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Tariffs for energy and energy resources are the main factors determining the sustainable development of the economy. The aim of the paper is to determine and compare the dynamics evolution of the tariffs for thermal energy and the evolution of the gross domestic product (GDP).The data on the heat consumption and tariff change in the city of Chisinau were examined in monetary terms and in relative units compared to the base year 2009. The higher the tariffs, the more part of the GDP, characterized in the economy by the volume of "Output", is spent on "Intermediate consumption (PP)". The difference between "Output" and "Intermediate consumption" volumes is the "gross added value (VAB)", which is the main component of GDP. The analysis of the changes in the real GDP volume of the Republic of Moldova and the increase of the tariffs for the years 2009-2017 (taking into account the GDP forecast for 2018) show that the increase in the tariffs for thermal energy significantly exceeded the real GDP growth. Considering that the planned GDP growth is 4,7% and taking into account the change in the consumer price index (inflation rate), the calculated reduction of the thermal energy tariff in Chisinau is estimated at 28% compared to the existing value, so to 803 lei / Gcal compared to the currently regulated value of 1122 lei / Gcal. The conclusion was reached on the opportunity of applying the proposed methodology to justify current tariffs and in the near future not only extends to thermal energy tariffs, but also for other types of energy, material resources and services in the field of production and social sphere.

In the contemporary world, the anthropogenic effect is increasing. At the same time, the quality of life of the population is strongly associated with the environmental quality, as there is growing understanding that rising economic income does not ensure the humanity’s well-being. In this regard, issues connected with analysing the influence of the anthropogenic factor on changes in the quality of the life of the population become relevant. We believe that existing approaches to assessing the quality of life poorly reflect the current situation related to the speed of the environmental changes due to an increase in the scale and intensity of its pollution. Therefore, for assessing the quality of life, we suggest taking into account the environmental and energy components of the anthropogenic factor. To this end, the classification of anthropogenic factors is supplemented by the “industrial production” group, distinguished by the “source of impact” indicator, which allows analysing the group’s influence on changing parameters of the quality of life of the population. The methodological basis of the study is a comprehensive approach to assessing the quality of life. Based on it, we structured the stages of the evolution of approaches to measuring and assessing the quality of life of the population. Moreover, we described key features of these approaches, and identified the fourth stage that substantiates the priority of environmental and energy criteria in assessing the quality of life. We propose to improve the methodology for assessing the quality of life of the population by introducing additional environmental and energy characteristics. The article presents the results of using this improved methodology. We tested it on the examples of the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. The obtained values of the integral indicators of the quality of life of the population show that the Sverdlovsk region has lower index values. That happened due to a more developed industrial sector and, as a result, the more deteriorated environmental situation. The proposed methodology for assessing the quality of life of the population can be used by regional leaders for making decisions related to the regional development aimed at improving the quality of life of the population. © 2019 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Рассмотрена систематизация подходов к определению и оценке качества жизни. Показаны этапы эволюции подходов к измерению и оценке качества жизни населения. Проанализировано влияние антропогенных факторов промышленного производства на качество жизни населения Свердловской Челябинской областей.

One of the important problems of the environmental economics is the development of methodology for quantifying the assimilative capacity (AC) of a territory. The article analyzes the existing approaches to determining and assessing the AC of a territory. We justify the advantages of using the energy approach. The authors' method consists in using the maximum permissible energy load (MPEL) for quantitative assessment of the AC of a territory. MPEL is a value that the ecological and economic system can withstand for a long time without changing its properties. We determine MPEL on the basis of data on the ability of various categories of land to absorb greenhouse gases (GHG), as well as the specific GHG emissions per ton of conventional fuel. Further, we compare the calculated value of MPEL in fuel equivalents with the actual consumption of fuel resources for the needs of the national economy. These values ratio can serve as a standard for measuring and balancing the environmental and economic system. The authors have validated the described method on the example of the Sverdlovsk region, which is characterized by a high level of man's impact. Calculations show that the actual consumption of fossil fuels in the region exceeds MPEL. That indicates an imbalance in the ecological and economic system and may lead to further deterioration of the environmental quality in the region. The proposed methodological approach and calculations can be used when developing strategic planning documents for a territory, including its energy strategy. Рассмотрены существующие подходы к определению и оценке ассимиляционного потенциала территории. Предложен методический подход, особенностью, которого является применение для количественной оценки ассимиляционного потенциала территории предельно допустимой энергетической нагрузки, которую может на протяжении длительного времени переносить эколого-экономическая система без нарушения своих основных свойств. Апробация методики расчета предельно-допустимой энергетической нагрузки проведена на примере Свердловской области, территория которой подвергается высокому антропогенному воздействию.

