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Het deelpad Aquatische Biomassa heeft een sterke internationale dimensie. Wereldwijd bestaat een groeiende belangstelling voor het aquatisch milieu (denk hierbij aan waterplanten, zoutwaterlandbouw, micro-algen en zeewieren) als leverancier van voedsel, grondstoffen en energie. Daarnaast is er grote aandacht voor watermanagement, met name gezien de problemen die zich aandienen t.a.v. de berging van regenwater en de beschikbaarheid van zoet water voor drinkwatervoorziening en de landbouw. In dit deelpad worden beide thema’s aan elkaar gekoppeld, zodat meerwaarde ontstaat voor duurzame ontwikkeling met een grote internationale uitstraling van biomassa voor grondstof- en energievoorziening

User guide for the Toolshed section of SHARING SOLUTIONS Toolkit. This document explains what the Toolshed can be used for and how to use it. The Toolshed is a flexible reporting resource for Food Sharing Initiatives. It provides a framework for initiatives to understand where they are having impact, to support more robust reporting practices and to help communicate impacts.

Os objectivos do presente estudo foram os seguintes: i) Descrever variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas na prova de 400 metros crol; ii) Determinar a contribuição relativa do metabolismo aeróbio e anaeróbio no decorrer da prova; iii) Determinar a relação entre a prestação em 400m crol e as variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas. A amostra foi constituída por 8 nadadores, do sexo masculino, média = 17.7±2.3 anos, portugueses de nível competitivo nacional e com uma prática regular de natação. Cada elemento realizou as provas de esforço aleatoriamente (uma submáxima e a outra supramáxima com um intervalo de tempo, entre 48 horas) em uma piscina coberta, com 25m de comprimento e 10m de largura e, temperatura ambiente entre os 26-29 graus centígrados. Em ambas as provas o ar expirado foi analisado por um sistema de gases e registado os valores de VO2 em intervalos de 20 s. Antes de cada prova, os nadadores realizaram os aquecimentos com duração entre 10 a 15 min. A submáxima foi constituída por 5 patamares de 6 min de duração, alternados com um tempo de recuperação. A velocidade inicial foi entre 3 e 4m.s-1 e os patamares subsequentes, receberam acréscimos de 0.5m.s-1 sendo assegurada uma velocidade constante através de um pacer, colocado no fundo da piscina. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue capilar no final de cada patamar de esforço. Na supramáxima, cada nadador nadou 400m exigindo-se um esforço máximo na prova. Após a prova, foi medido o lactato sanguíneo, em intervalos de 2 minutos, até se verificar diminuição nos valores observados. Não se verificou nenhuma correlação significativa entre a velocidade média na prova supramáxima e as variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas medidas nesta prova. Todavia, encontrámos a interferência de factores antropométricos na prestação em natação, nomeadamente a massa gorda (r=0.78; p≤0.05). Para velocidades até ≈1.3 m.s-1, o metabolismo aeróbio assegurou a maior parte da produção energética. E ainda, os nadadores que apresentaram maior défice de oxigénio acumulado apresentaram menores valores da velocidade associada ao limiar láctico. The aims of the present study were: i) to assess ventilator and metabolic variables during a 400m crawl event; ii) to assess the relative contribution of aerobic and anaerobic energy during the event; iii) to investigate the associations between the performance and ventilator and metabolic variables. The sample comprised 8 male Portuguese swimmers with a mean age of 17.7±2.3 years, regularly involved in competitive swimming. Each subject performed a submaximal and a supramaximal swimming tests with a 48h recovery between them. The tests were conducted in an indoor 25m swimming pool. During both tests gas analysis was performed and VO2 was recorded in 20 s intervals. The submaximal test comprised 5 bouts of 400m with individual recovery between them. Initial speed was 3 to 4m.s-1 ans speed increases were 0.5m.s-1. Swimming speed was kept constant with a light pacer placed in the bottom of the pool. Blood samples were collected after each bout. The supramaximal test was an all-out 400m crawl swimming. Blood samples were collected every 2 min after the test until blood lactate levelled-off. NO significant association was found between the assessed variables and the performance. However, we found a significant association of the performance with anthopometric measures, namely total body fat (r=0.78; p≤0.05). We also found that to swimming speeds up to ≈1.3 m.s-1, the aerobic energy sources provided the major fraction of energy release. Moreover, the swimmers that presented the largest accumulated oxygen deficit presented the also the larger mean values of the swimming speed associated with the lactic threshold.

