunde. Die Anwendung von Lavasandfiltern in aufgeständerter Bauweise erwies sich als praxistauglich. Damit wird die Ausweitung des Bodenfilterverfahrens auf den urbanen Raum gefördert. Die Bilanzierungen zeigen, dass die Abtrennung von bis zu 17 % des an die Kläranlage angeschlossenen Grauwassers förderlich für den Kläranlagenbetrieb ist. Bei höheren Abtrennungsraten könnte jedoch eine Stickstoffrückgewinnung/-entfernung aus stickstoffreichen Schlammströmen erforderlich werden. Die Trennung bzw. dezentrale Aufbereitung von Grauwasser hat Vorteile wie Verdunstungskühlung und Wasserwiederverwendung und unterstützt zentral die Transition zu ressourcenorientierten Sanitärsystemen. Insgesamt können betrieblich und baulich angepasste Bodenfilter eine wichtige Rolle in dieser Umstellung spielen und einen deutlichen Beitrag zum nachhaltigen Umgang mit Wasser im städtischen Bereich leisten. Climate change requires the strengthening of urban blue-green infrastructure, which, however, is associated with a significant increase in water demand. Concurrently, centralized wastewater infrastructures are inadequate to meet the criteria for resource efficiency and sustainability, as mixed wastewater discharge persists. Therefore, a new approach to water management is imperative in urban contexts. Source-separation of light greywater, such as from showers and hand wash basins, provides a nearly permanent, low-polluted water resource for reuse. Nature-based solutions like constructed wetlands can be employed for greywater treatment; however, the substantial area requirements have so far limited their implementation in highly urbanized areas. This study presents technology-based and conceptual approaches, involving the investigation of eight vertical-flow constructed wetlands for on-demand greywater treatment at small and pilot scales. Additionally, an Excel-based tool was developed to assess the impact of greywater separation on the operation of conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The findings reveal varying compositions and volumes of the investigated greywater. Due to limited data availability in existing literature, it is recommended to utilize the 85th percentiles derived from this study for the design of constructed wetlands treating light greywater, amounting to 13 g COD (chemical oxygen demand) per person (P) and day and 55 L/(P·d). Total nitrogen loads and concentrations were 60 – 130% higher than previously assumed due to urine contamination, while total phosphorus concentrations were about 60% lower due to legal regulations. In all wetland systems investigated, the effluent showed < 2.0 mg/L of total suspended solids and < 10 mg/L of COD, corresponding to eliminations mostly > 98% and > 97%, respectively. The elevated Rhine sand wetland showed limited nitrification at < 12°C, while the lava sand wetland showed complete nitrification at > 5°C. The investigated wetlands removed up to 50 – 70% of nitrogen by impounding the drainage layer and returning nitrate-rich effluent to the wetland surface. The lava sand wetland retained phosphorus extensively. Reduction of Escherichia coli, Enterococci, and total coliforms exceeded > 3 log levels, while organic micropollutants were predominantly removed by > 85%. Through adjustments in design and operation, suitable qualities were achieved for different reuses (irrigation, infiltration, and toilet flushing). The necessary surface area requirement for constructed wetlands treating light greywater was determined to be 0.4 m²/P (based on 85th percentile values). This value is derived from a COD surface load of 32 g/(m²·d) and a hydraulic surface load of 130 L/(m²·d). The deployment of elevated lava sand wetlands proved to be viable in practice. Overall, these findings promote the expansion of constructed wetlands to urbanized areas. Mass and volume flow balances indicate that the separation of up to 17% of the greywater connected to the WWTP benefits its operation. However, at higher separation rates, TN recovery/removal from nitrogen-rich sludge streams may be required. The separation/decentralized treatment of greywater offers manifold advantages such as evaporation cooling and water reuse, and significantly supports the transition towards resource-oriented sanitation systems. Adapted constructed wetlands can play an important role in this transformation process and can significantly contribute to a more sustainable water management in urban areas. Schriftenreihe Wasser Infrastruktur Ressourcen; 12