The purpose of the work was to study the basic constructional, energetic and technological features of electrochemical reactors (activators) used in processing of whey – a dairy by-product, but also a biologically very valuable liquid. The choice of optimal regimes for processing of various types of whey is specified, aimed at raising the efficiency of isolation of whey protein fractions in the protein-mineral concentrates while reducing energy intensity. It is also demonstrated that it is necessary to reasonably select such constructional features of electro activators as the distance between the electrodes and between the electrodes and the membrane as well as their geometric shape so as to avoid appearance of “dead” areas and to assure a high efficiency of the process. It was also important to find the most appropriate option of electric parameters and processing regimes (periodic or continuous). Besides, the account was taken of the ratio of the whey volume to the main electrode area; of the membrane type; of the initial content of dry matter in each whey type, i.e., its protein compositions; the concentration and composition of the anodic (secondary) liquid. The results of the investigation are of importance in the development of a wasteless technology of by-products processing.

The current article presents an analysis of the state and trends in the development of the hydrogen economy, which reveals a number of features that allow for assessing the prerequisites and prospects for its growth. The study demonstrates the changes reflected in the course of decarbonization and low-carbon development while also pointing out that the increased interest of the business community in increasing investment spending on the development of hydrogen production technologies. Challenges and opportunities for the development of the "hydrogen" economy are also identified. The results of the analysis can be used in the process of developing and implementing policies in the field of sustainable economic development. В статье представлен анализ состояния и тенденций развития «водородной» экономики, в ходе которого выявлен ряд особенностей, позволяющих оценить предпосылки и перспективы ее роста. Отражены изменения в части протекания процессов декарбонизации и низкоуглеродного развития. Отмечено усиление заинтересованности бизнес сообщества в наращивании инвестиционных расходов на развитие технологий производства водорода. Выявлены вызовы и возможности развития «водородной» экономики. Результаты анализа могут быть использованы в процессе разработки и реализации политики в области устойчивого экономического развития. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 8 (110) 2021, Pages 127-130

The aspiration of countries to achieve sustainable economic growth by reducing the energy dependence of the main suppliers of energy resources and by increasing national energy security induces in the conditions of increasing competition between participants in the global energy market the necessity to intensify the use of internal development resources, including the introduction of energy-saving technologies and development of alternative power industry. The urgency of the problems of international competitiveness achievement based on the energy security strengthening, solution of which largely determines the directions of the energy sector development, is increasingly recognized in many countries, including Russia. Timeliness of preparation to the use of substitute innovative energy resources and energy sources, while the traditional fossil fuels are dwindling, is marked as one of the most important principles of the state policy of Russia. All these factors update the development of domestic alternative energy in accordance with the megatrends of the world energy sector. The prospects for the development of modern energy, especially alternative, are associated by many experts with the use of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials. Nanotechnologies contribute to the new opportunities for the use of renewable energy sources and a significant contribution to the production and conservation of energy. The main directions of the effective use of nanotechnologies in the energy sector are: the use of renewable sources; energy storage; reducing the consumption of materials; the use of alternative materials. On the example of the world and Russian practice of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials use in the sphere of wind and solar energy the basic effects of their application, important for the development of alternative energy and of the Russian national economy as a whole, are identified in the article. The most important effects include strengthening the energy security of the country; improving the efficiency of electricity generation; reducing the cost of production of electrical energy produced from renewable sources; decreasing the wholesale energy market prices due to the increased supply of alternative energy that meets the interests of consumers; gaining economic advantages as a country - leader in the sphere of new energy technologies development.

The article describes the production activity of Agrofirma Novoshcherbinovskaya LLC located in Krasodarsk Krai. The study examines the state of agroecosystems taking into account the industrial impact as well as determines the ecological situation in the agricultural landscape as catastrophic. The share of herbaceous vegetation of the enterprise, 18.54, corresponds to the characteristic of the steppe zone. The man-made impact of Agrofirma Novoshcherbinovskaya LLC amounts to 4 points, which is defined as significant. The greatest use of biogenic substance is observed in the cultivation of winter wheat, spring barley, and peas. The study also conducts an assessment of the level and efficiency of crop production intensification with the identification of positive and negative changes. There is an increase in the use of mineral fertilizers, and as a result, an increase in the production of gross output per 100 hectares of arable land, per 100 rubles of fixed assets. The effective indicator of production efficiency is the bioenergy coefficient of sowing or the recoupment of the energy spent by the crop. The total energy content in the crop for an average of three years was 63.8 GJ, the total energy consumption for production amounted to 24.2 GJ, while the level of energy efficiency equaled 2.7. В статье дана характеристика производственной деятельности ООО «Агрофирма «Новощербиновская» Краснодарского края. Рассмотрено состояние агроэкосистем с учетом антропогенного воздействия. Определена катастрофическая экоситуация в агроландшафте. Доля травянистой растительности предприятия 18,54 соответствует характеристике степной зоны. Антропогенная нагрузка ООО «Агрофирмы «Новощербиновская» составляет 4 балла, что соответствует значительной степени. Наибольшее использование биогенных веществ наблюдается при выращивании озимой пшеницы, ярового ячменя и гороха. Проведена оценка уровня и эффективности интенсификации растениеводства, выявлены положительные и отрицательные изменения. Наблюдается рост применения минеральный удобрений, и как следствие, рост производства валовой продукции на 100 га пашни, на 100 рублей основных фондов. Результативным показателем эффективности производства является биоэнергетический коэффициент посева или окупаемость затраченной энергии энергией урожая. Совокупное содержание энергии в урожае в среднем за три года составило 63,8 гДж, общие затраты энергии на производство продукции, 24,2гДж, уровень энергетической эффективности составил 2,7. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 5 (107) 2021, Pages 160-164