An analysis of a specific application of anaerobic wastewater treatment at a pulp and board mill, Stora Enso Skoghall, was carried out. A literature study was done and effluent wastewater from CTMP pulp production was analyzed. The analysis consisted of a broad constituent analysis and an anaerobic treatment trial. Results from these test where used to calculate the treatment effectiveness and resulting energy potential at the mill. The literature study and constituent analysis showed that toxicity of the water to be treated, due to wood extractives and sulphur content, was of concern. Detoxification chemicals targeting these constituents where used in the anaerobic treatment trial. The trial consisted of a two chamber upflow reactor and aerobic post treatment. The result of the trial is that the water of concern has about 50% anaerobically degradable content. A full scale implementation of anaerobic wastewater treatment would result in a methane production of 3,76 to 7,76 GWh/yr. An application of anaerobic wastewater treatment will also result in electricity savings, in aerated pond, and increase the capacity margin on current sludge handling techniques.

Today apartment dwellers generally tend to be individualistic righteously urban middleclass society in general. Unlike the situation in the neighborhood, where the level of socialization on the surrounding community is still quite high due to the surrounding community still likes hanging out with the neighbors, especially in the afternoon. Issues raised here is the lack of socialization that occurs between the residents in the apartment. Garden Living means “life park”. Garden is a garden that is as a place of socialization for residents and surrounding communities. Garden Living itself is to make the park as a place to socialize and interact with fellow residents of the apartment and the garden is also a gathering place for the general public. Lack of facilities to accommodate the occupants to socialize the reason the construction of an apartment that has an garden and is expected to become a place to socialize for the residents of the apartment. For the people who live around the apartment also will be built a public park so that people can still socialize and gather together. Taking the concept of Green Architecture or Sustainable Architecture, the building is minimal in consumption of natural resources, including energy, water, materials, and minimal negative impact on the environment. By the way of utilizing rain water and Deli river water and uses sunlight as a power source. 100406064

Despite the fact that environmental taxes and Environmental Tax Reform (ETR) are accepted to be policies with desirable environmental and other economic effects, their implementation has been patchy. The most common definition of Environmental Tax Reform (ETR) is the use of the revenue from environmental taxes to reduce distortionary labour taxes. Although the EU, OECD and academic economic literature may be strongly in favour of environmental taxation as a fiscal policy, and politicians may be intellectually convinced of its merits, there have been very few research efforts devoted to understanding the roles and priorities of the public, policy-makers, businesses and other stakeholders. This paper explores the perceptions and attitudes of business to ETR and, more specifically, to energy taxation. It reviews the various policy instruments and instrument mix options to reduce carbon ant other emissions. In addition, as it is an important determinant of attitudes to ETR, the attitude of business to the environment generally is examined. The principal methodology is a case study of key businesses in Ireland. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with representatives of the firms at their place of employment. While not necessarily representative of all firms, the results show that, for the firms examined, while they all have internal energy policies, these are driven by financial rather than environmental motivations or the existing policy mix. However, some firms did experience a financial saving directly as a result of compliance with EMAS and integrated pollution control regulation. In addition, most of the environmental awareness of companies comes from compliance with EPA regulations. Raising awareness of environmental issues and problems is generally considered to be a prerequisite of changes or improvements in environmental practice and performance and willingness to accept environmental economic instruments such as taxes and charges. Perhaps surprisingly, companies were relatively more enthusiastic about energy taxes if , rather than recycling to reducing labour, the revenues were used to promote energy efficiency, subsidies for renewable energy and environmental education. However, this result is consistent with the attitudes of the general public. peer-reviewed