KLUEDO - Publication... arrow_drop_down KLUEDO - Publication Server of University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU)Doctoral thesis . 2023License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Kaiserslauterer uniweiter elektronischer DokumentenserverDoctoral thesis . 2023License: CC BY NC NDadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert KLUEDO - Publication... arrow_drop_down KLUEDO - Publication Server of University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU)Doctoral thesis . 2023License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Kaiserslauterer uniweiter elektronischer DokumentenserverDoctoral thesis . 2023License: CC BY NC NDadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2010 GermanyMoser, Massimo; Trieb, Franz; Kern, Jürgen; Allal, Houda; Cottret, Nicolas; Scharfe, Jürgen; Tomasek, Marie-Luise; Savoldi, Enrico;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2019Publisher:Ural State Mining University Authors: A.V. ALEKSEEV; P.E. VERBILO;Relevance of the work. Estimation of the stability of free face is an important task due to the fact that part of headings of tube railroad is erected by mining, with the forehead of the face fixed manually, while indirect methods of forecasting engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions before the forehead of the face indicate the presence of local softening and watering capable affect sustainability. Purpose of the work. Estimation of the zone of influence and the type of drainage of the element of heterogeneity on the stability of the tunnel face passed in the array of Proterozoic clays. Method and methodology. The finite element method used in the PLAXIS software package was chosen as the research method. The Hardening Soil Small Strain hardening soil model was selected as a geomechanical model of soil behavior. The design situations of deforming the unfixed forehead of the face approaching the water-saturated element of heterogeneity, are considered when simulating an element with a capacity of 1 and 4 m and changing the nature of water filtration along the element. Results of the work. When deformation properties of the calculated soil elements differ by 30% with the given level of groundwater, both in the case of drainage and nondrainability, an increase in displacements occurs when the tunneling face approaches the zone of influence of heterogeneity. The size of the zone of influence depends on the chosen type of drainage of the element of heterogeneity. Applicable scope of the results described in the paper. The results described in the paper (subject to determining the parameters of the model that meet the conditions of penetration) can be used to estimate the stability of the forehead of the tunnel face in the area of heterogeneity, which is the water supply canal. Conclusion. When designing construction of a linear underground facility in an area of heterogeneity, it is necessary to evaluate the stability of the forehead of the face using numerical modeling. When modeling an element of heterogeneity, it is necessary to take into account the degree of water saturation, the thickness of the element of heterogeneity and the nature of permeability of water along the element of heterogeneity.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book , Other literature type 2021Publisher:Universität Hamburg Authors: Arneth, Almut; Foken, Thomas;Die intensive Nutzung in Landwirtschaft und Forstwirtschaft und damit einhergehende Bodendegradation stellen eine enorme Herausforderung für die menschliche Gesellschaft dar. Insbesondere die Übernutzung reduziert die Ernährungssicherheit, führt zur Emission von Treibhausgasen und Aerosolen, treibt den Verlust der biologischen Vielfalt an, verschmutzt das Wasser und untergräbt eine Vielzahl von Ökosystemdienstlei - stungen, die über die Nahrungsmittelversorgung sowie die Wasser- und Klimaregulierung hinausgehen. Die direkten Emissionen durch Entwaldung, Düngung, Reisanbau und Wiederkäuer belaufen sich derzeit auf etwa 25% aller menschlichen Treibhausgasemissionen. Der intensiven Landnutzung zugrunde liegen sowohl das Bevölkerungswachstum, der Anstieg im pro-Kopf-Verbrauch an Kalorien, Holz und Fasern sowie verstärkter Konsum von Fleisch- und Milchprodukten. Dieses Kapitel fasst diese soziökonomischen Aspekte kurz zusammen und führt in die grundsätzlichen Prozesse ein, die der Emission von CO2, CH4 und N2O zugrunde liegen. In verschiedenen Kapiteln in