The use of waste biomass for energy purposes is currently of great interest to scientific and industrial groups around the world. Flax shive is a waste of flax processing industry, which can be used for energy purposes. The most interesting are the processes of thermal processing, making maximum use of the energy potential of the processed biomass wastes. Such methods of thermal processing include various types of pyrolysis. The paper presents the results of a kinetic study of the pyrolysis process of flax bonfire in the temperature range up to 600 °C using the experimentally obtained data of dynamic thermogravimetry. To find the kinetic parameters and the kinetic model of the process, we used model–independent methods and methods of nonlinear regression. Mathematical processing of the experimentally obtained data made it possible to determine the formal kinetic mechanism of the pyrolysis process of flax shive, the kinetic parameters and the temperature interval of each stage of the process. The obtained kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis process of the flax shive in the future will allow optimizing the industrial pyrolysis technology, to reduce the time spent on carrying out research and construction works. This kinetic model of pyrolysis process contains 4 stages of decomposition of flax shive, corresponding to the processes of moisture loss and thermal destruction of flax shive components — hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. The significant mass of the carbonaceous residue obtained as a result of the pyrolysis of flax shive (about 29% by weight) allows us to conclude that it is potentially possible to use it further for the production of carbon-containing materials. Finally, conclusions about the applicability of flax shive as a raw material for obtaining carbon sorbents will help to make the results of further studies of strength, surface and sorption properties. {"references": ["Yoder, J., Galinato, S., Granatstein, D., & Garcia-P\u00e9rez, M. (2011). Economic trade off between biochar and bio-oil production via pyrolysis. Biomass and bioenergy, 35, (5), 1851-1862.", "Yampolsky, Yu. P. (1990). Elementary reactions and mechanisms of pyrolysis of hydrocarbons. Moscow, Khimiya, 216. (in Russian)", "Gorislavets, S. P., Tmenov, D. N., & Maiorov, V. I. (1977). Pyrolysis of hydrocarbon feedstock. Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 309. (in Russian)", "Bykov, \u0410. \u0412., Demidenko, G. N., Sulman, E. M., & Kosivtsov, Yu. Yu. (2014). Thermal analysis methods: method. Instructions. Tver, TSTU, 48. (in Russian)", "De Wild, P., Reith, H., & Heeres, E. (2011). Biomass pyrolysis for chemicals. Biofuels, 2, (2), 185-208."]}

On the example of Kirov region belonging to the Central zone of the North-Eastern region of European part of Russia the approaches to design, implementation and improvement of the adaptive-landscape systems of agriculture are considered. Analysis of results of exploration of farming systems developed for the farms of the region in 1999-2004 showed significant gains of agricultural producers in the field of biologization and resource saving. Yield increase of grain crops was registered including one in conditions of extremely dry 2010 (29-60% higher than the average regional indicators). However, the actual economic effect for total sown area of grain crops in some cases amounted to only 15% of the plan due to use of extensive methods of crop production and inadequate adaptation of farming systems to environmental conditions in some farms. Improving of adaptive-landscape farming systems is proposed taking into account regional climate change in the mode of adaptive intensification of agricultural production. Among the priorities there are using the results of agro-ecological macro-, meso - and microzonation; cultivation of adaptive environmentally specialized varieties, and the formation of multi-species agro-phytocenoses; application of a combined system of tillage and integrated system of fertilizer; improve stability and productivity of agricultural landscapes. The modern stage of designing adaptive-landscape systems of crop farming with use of space and information technologies depends on development of interdisciplinary integration of organizations-project participants at conducting research, design and survey, land management and evaluating works. System of measures for state (regional) support for the development of innovation in agriculture requires improvements.