Bioetanolin valmistus selluloosapitoisista raaka-aineista vaatii selluloosapolymeerien pilkkomisen liukoisiksi sokereiksi. Tämä voidaan toteuttaa entsymaattisella hydrolyysillä. Selluloosan pilkkomiseen tarkoitetut entsyymit, sellulaasit, ovat entsymaattisen hydrolyysin jälkeen sitoutuneet joko kiintoainefaasiin tai ovat nestemäisessä faasissa ns. vapaina entsyymeinä. Prosessin taloudellisuuden kannalta on erityisen tärkeää minimoida siinä käytettävien entsyymien tarve, sillä tehokkaat entsyymivalmisteet ovat suhteellisen kalliita. Yksi varteenotettava vaihtoehto bioetanoliprosessin saamiseksi taloudellisemmaksi on käytettyjen entsyymien talteenotto ja kierrätys. Työn tarkoituksena oli selvittää kirjallisuudesta, millaisia menetelmiä on kehitetty entsyymien talteenottoon ja kierrätykseen lignoselluloosasta valmistettavan bioetanolin valmistuksessa. Työssä on keskitytty tuoreisiin tutkimuksiin ja menetelmien käyttökelpoisuuteen ja taloudellisuuteen. Viime vuosina sellulaasien talteenotto- ja kierrätysmenetelmiä koskevat tutkimukset ovat keskittyneet pääasiassa käsittelemään nanopartikkelien avulla tapahtuvaa entsyymien immobilisointia, ultrasuodatusta, erilaisia desorptiomenetelmiä, kiinteän hydrolyysijäännöksen kierrättämistä, tuoreen substraatin lisäämistä sekä myös tislausvaiheen jälkeistä entsyymien kierrättämistä. Jotta kierrätysmenetelmä olisi tehokas, tulisi sen pyrkiä säilyttämään entsyymien aktiivisuuksia, sokerisaantoa menettämättä ja sisältää sekä neste-, että kiintoainefaasista tapahtuva kierrätys. Jokaisella kierrätysmenetelmällä on hyvät ja huonot puolensa. Entsyymien talteenottoastetta saadaan kuitenkin parannettua yhdistämällä erilaisia menetelmiä. Useista tutkimuksista huolimatta, taloudellisinta ja käyttökelpoisinta entsyymien talteenotto- ja kierrätysmenetelmää ei ole vielä saavutettu. Bioethanol production from cellulosic raw materials requires cleavage of cellulose polymers to soluble sugars. This may be accomplished by enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymes for digestion of cellulose, also called cellulases, are after enzymatic hydrolysis either bound to the solid phase or as so-called free enzymes in the liquid phase. For the economy of the process it is particularly important to minimize the need for the used enzymes as efficient enzyme preparations are relatively expensive. To obtain a more economical bioethanol process, one viable alternative for this is the recovery and recycling of the used enzymes. The purpose of this work was to study from the literature about the methods, which have been developed for enzyme recovery and recycling for bio-ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. The focus is on recent studies and their usefulness and efficiency. In recent years, the studies about recovery and recycling methods of cellulases have mainly focused on dealing with immobilization of enzymes with nanoparticles, ultrafiltration, various types of desorption methods, solids recycling, fresh substrate addition and recycling of enzymes after distillation. In order to be effective, the recycling method should strive to maintain the enzyme activities, without losing sugar yields and it should contain recycling from both liquid and solid phase. Each recycling method has its pros and cons. However, the recovery rate of the enzymes can be improved by combining a variety of methods. Despite of the numerous studies, the most economical and the most useful enzyme recovery and recycling method has not yet been reached.

Circumstances of climate changes have raised the awareness of the role housingconstruction activity plays in being one of the major stimuli of socio-economic processes in Slovenia. Further encouragement came through corresponding EU-strategies focusing not only on new housing constructions butalso on refurbishment and renewal of the existing stock, which has been rather neglected. Firstly, information on the Slovenian housing system along with institutional and governance changes - having taken place since 1991 - will be presented, particularly in terms of tenure and housing ownership. In the middle of the 1990s, fragmented ownership was regulated by the formation of condominiums as the basis of housing management and maintenance. Further on, special attention will be paid to newly introduced policies concerning energy efficiency of building constructions at the national level. In addition, the paper will concentrate on endeavours to refurbish the existing multi-family housing stock which represents the most problematic financial issue in terms of a long term investment perspective. Slovenia has in fact notdeveloped any special policies regarding refurbishment of the existing housing stock, either at the national, or at the local level. The housing development sector of the Municipality of Maribor is one of the most significant cases in Slovenia, as far as transition consequences to be effected in the social housing sector are concerned. However, the transformation from an old industrial town into a sustainable community was characterized by extreme complexity. Relying upon its own development strategies the local building construction sector succeeded in remaining one of the most dynamic economic activities of the town and the region. As a recommendation, ideas of energy renewal strategies and measures, based on the local energy concept and supported by financial mechanisms of public private partnership, will be discussed.

Extreme weather events can have strong negative impacts on species survival and community structure when surpassing lethal thresholds. Extreme, short-lived, winter warming events in the Arctic rapidly melt snow and expose ecosystems to unseasonably warm air (for instance, 2-10 °C for 2-14 days) but upon return to normal winter climate exposes the ecosystem to much colder temperatures due to the loss of insulating snow. Single events have been shown to reduce plant reproduction and increase shoot mortality, but impacts of multiple events are little understood as are the broader impacts on community structure, growth, carbon balance, and nutrient cycling. To address these issues, we simulated week-long extreme winter warming events - using infrared heating lamps and soil warming cables - for 3 consecutive years in a sub-Arctic heathland dominated by the dwarf shrubs Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea (both evergreen) and Vaccinium myrtillus (deciduous). During the growing seasons after the second and third winter event, spring bud burst was delayed by up to a week for E. hermaphroditum and V. myrtillus, and berry production reduced by 11-75% and 52-95% for E. hermaphroditum and V. myrtillus, respectively. Greater shoot mortality occurred in E. hermaphroditum (up to 52%), V. vitis-idaea (51%), and V. myrtillus (80%). Root growth was reduced by more than 25% but soil nutrient availability remained unaffected. Gross primary productivity was reduced by more than 50% in the summer following the third simulation. Overall, the extent of damage was considerable, and critically plant responses were opposite in direction to the increased growth seen in long-term summer warming simulations and the 'greening' seen for some arctic regions. Given the Arctic is warming more in winter than summer, and extreme events are predicted to become more frequent, this generates large uncertainty in our current understanding of arctic ecosystem responses to climate change.