diesem Buch werden diese Prozesse wieder aufgegriffen und unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten detaillierter beleuchtet. Socioeconomic aspects of land use change, effects on biogeochemical cycles and greenhouse gas emissions: Intensive agriculture and forestry and associated land degradation, pose an enormous challenge to human society. Overuse of land ecosystems reduces food security, leads to emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols, drives biodiversity loss, pollutes water, and undermines a wide range of ecosystem services beyond food supply and water and climate regulation. Direct emissions from deforestation, fertilization, rice cultivation, and ruminants currently amount to about 25% of all human greenhouse gas emissions. Drivers of intensive land useare population growth, together with increases in per capita consumption of calories, wood, and fiber, and a shift towards consumption of meat and dairy products. This chapter briefly summarizes these socioeconomic aspects and introduces the basic processes underlying the emission of CO2, CH4, and N2O. Various chapters in this book revisit these processes and examine them in more detail from different perspectives. Aspectos socioeconómicos del cambio de uso de la tierra, efectos en los ciclos biogeoquímicos y emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero: El uso intensivo del suelo en la agricultura y la silvicultura asi como la asociada degradación del suelo representan un enorme desafío para la sociedad humana. En particular, el sobreuso hace peligrar la seguridad alimentaria, conduce a la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero y aerosoles, incrementa la pérdida de biodiversidad, contamina el agua y socava una variedad de servicios de los ecosistemas más allá del suministro de alimentos y la regulación del agua y el clima. Las emisiones directas de la deforestación, la fertilización, el cultivo de arroz y los rumiantes representan actualmente alrededor del 25% de todas las emisiones antrópicas de gases de efecto invernadero. El uso intensivo de la tierra se basa en el crecimiento de la población, el aumento del consumo per cápita de calorías, madera y fibra y un mayor consumo de carne y productos lácteos. Este capítulo resume brevemente estos aspectos socioeconómicos e introduce los procesos fundamentales que subyacen a la emisión de CO2, CH4 y N2O. Estos procesos se retoman en varios capítulos de este libro y se examinan con más detalle desde varias perspectivas.
https://dx.doi.org/1... arrow_drop_down https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Datacitehttps://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Datacitehttps://dx.doi.org/10.25592/wa...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Dataciteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert https://dx.doi.org/1... arrow_drop_down https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Datacitehttps://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Datacitehttps://dx.doi.org/10.25592/wa...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Dataciteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2011Embargo end date: 17 Oct 2011 GermanyPublisher:TUHH Universitätsbibliothek Authors: Banduch, Izabela;doi: 10.15480/882.1025
Since the establishment of the activited sludge process in everyday life, we are constantly in search of new solutions to optimize the biologic process of sewage purification in a sustinable and economic way. The application of ultrasonic sound, which is investigated in this thesis, manifests itself as a qualified technique. After the influence of ultrasound an optimal morphological modification in the flake structure is achieved and the microbial activity in the activated sludge is enhaced. Furthermore, we can observe a reduction of the excess biomass by pro-rata dissolution of the activated sludge. Seit der Etablierung des Belebtschlammverfahens im Alltag ist man auf der Suche nach neuen Lösungen um den biologischen Prozess der Abwasserreinigung nachhaltig und wirtschaftlich zu optimieren. Der in dieser Arbeit untersuchte Einsatz des Ultraschalls zeigte sich als geeignete Technik. Nach der Ultraschalleinwirkung werden optimale morphologische Veränderungen in der Flockenstruktur erreicht, infolge dessen wird die mikrobielle Aktivität im Belebtschlamm gesteigert. Darüber hinaus durch Auflösung eines Teils des Belebtschlammes wird eine Verringerung der überschüssigen Biomasse beobachtet.
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visibility 320visibility views 320 download downloads 540 Powered bymore_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type , Research 2018Publisher:Unknown Schimmelpfenning, Sonja; Anter, Jano; Heidecke, Claudia; Lange, Stefan; Röttcher, Klaus; Bittner, Florian (Eds.); Schimmelpfenning, Sonja; Anter, Jano; Heidecke, Claudia; Lange, Stefan; Röttcher, Klaus; Bittner, Florian (Eds.);On September 11 and 12, 2017, a symposium on "Irrigation in agriculture", jointly organized by the Thünen Institute, the Julius-Kühn Institute and the University of Applied Sciences Ostfalia took place at the Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Campus Suderburg. For this purpose, experts from the field of irrigation were invited to give current assessments on the development of irrigation needs and the irrigation-worthiness of different crops at different locations in Ger-many as well as on the development of irrigation technology. The irrigation of crops in outdoor vegetables or special crops has long been a common practice. The profitability of irrigating agri-cultural crops in Germany has so far been limited to a few, dry locations. As a result of climate change, an increasing average annual temperature and changed precipitation patterns (in partic-ular lower rainfall at the beginning of the vegetation period in spring) have been observed in Germany for some years now. For the future, according to the results of climate models, a fur-ther increase in temperatures and further changes in the precipitation distribution such as a de-crease in the summer precipitation and an increase in winter precipitation are to be expected. The conference proceedings provide an overview of the latest research findings from the field of drought stress and discuss possible alternative sources for meeting the additional water require-ments of agricultural crops. Aspects of the landscape water balance and hydrological correlations in the agricultural landscape are addressed and solutions presented. Insights into possible con-flicts of water use and practical experience with the development of solutions are accompanied by the presentation of the legal framework for water use. The contributions are supplemented by reports of long-term irrigation field trials conducted by the LWK Lower Saxony. On the one hand, the experiments have shown that irrigation can increase the nutrient efficiency of crops and the quality of crops. On the other hand, the present state of the art of irrigation will be explained and limits and possibilities for increasing efficiency in the future will be presented. In order to in-crease the efficiency of irrigation, irrigation control is of great importance; its current status is presented and the trends for the future are shown. The profitability of investments in irrigation technology is presented in two contributions. Here, both the different techniques and their prof-itability in different crops are assessed economically. Possible developments of regional irrigation needs are exemplarily shown for the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The conference proceedings conclude with a chapter on the overview of previous projects in the field of water management and on irrigation of agricultural land in view of future climate change in Germany.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book 2021Publisher:Universität Hamburg Authors: Lozán, José L.; Breckle,Siegmar-W;Weltweit spielen Großstaudämme eine immer wichtigere Rolle für die »erneuerbare« Energieversorgung und in den vielen Trockengebieten der Erde für die Bewässerung und Ausweitung der Landwirtschaft. Einige neuere Staudämme sind spektakuläre Riesenprojekte. Großstaudammprojekte sind aber inzwischen sehr umstritten, sie sind Konfliktherde; sie verändern die Landnutzung diametral, sie vertreiben die eingesessene Bevölkerung und zerstören deren Lebensgrundlagen. Die ökologischen und ökonomischen Auswirkungen sind nicht nur positiv, sondern sie weisen in erheblichem Maße auch negative Folgen auf. Dazu kommt, dass Staudamm und Nutzung der Wasserspeicher auch nur eine begrenzte Zeit möglich ist. Large water dams for energy generation and irrigation and its social problems: An introduction: Large dams play an increasingly important role worldwide for the renewable energy supply and in the many arid regions of the world for irrigation and the expansion of agriculture. Some of the newer dams are spectacular giant projects. Large dam projects are now very controversial, they are sources of conflicts; they change land use diametrically, they drive out the local population and destroy their livelihoods. The ecological and economic effects are not only positive, they also have negative consequences to a considerable extent. In addition, the dam and the use of the water reservoir are only possible for a limited time. Grandes represas para la generación de energía y proyectos de irrigación y sus conflictos sociales: Una introduccion: Las grandes represas desempeñan un papel cada vez más importante en todo el mundo en la producción de energia »renovable« y en las muchas regiones áridas del mundo para mejorar el riego y la expansión agricola. Algunas de las represas más nuevas son proyectos gigantescos. Muchos proyectos de represas tienen sus lados negativos y son fuentes de conflictos; cambian diametralmente el uso de la tierra, conducen al desalojos de la población local y destruyen sus fuentes de trabajo, también los efectos ecológicos y económicos son en gran medida negativos. Además el uso de las represan tienen un tiempo limitado y su desmontaje es costoso.
https://dx.doi.org/1... arrow_drop_down https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/wa...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Datacitehttps://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Datacitehttps://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...Part of book or chapter of book . 2021License: CC BYData sources: Dataciteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2023Publisher:Zenodo Schmutz, S.; Jungwirth, M.; Ratschan, C.; Siemens M. V.; Guttmann, S.; Paintner, S.; Unfer, G.; Weiss, S.; Hanfland, S.; Schenekar, T.; Schubert, M.; Brunner, H.; Born, O.; Woschitz, G.; Gum, B.; Friedl, T.; Komposch, C.; Mühlbauer, M.; Honsig-Erlenburg, W.; Hackländer, K.; Haidvogl, G.; Eberstaller, J.; Friedrich, T.; Geist, J.; Gumpinger, C.; Graf, C.; Hofpointner, M.; Honsig-Erlenburg, G.; Latzer, D.; Pinter, K.; Rechberger, A.; Schähle, Z.; Schotzko, N.; Seliger, C.; Sutter, G.; Schröder, W.; Zauner, G.;Originally, the Danube salmon (Hucho hucho) occurred in Bavaria and Austria in more than 250 rivers occupying more than 7,400 km of rivers. Nowadays, populations in »very good« and »good« status exist in only 0.7 % and 7.1 % of the original distribution. Therefore, the Danube salmon is classified as an endangered species. Due to ongoing stock declines the Danube salmon is running the risk to become a critically endangered species soon. The main reasons for the declines are river channelization and hydropower development. In addition, climate change may further contribute to stock declines in lowland river sections due to exceedance of water temperature limits of this cold-water species. Furthermore, Danube salmon and prey fish populations have lost their resilience to cope with re-established populations of fish predators (cormorant, goosander, fish otter) leading to ongoing population declines. Effective protection against further degradations such as new hydropower developments is required to safeguard the Danube salmon remaining populations. Furthermore, degraded rivers need to be restored and fish predators have to be managed to allow recovery of Danube salmon and prey fish populations. Due to the precarious situation conservation and restoration actions have to be implemented immediately.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2010 GermanyAuthors: Moser, Massimo; Trieb, Franz; Kern, Jürgen;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2017Embargo end date: 08 Mar 2017 GermanyPublisher:Universität Ulm Authors: Schropp, Daniel;doi: 10.18725/oparu-4265
In unserer konsumorientierten Überflussgesellschaft fallen organische Reststoffe in beträchtlichen Mengen sowohl in privaten Haushalten als auch in der lebensmittel-erzeugenden Industrie an. Diese Reststoffe müssen wie andere Reststoffe auch entweder vermieden oder ökologisch möglichst sinnvoll verwertet werden. Die Zielsetzung einer ökologisch sinnvollen Verwertung der organischen Reststoffe sollte die Schließung der Nährstoffkreisläufe beinhalten, aber auch gleichzeitig nur geringe Emissionen an Treibhausgasen verursachen. Die Erzeugung von Biogas aus Reststoffen zur Erzeugung von Elektrizität und Wärme und eine anschließende Verwertung des Gärrestes als Dünger stellen dabei die ökologischste Möglichkeit dar. Bislang wird der Großteil an organischen Reststoffen kompostiert bzw. thermisch verwertet, da der Einsatz in der anaeroben Vergärung als problematisch angesehen wird. Dies liegt vor allem an der Tatsache, dass es sich bei organischen Reststoffen meist um proteinreiches Substrat handelt, welches dadurch große Mengen an Stickstoff enthält. Durch den Abbau der proteinreichen Substrate kann es zu einer Akkumulation von Ammoniak (NH3) kommen. NH3 wirkt als Zellgift und kann dadurch die Mikroorganismen im Fermenter schädigen. Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) stellt zusammen mit Wasserstoff (H2) einen für die Methanogenese entscheidenden Ausgangsstoffe dar. Die Dynamik der CO2-Partialdrücke (pCO2) im Fermenterinhalt ist daher entscheidend für den Biogasprozess. Um die Potentiale bei der Vergärung von organischen Reststoffen zu untersuchen, wurden insgesamt vier Gärversuche mit 11 Fermentern im Labormaßstab durchgeführt. Bei den Reststoffen handelte es sich um organisches Material, welches während des Betriebsprozesses in einer Großschlachterei anfällt. Für die Betrachtung des pCO2 im Fermenterinhalt wurden fünf Versuche mit Speiseresten als Substrat ausgewertet. Die eingesetzten Substrate wiesen in ihrer strukturellen Zusammensetzung teils deutliche Schwankungen auf. Die Versuche zeigten niedrige Methanerträge und einen geringen Abbau der organischen Substanz, die durch eine Schädigung der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft durch NH3 hervorgerufen wurde. Die Messung der Ammonium (NH4+) Konzentrationen erfolgte bisher nur selten über den gesamten Prozessverlauf. Unsere Messungen zeigten hohe NH4+ Konzentrationen und deutliche Schwankungen, die vor allem in der Dynamik des Gesamtprozesses begründet sind. Die gemessenen Nährstoffgehalte weisen den Gärrest als einen sehr guten Dünger aus. Vor allem die Konzentrationen an Stickstoff (N), Phosphor (P) und Kalium (K) im Gärrest sind deutlich höher als in Schweine- oder Rindergülle. Zudem besitzt der Gärrest durch den großen Anteil an organischer Substanz eine humusbildende Wirkung. Die Messungen des pCO2 zeigten einen Überschuss an CO2 bei nicht optimalem Prozessverlauf auf. Dies lässt darauf schließen, dass ausreichend CO2 für die Methanbildung vorhanden wäre, allerdings nicht optimal genutzt wird. Es zeigte sich, dass eine Monovergärung von Abfällen aus der lebensmittelproduzierenden Industrie grundsätzlich möglich ist. Allerdings muss bei der Vergärung hohen NH3-Konzentrationen entgegengewirkt werden. Die Analyse der Nährstoffgehalte der Gärreste ergab ein beträchtliches Potential für die Pflanzendüngung. Eine Nutzung der Gärreste als Pflanzendünger führt zu einem geschlossenen Nährstoffkreislauf, was letztlich klare ökologische Vorteile mit sich bringt. Die Ergebnisse aus der Analyse des pCO2 zeigen neue Möglichkeiten auf, um die Biogasqualität, beispielsweise durch Zugabe von H2, zu steigern. Eine Steigerung der Methanerträge ist dabei sowohl aus ökologischen als auch aus ökonomischen Gesichtspunkten wichtig, da dadurch eine höhere Energieausbeute erreicht werden könnte. In our consumption based affluent society, organic waste is mass produced in private households as well as in the food producing industries. These residual materials, as with other organic waste material either should be avoided or exploited in an ecologically worthwhile way. The aim of an ecological sound exploitation of organic waste should be the closing of nutrient cycles but also, at the same time, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The creation of biogas out of organic waste to produce electricity and heat combined with the use of the digestate as a fertilizer represents an ecological useful way to exploit organic waste material. To date, most of these organic residues is incinerated because the usage in anaerobic digestion is seen as problematic. This is due to the fact that organic waste materials are often rich in proteins and therefore rich in nitrogen. Through the degradation of protein-rich substrates there can occur an accumulation of ammonia (NH3). NH3 acts as a cellular toxine and can therefore destroy the microbial community in the digester. Carbon dioxide (CO2) together with hydrogen (H2) represents the main components for methanogenesis. The dynamics of the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in the liquid phase of the reactor is therefore an important component in the biogas process. To investigate the potentials of the anaerobic digestion of organic wastes, four lab scale experiments with 11 reactors were carried out. The organic waste materials were obtained from a slaughterhouse. To observe the dynamics of the pCO2, we analyzed five reactors feed with food leftovers as the main substrate. The used substrates differed clearly in their structural composition. The experiments showed low methane yields and a low degradation of the organic matter. This was due to the damage of the microbial community caused by NH3. There are nearly no publications measuring the ammonium (NH4+) concentration over the whole digestion period. Our measurements showed high amounts of NH4+ and in addition, a fluctuation of the NH4+ concentration during the digestion process caused by the dynamics of the anaerobic digestion. The measurement of the nutrient content identified the digestate as a good fertilizer. In particular, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were considerably higher than in liquid manure from pigs or cattle. Additionally the digestate comprised high amounts of organic carbon, which can be used for humus production. The evaluation of the pCO2 in the reactor slurry showed an oversaturation in CO2 at a suboptimal process. This leads to the conclusion that there was surplus CO2 available for methanogenesis, which cannot be utilized. It becomes apparent that it is possible to use organic wastes from food producing industries for anaerobic digestion. However, it is necessary to counter the high NH3 concentrations for an optimal process performance. The nutrient analysis of the digestate demonstrated its high potential as a fertilizer. If the digestate is used as a fertilizer, it brings the ecological advantage of a closed nutrient cycle. The results of the pCO2 evaluation showed new possibilities to enhance biogas quality, e.g. in addition of H2. An increase in the methane yield to generate a higher energy amount is not only important in the viewpoint of ecology, it is also important in an economical way.
Open Access Reposito... arrow_drop_down Open Access Repository of Ulm UniversityDoctoral thesis . 2017Data sources: Open Access Repository of Ulm Universityadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert Open Access Reposito... arrow_drop_down Open Access Repository of Ulm UniversityDoctoral thesis . 2017Data sources: Open Access Repository of Ulm Universityadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2023 GermanyPublisher:Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau Authors: Gottardo Morandi, Carlo;doi: 10.26204/kluedo/7515
Der Klimawandel erfordert den Ausbau urbaner blau-grüner Infrastrukturen, was jedoch mit einem erheblichen Mehrbedarf an Wasser einhergeht. Zentrale Abwasserinfrastrukturen genügen nicht den Ansprüchen der Ressourceneffizienz und Nachhaltigkeit. Daher ist ein neuer Umgang mit Wasser im städtischen Kontext notwendig. Die getrennte Erfassung von schwach belastetem Grauwasser aus Duschen und Handwaschbecken bietet eine nahezu kontinuierliche, wenig verschmutzte Wasserressource zur Wiederverwendung. Naturnahe Verfahren wie Bodenfilter können zur Grauwasseraufbereitung eingesetzt werden; der hohe Flächenbedarf beschränkte jedoch bisher den Einsatz in dicht besiedelten Gebieten. In dieser Arbeit werden technologiebasierte und konzeptionelle Ansätze vorgestellt. Dabei wurden acht vertikal durchströmte Bodenfilter zur nutzungsorientierten Grauwasseraufbereitung im kleintechnischen und Pilotmaßstab untersucht und zusätzlich ein Excel-basiertes Instrument entwickelt, das die Auswirkungen der Grauwasserseparation auf konventionelle zentrale Kläranlagen bewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen schwankende Zusammensetzungen und Mengen von Grauwasser. Aufgrund begrenzter Datenverfügbarkeit in der Fachliteratur wird empfohlen, die hier ermittelten 85-Perzentilwerte von 13 g CSB (chemischer Sauerstoffbedarf) pro Einwohner (E) und Tag sowie 55 L/(E·d) für die Bemessung von Anlagen zur Behandlung von gesiebtem, schwach belastetem Grauwasser heranzuziehen. Die ermittelten Stickstofffrachten und -konzentrationen waren aufgrund von Urinkontamination um 60 – 130 % höher als bisher angenommen, während die Phosphorkonzentrationen gesetzlich bedingt um ca. 60 % niedriger lagen. Alle Vertikalfilter wiesen im Ablauf meist < 2,0 mg/l abfiltrierbare Stoffe (AFS) bzw. < 10 mg/l CSB auf (also Eliminationen von überwiegend > 98 % AFS bzw. > 97 % CSB). Der aufgeständerte Rheinsandfilter zeigte bei < 12°C eine eingeschränkte Nitrifikation, während der Lavasandfilter bei > 5°C vollständig nitrifizierte. Die Vertikalfilter entfernten bis zu 50 – 70 % Stickstoff bei Drainageeinstau und Nitratrückführung. Der Lavasandfilter hielt Phosphor weitestgehend zurück. Die Reduktion von Escherichia coli, Enterokokken und Gesamtcoliformen betrug > 3 log-Stufen, während organische Spurenstoffe meist zu > 85 % entfernt wurden. Durch gezielte Anpassungen im Aufbau und Betrieb wurden für verschiedene Nutzungszwecke (Bewässerung, Versickerung und Toilettenspülung) geeignete Qualitäten erreicht. Der erforderliche Flächenbedarf für Bodenfilter zur Behandlung von schwach belastetem Grauwasser wurde zu 0,4 m2/E bestimmt (bezogen auf 85-Perzentilwerte). Dem liegen eine CSB-Flächenbelastung von 32 g/(m2·d) und eine hydraulische Flächenbelastung von 130 L/(m2·d) zugrunde. Die Anwendung von Lavasandfiltern in aufgeständerter Bauweise erwies sich als praxistauglich. Damit wird die Ausweitung des Bodenfilterverfahrens auf den urbanen Raum gefördert. Die Bilanzierungen zeigen, dass die Abtrennung von bis zu 17 % des an die Kläranlage angeschlossenen Grauwassers förderlich für den Kläranlagenbetrieb ist. Bei höheren Abtrennungsraten könnte jedoch eine Stickstoffrückgewinnung/-entfernung aus stickstoffreichen Schlammströmen erforderlich werden. Die Trennung bzw. dezentrale Aufbereitung von Grauwasser hat Vorteile wie Verdunstungskühlung und Wasserwiederverwendung und unterstützt zentral die Transition zu ressourcenorientierten Sanitärsystemen. Insgesamt können betrieblich und baulich angepasste Bodenfilter eine wichtige Rolle in dieser Umstellung spielen und einen deutlichen Beitrag zum nachhaltigen Umgang mit Wasser im städtischen Bereich leisten. Climate change requires the strengthening of urban blue-green infrastructure, which, however, is associated with a significant increase in water demand. Concurrently, centralized wastewater infrastructures are inadequate to meet the criteria for resource efficiency and sustainability, as mixed wastewater discharge persists. Therefore, a new approach to water management is imperative in urban contexts. Source-separation of light greywater, such as from showers and hand wash basins, provides a nearly permanent, low-polluted water resource for reuse. Nature-based solutions like constructed wetlands can be employed for greywater treatment; however, the substantial area requirements have so far limited their implementation in highly urbanized areas. This study presents technology-based and conceptual approaches, involving the investigation of eight vertical-flow constructed wetlands for on-demand greywater treatment at small and pilot scales. Additionally, an Excel-based tool was developed to assess the impact of greywater separation on the operation of conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The findings reveal varying compositions and volumes of the investigated greywater. Due to limited data availability in existing literature, it is recommended to utilize the 85th percentiles derived from this study for the design of constructed wetlands treating light greywater, amounting to 13 g COD (chemical oxygen demand) per person (P) and day and 55 L/(P·d). Total nitrogen loads and concentrations were 60 – 130% higher than previously assumed due to urine contamination, while total phosphorus concentrations were about 60% lower due to legal regulations. In all wetland systems investigated, the effluent showed < 2.0 mg/L of total suspended solids and < 10 mg/L of COD, corresponding to eliminations mostly > 98% and > 97%, respectively. The elevated Rhine sand wetland showed limited nitrification at < 12°C, while the lava sand wetland showed complete nitrification at > 5°C. The investigated wetlands removed up to 50 – 70% of nitrogen by impounding the drainage layer and returning nitrate-rich effluent to the wetland surface. The lava sand wetland retained phosphorus extensively. Reduction of Escherichia coli, Enterococci, and total coliforms exceeded > 3 log levels, while organic micropollutants were predominantly removed by > 85%. Through adjustments in design and operation, suitable qualities were achieved for different reuses (irrigation, infiltration, and toilet flushing). The necessary surface area requirement for constructed wetlands treating light greywater was determined to be 0.4 m²/P (based on 85th percentile values). This value is derived from a COD surface load of 32 g/(m²·d) and a hydraulic surface load of 130 L/(m²·d). The deployment of elevated lava sand wetlands proved to be viable in practice. Overall, these findings promote the expansion of constructed wetlands to urbanized areas. Mass and volume flow balances indicate that the separation of up to 17% of the greywater connected to the WWTP benefits its operation. However, at higher separation rates, TN recovery/removal from nitrogen-rich sludge streams may be required. The separation/decentralized treatment of greywater offers manifold advantages such as evaporation cooling and water reuse, and significantly supports the transition towards resource-oriented sanitation systems. Adapted constructed wetlands can play an important role in this transformation process and can significantly contribute to a more sustainable water management in urban areas. Schriftenreihe Wasser Infrastruktur Ressourcen; 12
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