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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis , Bachelor thesis 2022 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište u Zagrebu. Fakultet kemijskog inženjerstva i tehnologije. Funded by:HRZZ | Development of functional...HRZZ| Development of functional biofuels and (bio)additives and characterization of blends with mineral fuelsAuthors: Krvavica, Matija;Biodiesel fuel is a fatty acid alkyl ester, commonly synthesized via transesterification of triglycerides (vegetable oils and animal fats) with an alcohol, in a presence of a catalyst. Production of biodiesel fuel from waste vegetable oil eliminates additional costs of growing oilseed plants as a raw material, reduces the amount of waste in the food sector, preserves fertile land area and water, eliminates direct competition with food which could otherwise potentially lead to price increase and shortages of edible vegetable oils. The structure of the biodiesel molecule depends on the feedstock from which it's synthesized. The triglyceride’s fatty acids have mainly straight hydrocarbon chains, so the alcohol molecule determines if the ester will be straight-chained or branched. The molecule structure is determinant for some diesel fuel properties. For example, longer straight-chained molecules will have higher cetane number values, while branched ones will have lower pour point values and, therefore, engines will be able to perform at lower temperatures. Cetane number is the prime indicator of the fuel quality used in the internal combustion compression engines. Some biodiesel fuels show high cetane number values. It has been proven that longer hydrocarbon chains in the ester molecules are proportionately related to the cetane number value, therefore, synthesis with higher alcohols are being tested, such as 1-Hexanol. In this research, the influence of reaction parameters on the transesterification process of waste vegetable oil with 1-Hexanol was examined. The influence of the alcohol/oil molar ratio, the influence of the mass fraction of the alkaline catalyst KOH, the influence of the reaction time and temperature were monitored. The conversion was calculated from 1H NMR spectra by integrating the surface areas of specific signals. The experimental part of the research established that 60 °C is the best temperature out of given three in the reaction. 12:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio had a higher conversion because greater excess of an alcohol shifted this reversible chemical reaction more towards the products. The catalyst mass fraction of w(KOH) = 3 % gave higher reaction yields than the 1 % one. High conversions of the reaction were obtained after only 2 minutes, but by the 15th minute the conversion increased by approximately 1.59 % and reached its near maximum. It was experimentally shown that the parameters that have the greatest effect on conversion are the mass fraction of the catalyst and the alcohol to oil molar ratio. Biodizel je ester masnih kiselina koji se najčešće sintetizira reakcijom transesterifikacije triglicerida (biljna ulja i životinjske masti) s alkoholom u prisustvu katalizatora. Proizvodnjom od otpadnog ulja, eliminiraju se dodatni troškovi uzgoja biljaka uljarica, štede se plodne površine i voda, izbjegava se kompeticija s hranom što može dovesti do rasta cijena i nedostatka hrane (jestiva biljna ulja) te se smanjuje nastanak otpada u prehrambenom sektoru. Struktura molekule biodizela ovisi o sirovinama od kojih se sintetizira. Masne kiseline triglicerida uglavnom su ravnolančane, stoga molekula alkohola određuje hoće li ester biti razgranat ili ravnolančan. Oblik molekule je odlučujuć za neka svojstva dizelskog goriva. Primjerice, duže ravnolančane molekule povećat će vrijednost cetanskog broja, dok će razgranati esteri sniziti tecište što će omogućiti rad pri nižim temperaturama. Cetanski broj je primarni indikator kvalitete goriva korištenog u kompresijskim motorima s unutarnjim izgaranjem. Neki biodizeli pokazuju visoke vrijednost cetanskog broja, no dokazano je kako su dulji ugljikovodični lanci u molekulama estera proporcionalno povezani s vrijednosti cetanskog broja. U tu svrhu istražuju se sinteze s višim alkoholima poput 1-heksanola. U ovom radu ispitivani su utjecaji reakcijskih parametara na iskorištenje reakcije transesterifikacije otpadnog ulja s heksanolom. Pratio se utjecaj molarnog omjera alkohol/ulje, utjecaj masenog udjela lužnatog katalizatora KOH, utjecaj reakcijskog vremena i temperature. Iskorištenje se određivalo iz 1H NMR spektra integriranjem površine pojedinih signala. Eksperimentalnim dijelom rada utvrđeno je da se najveće iskorištenje dobiva pri temperaturi od 60 °C. Veće iskorištenje reakcija je imala s molarnim omjerom alkohol/ulje 12:1. Veći suvišak alkohola ovu je ravnotežnu reakciju pomaknuo više prema produktima. Maseni udio katalizatora od w(KOH) = 3 % dao je veća iskorištenja reakcije u odnosu na w(KOH) = 1 %. Visoka iskorištenja reakcije dobila su se već nakon 2 minute, no do 15. minute iskorištenje se u prosjeku još povisilo za 1,59 % i doseglo svoj maksimum. Eksperimentalno je pokazano da na iskorištenje najviše utječu parametri maseni udio katalizatora te molarni omjer alkohol/ulje.
Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2022 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište u Zagrebu. Fakultet elektrotehnike i računarstva. Authors: Mitrovski, Karlo;Sve veća potreba za električnom energijom posljedično utječe na sve veće emisije stakleničkih plinova u atmosferu. Nedvojbeno je da se događaju klimatske promjene koje će, ako se ne zaustave, bitno unazadit kvalitetu života budućih generacija. Upravo iz navedenih razloga Europska Unija teži ka ostvarivanju energetskih i klimatskih ciljeva kako bi se što prije ostvarila ugljična neutralnost. Jedan od načina koji je prepoznat u borbi protiv klimatskih promjena i postizanju klimatske neutralnosti su upravo fotonaponski sustavi. U teoretskom dijelu ovog rada detaljno je razrađena tehnologija i princip funkcioniranja fotonaponskog sustava kao i uparivanje istog sa spremnicima energije. Sukladno tome opisane su tehnologije i osnovne veličine baterijskih spremnika koji se koriste u kombinaciji s fotonaponskim sustavima. Nadalje opisan je model samoopskrbe kao jedan od najizraženijih modela, te je pokriven pojam energetske zajednice odnosno zajednice obnovljive energije. U praktičnom dijelu obrađeno je dimenzioniranje fotonaponskih sustava za potrebe kućanskih objekta, dimenzioniranje sustava za potrebe energetske zajednice i dimenzioniranje sustava uz pripomoć baterijskog spremnika. Provedena je financijska analiza za svaki od scenarija, te se provela detaljan usporedba isplativosti. The growing needs for electricity is consequently affecting on emission of greenhouse gases into atmosphere. There is no doubt that climate change is happening which, if not stopped, will significantly set back the quality of life of future generations. European Union is striving to achieve energy and climate goals in order to achieve carbon neutrality as soon as possible. One way that has been recognized in the fight against climate change are photovoltaic systems. In the theoretical part of this work, the technology and the principle of functioning of the photovoltaic system as well as its paring with battery banks are elaborated in detail. Accordingly, the technologies and basic physical values of battery banks used in combination with photovoltaic systems are described. Furthermore, the model of self-sufficiency is described as on of the most pronounced models, and model of energy community is covered as well. In practical part, the sizing of photovoltaic systems for the needs of household buildings, sizing of the system for the needs of the energy community and sizing of the system with the help of a battery bank are discussed. A financial analysis was conducted for each of the scenarios and a detailed cost-effectiveness comparison was made.
Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2022 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište u Zagrebu. Fakultet kemijskog inženjerstva i tehnologije. Funded by:HRZZ | Development of functional...HRZZ| Development of functional biofuels and (bio)additives and characterization of blends with mineral fuelsAuthors: Anelić, Rafael;In this work, the synthesis of 45 polymer additives based on methyl or benzyl methacrylate with octadecyl, dodecyl and 2-(tert-butylamino) ethyl methacrylate was carried out. The aim of the work was to investigate the influence of different proportions of the above monomers on the lowering of the pour point temperature of diesel fuel without additives, mixture of diesel and biodiesel (FAME) B10 and pure biodiesel B100. The polymers were synthesized in a toluene solution containing 50 mass percent of the monomer and with Peroxan PO 70 as initiator at 96 °C. The synthesized polymers were checked for purity (from residual monomers) by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformation. Thermal properties were tested by differential scanning calorimetry. Polymer additive mixtures of 2000 ppm mass in diesel, B10 and B100 were prepared to determine the influence of different comonomer contents in the polymer on the lowtemperature properties. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the influence of polymer additives on the crystallization temperature of the fuel formulations and on the enthalpy of crystallization. To determine the influence of polymer additives on the pour point temperature of fuel formulations, the pour point temperature of the mixtures was measured using the ASTM D5950 automated method. Finally, the effect of additives on the morphology and size of n-paraffin crystals was observed using a microscope with polarization while the mixture was cooled with a cooling stage. It was found that the greatest decrease in the pour point was achieved by the polymers with the highest proportion of dodecyl methacrylate and the lowest proportion of methyl and benzyl methacrylate. These polymers were able to lower the pour point from -18 °C in nonadditivated diesel fuel to -45 °C. These polymer additives showed the best effect in lowering the pour point in the formulation of B10 fuel, where the pour point was lowered from -18 °C to -48 °C. The formulations of the polymer additive in B100 fuel showed a decrease in pour point from -6 °C to -12 °C. The influence of the amine group TBAEMA can be seen in the change in the morphology of the n-paraffin crystals in the form of a decrease in crystal size, which may contribute to the lowering of the cold filter plugging point. In this work, no significant influence on the pour point of diesel fuel by the additive polymer with a comonomer containing an amine group was found. U ovom radu provedena je sinteza 45 polimernih aditiva na osnovi metil ili benzil metakrilata uz oktadecil, dodecil te 2-(tert-butilamino) etil metakrilat. Cilj rada bio je istražiti utjecaj različitih omjera navedenih monomera na sniženje tecišta dizelskog goriva bez drugih aditiva, smjese dizela i 10 vol. % biodizela te čistog biodizela. Polimeri su sintetizirani radikalskom polimerizacijom u otopini toluena uz 50 mas. % monomera uz Peroxan PO 70 kao inicijator. Sintetiziranim polimerima provjerila se čistoća (uspješnost uklanjanja zaostalih monomera) metodom infracrvene spektroskopije s Fourierovom transformacijom. Metodom 1H nuklearne magnetske rezonancije potvrđena je struktura polimernim aditivima. Toplinska svojstva ispitala su se metodom diferencijalne pretražne kalorimetrije. Formulacijama polimernih aditiva udjela 2000 ppm po masi u dizelu, smjesi B10 i B100 ispitana su niskotemperaturna svojstva radi utvrđivanja utjecaja različitih omjera komonomera u polimeru. Metodom diferencijalne pretražne kalorimetrije ispitan je utjecaj polimernih aditiva na temperaturu kristalizacije aditiviranih goriva te na promjenu entalpije kristalizacije. Kako bi se utvrdio utjecaj polimernih aditiva na temperaturu tecišta formulacija goriva, provedeno je mjerenje temperatura tecišta smjesa automatskom metodom po ASTM D5950. Naposlijetku se promatrao utjecaj aditiva na morfologiju i veličinu kristala n-parafina pomoću mikroskopa s polarizacijom dok se smjesa hladila postoljem s hlađenjem. Radom je utvrđeno da se najveće sniženje temperature tecišta postiže polimernim aditivima s najvećim udjelom dodecil metakrilata i najmanjim udjelom metil i benzil metakrilata. Ovi polimeri snizili su temperaturu tecišta s -18 °C neaditiviranog dizelskog goriva na -45 °C. Isti polimerni aditivi pokazali su najveće sniženje tecišta i u formulaciji B10 goriva gdje je tecište sniženo s -18 °C na -48 °C. Pripremljena je i smjesa funkcionalnog polimernog aditiva masenog udjela 2000 ppm u B100 gorivu te je toj formulaciji ispitano tecište. Toj formulaciji tecište se smanjilo s -6 °C (čisto B100 gorivo) na -12 °C. U radu nije utvrđen značajan utjecaj na tecište dizelskog goriva aditiviranim polimerom s komonomerom s aminskim članom. Utjecaj aminske skupine TBAEMA vidljiv je u promjeni morfologije kristala n-parafina u vidu smanjenja veličine kristala što može doprinijeti snižavanju temperature filtrabilnosti.
Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2023 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku. Građevinski i arhitektonski fakultet Osijek. Zavod za organizaciju, tehnologiju i menadžment. Authors: Zanić, Lucija;Klimatske promjene, velika potrošnja energije i zagađenje okoliša su potaknuli da se tradicionalni materijali u građevinarstvu zamijene prirodnim materijalima. Zgrade su veliki potrošači energije i odgovorne su za oko 30% emisije CO2. Istraživanja su okrenuta prema zgradama gotovo nulte energije koje će u bliskoj budućnosti karakterizirati velika energetska učinkovitost. Svrha ovog rada je ispitivanje toplinskih karakteristika potencijalnih uzoraka za drvne zidne obloge. U prvom dijelu rada su opisane toplinske karakteristike, kao što su toplinska vodljivost, toplinski otpor i koeficijent prolaska topline. Uz svaku karakteristiku je priložena i važeća regulativa. U drugom dijelu rada je opisano energetsko stanje u Republici Hrvatskoj te kako su se zakoni vezani uz toplinsku zaštitu mijenjali. Potom su se opisala svojstva svakog od materijala koji se koristio u ispitivanju toplinskih svojstava potencijalnih drvenih obloga. Ispitivani materijali su podijeljeni na drvene materijale, izolacijske materijale, folije i tkanine te kombinacije materijala. Vrijednosti toplinske vodljivosti su dobivene pomoću uređaja FOX 200. Na temelju rezultata toplinske vodljivosti su proračunate vrijednosti toplinskog otpora. Na kraju samog rada dane su preporuke za optimalnu kombinaciju slojeva drvnih zidnih obloga na temelju najpovoljnijih vrijednosti toplinske vodljivosti i troškova materijala. ; Climate change, high energy consumption, and environmental pollution have encouraged traditional materials in construction to be replaced by natural materials. Buildings are large consumers of energy and are responsible for around 30% of CO2 emissions. Research is focused on almost zero-energy buildings, which will be characterized by high energy efficiency in the near future. The aim of this work is to examine the thermal characteristics of potential samples for wooden wall coverings. In the first part of the paper, thermal characteristics are described, such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, and heat transfer coefficient. Each ...
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Conference object 2022 CroatiaReljić, Marko; Zovko, Monika; Bubalo Kovačić, Marina; Kuspilić, Neven; Gilja, Gordon; Mornar, Vedran; Bagić Babac, Marina; Romić, Davor;Podizanje razine mora jedna je od najznačajnijih posljedica klimatskih promjena čime se intenziviraju procesi intruzije morske vode u obalna područja. Iako se problem prodora mora i zaslanjivanja površinskih i podzemnih voda javlja u cijelom priobalnom području Republike Hrvatske, ti procesi posebno su izraženi u dolini rijeke Neretve. Glavni cilj projekta DELTASAL je razviti i primijeniti napredni sustav praćenja, predviđanja i izvješćivanja o stanju agroekosustava doline Neretve koji se dominantno koristi za poljoprivredu. Kontinuiranim mjerenjima s većeg broja instaliranih mjernih postaja i senzora u visokoj vremenskoj rezoluciji prikupit će se veliki broj podataka. Prikupljeni podaci dostupni su dionicima projekta kroz razvijeni višejezični programski sustav, a mogu se koristiti kao smjernice u planiranju budućeg načina gospodarenja hidromelioracijskim sustavom riječne delte i planiranja poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Napredne znanstvene i informacijske tehnike i tehnologije za prikupljanje i pohranu podataka te njihovu statističku obradu i modeliranje bit će korišteni za izradu prognostičkih modela temeljenih na stohastičkim procesima i strojnom učenju za predviđanje promjena unutar ugroženih agroekosustava kao što su riječne delte, a koje su pod izravnim pritiskom klimatskih promjena.
Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIConference object . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2022 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište u Zagrebu. Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje. Authors: Ištvanović, Leonardo;This master’s thesis proposes a technical solution for the heating system and the preparation of domestic hot water for the single residence in the area of the city of Križevci. The house consists of four floors (basement, ground floor, first floor, and attic). The heated floors are the ground floor and the first floor with a net area of 178 m2 . The equipment is located in the boiler room in the basement. The heat transfer coefficients of building elements have been selected according to those specified in the national regulation ''Tehnički propis''. The design heat load of the building was determined according to the HRN EN 12831 norm and the average specific heat loss was determined in the amount of 44 W/m2 . The heating system is designed as hot water with forced circulation with an air-to-water heat pump as a heat source in combination with underfloor heating at a temperature regime of 40/35 °C. Pipe loops are dimensioned according to the heat load of a particular room. In the bathrooms, the underfloor heating loops cannot fully cover the heat losses, and pipe radiators are also installed in them. A heating water buffer with a volume of 101 L is installed in the system to ensure a more stable operation of the heat pump. Parallel operation of the heat pump with an electric heater is planned, with a balance point at a temperature of -6 °C is foreseen. The domestic hot water preparation system consists of a bivalent solar tank with a capacity of 372 L, which is primarily heated by solar collectors to a temperature of 45 °C. The solar system is dimensioned in order to fully cover the energy requirements for DHW in the summer period. The rest of the time, when the solar collectors cannot heat the water to the desired temperature, the heat pump takes over the heating of the water. The solar system consists of two serially connected glazing plate collectors directed towards the south at an inclination of 45°. By applying measures in the construction part and installing energy-efficient systems, the house meets low-energy requirements with specific annual required thermal energy 𝑄𝐻,𝑛𝑑 ′′ = 41,63 kWh/(m2 ∙a) and primary energy 𝐸𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚 = 43,06 kWh/(m2 ∙a). By comparison with the existing situation, significant energy savings in the amount of 90 % as well as a reduction in CO2 emissions in the amount of 67 % were determined. The building sector shows incredible potential for reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions, which can be seen from the example above. U ovome radu predlaže se tehničko rješenje sustava grijanja i pripreme potrošne vode (PTV) obiteljske kuće na području grada Križevaca. Kuća se sastoji od četiri etaže (podrum, prizemlje, kat i potkrovlje). Grijane etaže su prizemlje i kat neto površine 178 m2. Smještaj opreme predviđen je u strojarnici u podrumu. Koeficijenti građevnih elemenata svedeni su na razinu onih navedenih u Tehničkom propisu. Projektno toplinsko opterećenje zgrade određeno je prema normi HRN EN 12831 i dobiven je prosječni specifični toplinski gubitak u iznosu od 44 W/m2. Predviđen je toplovodni sustav grijanja s prisilnom cirkulacijom u kojem se kao toplinski izvor koristi dizalica topline zrak-voda u kombinaciji s cijevnim petljama podnog grijanja pri temperaturnom režimu 40/35 °C. Cijevne petlje dimenzionirane su prema toplinskom opterećenju pojedine prostorije. U kupaonicama petlje podnog grijanja ne mogu u potpunosti pokriti toplinske gubitke te su u njima predviđeni još i cijevni radijatori. U sustav je ugrađen međuspremnik ogrjevne vode volumena 101 L kako bi se osigurao mirniji rad dizalice topline. Predviđen je paralelni rad dizalice topline s električnim grijačem, s balansnom točkom pri temperaturi od -6 °C. Sustav pripreme potrošne tople vode sastoji se od bivalentnog solarnog spremnika zapremnine 372 L koji se prvenstveno zagrijava putem solarnih kolektora na temperaturu od 60 °C. Solarni sustav dimenzioniran je način da se u ljetnom periodu u potpunosti pokriju energetski zahtjevi za PTV. Ostatak vremena kada solarni kolektori ne mogu zagrijati vodu na željenu temperaturu, zagrijavanje vode preuzima dizalica topline. Solarni sustav sastoji se od dva serijski spojena ostakljenja pločasta kolektora usmjerena prema jugu pod nagibom od 45°. Primjenom mjera u građevinskom dijelu i ugradnjom energetski učinkovitih sustava, kuća zadovoljava niskoenergetske zahtjeve sa specifičnom godišnjom potrebnom toplinskom energijom QH,nd'' = 41,63 kWh/(m2∙a) i primarnom energijom Eprim = 43,06 kWh/(m2∙a). Usporedbom s postojećim stanjem utvrđene su značajne energetske uštede u iznosu od 90 % kao i smanjenje emisija CO2 u iznosu od 67 %. Sektor zgradarstva pokazuje velik potencijal za smanjenje potrošnje energije i emisija CO2 što se može vidjeti iz navedenog primjera.
Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis , Other literature type 2021 CroatiaAuthors: Kušter, Dominik;Jedan od obnovljivih izvora energije je i biomasa, koja je izvor energije biološkog porijekla, a pojavljuje se u obliku ogrjevnog drva, grana i drvnog otpada iz šumarstva, piljevine, kore i drvnih ostataka, najčešće iz drvne industrije, kao otpad koji se na ovaj način zbrinjava. Drvna biomasa ima najširu primjenu, a jedan od oblika je i sječka. Energetsko iskorištavanje šumske ili drvne biomase stoljećima je bilo primarni i gotovo jedini izvor energije, a njezina primjena značajno se smanjila pojavom fosilnih goriva i električne energije. Biomasa je, prema članku 3. Zakona o energiji (NN 68/2001, 177/2004, 76/2007, 152/2008 i 127/2010), određena kao biorazgradivi dio proizvoda, ostataka i otpadaka iz poljoprivrede (uključivo s biljnim i životinjskim tvarima), šumarstva i drvne industrije, kao i biorazgradivi dijelovi komunalnog i industrijskog otpada čije je energetsko korištenje dopušteno. Izravno se koristi kao gorivo u ložištima raznih izvedbi i dimenzija, od peći i kotlova za grijanje, kamina pa sve do velikih energetskih postrojenja poput elektrana, toplana, energana i drugih. Izgaranjem biomase dobiva se toplinska i sve češće električna energija. [10] Sječka su komadići drvne biomase raznih dimenzija i oblika koji nastaju sječenjem i usitnjavanjem drvne sirovine. Najčešće se koriste u ložištima s toplinskim učinkom većim od 50 kW pa sve do više MW, što znači i u kotlovima za centralno grijanje obiteljskih kuća, stambenih, javnih i poslovnih zgrada, domova i ugostiteljskih objekata, hotela, ali i industrijskim energanama i termoenergetskim postrojenjima. [10] U ovom diplomskom radu, detaljno su opisani i dimenzionirani svi dijelovi toplovodnog postrojenja na biomasu snage 1 MW. Također je proračunom opisana ekonomičnost između najčešće korištenih vrsta goriva u odnosu na biomasu. Ekonomski je sječka kao biomasa ekonomsko jedna od najisplativijih izvora topline, relativno je automatizirana, osim dostave goriva, čija cijena nije uračunata, te se očekuje sve veće njezino iskorištenje u budućnosti. One of the renewable energy sources is biomass, which is a source of energy of biological origin, and appears in the form of firewood, branches and wood waste from forestry, sawdust, bark and wood residues, most often from the wood industry, as disposal. Wood biomass has the widest application, and one of the forms is wood chips. Over centuries, energy utilization of forest or wood biomass has been primary and one of the only sources of energy. Its application has significantly decreased with the advent of fossil fuels and electrical energy. According to Article 3. Zakona o energiji (NN 68/2001, 177/2004, 76/2007, 152/2008 i 127/2010), biomass has been determined as a biodegradable part of products, residues and waste from agriculture (including plant and animal substances), forestry and wood industry as well as biodegradable parts of municipal and industrial waste, all of which are allowed to be used for energy. It is directly used as a fuel in fireboxes of various designs and dimensions, from stoves and boilers to heating, fireplaces to large power plants, heating plants and others. Combustion of biomass produces heat and often electricity. [10] Wood chips are pieces of wood biomass of various dimensions and shapes created by cutting and chopping wood raw material. They are most used in fireboxes with a heat output greater than 50 kW up to more MW, which means in boilers for central heating of family houses, residential, public and business buildings, homes and restaurants, hotels, as well as industrial power plants and thermal power plants. [10] In this diploma thesis, all parts of a 1 MW biomass hot water plant are described and dimensioned in detail. The calculation also describes the economy between the most commonly used fuels in relation to biomass. Wood chips as biomass are economically one of the most costeffective sources of heat. It is relatively automated, with the exception of the delivery of fuel, the price which is excluded and is expected to increase its use in the future.
Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2021Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIUniversity North Digital RepositoryOther literature type . 2022Data sources: University North Digital Repositoryadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2021 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku. Pravni fakultet Osijek. Katedra trgovačkog, financijskog, pomorskog i općeprometnog prava. Authors: Šeliga, Magdalena;Briga o okolišu postala je sve istaknutija u vladinim politikama posljednjih desetljeća. Veća upotreba javnog prijevoza sada se smatra ključnim sredstvom za postizanje poboljšane učinkovitosti u odnosu na ključne ekološke ciljeve poboljšanja kvalitete zraka u gradovima i smanjenja emisija stakleničkih plinova i zagušenja. Poboljšanje stupnja koordinacije sustava javnog prijevoza, ključno je sredstvo povećanja njegove privlačnosti, a time i razine korištenja. U posljednjem 20. stoljeću mnoge su vlade u razvijenim zemljama nastojale uvesti uključivanje privatnog sektora u pružanje usluga javnog prijevoza, usvajajući niz konkurentskih procesa. Tri vrste reformi u ovom kontekstu su privatizacija usluga i raspisivanje natječaja, privatizacija usluga i franšizing i deregulacija. U sva tri slučaja, vlada odlučuje dopustiti privatnim operaterima da vode usluge kojima su prethodno upravljala javna tijela. Razlika između vrsta reformi leži u stupnju i vrsti ovlasti za regulaciju i planiranje koje zadržava vlada. Cilj rada je predstaviti koncepte reforme javnog prijevoza Republike Hrvatske koji će se odvijati i kroz reforme javnog prijevoza na razini EU. Prometna politika EU-a utvrđena je Ugovorom o funkcioniranju EU-a. Bilo je to jedno od prvih područja u kojima je EU izrazila namjeru stvaranja zajedničkog tržišta, odnosno otvaranja prometnih mreža i uspostavljanja slobode pružanja prometnih usluga. Ključni dokumenti za definiranje ciljeva prometne politike EU-a su Bijele knjige koje Komisija objavljuje otprilike svakih deset godina. Najnovija bijela knjiga, ona iz 2011., postavlja mapu puta s deset ključnih ciljeva za uspostavu jedinstvenog europskog prometnog područja s konkurentnim i resursno učinkovitim prometnim sustavom. Brojni strateški dokumenti i politički dokumenti nadopunjuju i nadovezuju se na prioritete Bijele knjige iz 2011., kako za pojedinačne vidove prijevoza, tako i iz perspektive svih sektora.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2022 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište u Zagrebu. Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje. Authors: Valenčak, Domagoj;In this work was conducted a comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of a liquid chiller(liquid chilling packages) with a flooded spray evaporator in relation to a liquid chiller with a dry type of evaporator of the "shell and tube"construction. Through both evaporators flows a water as a secondary working medium, that is cooled, and the working substance is R290. With a spray evaporator, the working substance is sprayed over the tube and evaporates in the jacket, while with a dry type of evaporator, the working substance evaporates in the tube and becomes overheated. For analysis purposes, the research was carried out at the same test station, using the same compressor, condenser, expansion valve and other auxiliary system components in order to compare the results of work with two different types of evaporators. The cooling effect is variable, depending on needs and varies in values from 170 to 400 kW, and the temperature regime of water is 12/7 °C. In the paper was executed the thermodynamic calculation of the flooded spray evaporator and were presented the merging scheme and automatic regulation of the system and the layout drawing of the cooling unit U ovom radu provedena je usporedna analiza energetske učinkovitosti rashladnika kapljevine s naplavljenim škropnim isparivačem u odnosu na rashladnik kapljevine sa suhim tipom isparivača konstrukcijske izvedbe „cijevi i plašt“. Kroz oba isparivača kao sekundarni radni medij koji se hladi struji voda, a radna tvar je R290. Kod škropnog isparivača radna tvar se raspršuje preko cijevi te isparava u plaštu, a kod suhog tipa isparivača radna tvar isparava u cijevi te postaje pregrijana. Za potrebe analize, istraživanje je provedeno na istoj ispitnoj stanici, koristeći isti kompresor, kondenzator, ekspanzijski ventil te druge pomoćne komponente sustava kako bi se usporedili rezultati rada s dva različita tipa isparivača. Rashladni učin je promjenjiv, ovisno o potrebama i varira u vrijednosti od 170 do 400 kW, a temperaturni režim hlađene vode iznosi 12/7 °C. U radu je proveden termodinamički proračun naplavljenog škropnog isparivača te prikazana shema spajanja i automatske regulacije sustava i dispozicijski crtež rashladnog agregata.
Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBICroatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBICroatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2021 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište u Zadru. Odjel za ekonomiju. Authors: Lukin, Edi;Sustainability as a growing trend in the 21st century has encompassed almost the entire world economy and thus the automotive industry. As a result of this trend, automotive companies are adapting their strategies and operations to contribute to the realization of the concept of sustainability at the level of the planet Earth. By turning to sustainability, the automotive industry is experiencing perhaps the greatest changes in its history, and it is for this reason that this paper explores the sustainable strategies applied by leading companies. The research took into account the first five brands in the automotive industry according to Interbrand (Toyota, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Honda and Hyundai) and their sustainability strategies that strive to achieve the goals of sustainable development of the UN, and a comparative analysis was made. Održivost kao rastući trend u 21. stoljeću obuhvatio je gotovo cijelu svjetsku ekonomiju pa tako i automobilsku industriju. Uslijed tog trenda, automobilske tvrtke prilagođavaju svoje strategije i poslovanje kako bi doprinijele ostvarivanju koncepta održivosti na razini planeta Zemlje. Okretanjem prema održivosti, automobilska industrija doživljava možda i najveće promjene u svojoj povijesti postojanja te se upravo iz tog razloga ovaj rad bavi istraživanjem održivih strategija koje vodeće tvrtke primjenjuju. U istraživanju se razmatraju prvih pet marki automobilske industrije prema Interbrandu (Toyota, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Honda i Hyundai) i njihove strategije održivosti koje teže ostvarenju ciljeva održivog razvoja UN-a te je napravljena njihova komparativna analiza.
Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2021Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIUniversity of Zadar Institutional RepositoryMaster thesis . 2021Data sources: University of Zadar Institutional Repositoryadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis , Bachelor thesis 2022 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište u Zagrebu. Fakultet kemijskog inženjerstva i tehnologije. Funded by:HRZZ | Development of functional...HRZZ| Development of functional biofuels and (bio)additives and characterization of blends with mineral fuelsAuthors: Krvavica, Matija;Biodiesel fuel is a fatty acid alkyl ester, commonly synthesized via transesterification of triglycerides (vegetable oils and animal fats) with an alcohol, in a presence of a catalyst. Production of biodiesel fuel from waste vegetable oil eliminates additional costs of growing oilseed plants as a raw material, reduces the amount of waste in the food sector, preserves fertile land area and water, eliminates direct competition with food which could otherwise potentially lead to price increase and shortages of edible vegetable oils. The structure of the biodiesel molecule depends on the feedstock from which it's synthesized. The triglyceride’s fatty acids have mainly straight hydrocarbon chains, so the alcohol molecule determines if the ester will be straight-chained or branched. The molecule structure is determinant for some diesel fuel properties. For example, longer straight-chained molecules will have higher cetane number values, while branched ones will have lower pour point values and, therefore, engines will be able to perform at lower temperatures. Cetane number is the prime indicator of the fuel quality used in the internal combustion compression engines. Some biodiesel fuels show high cetane number values. It has been proven that longer hydrocarbon chains in the ester molecules are proportionately related to the cetane number value, therefore, synthesis with higher alcohols are being tested, such as 1-Hexanol. In this research, the influence of reaction parameters on the transesterification process of waste vegetable oil with 1-Hexanol was examined. The influence of the alcohol/oil molar ratio, the influence of the mass fraction of the alkaline catalyst KOH, the influence of the reaction time and temperature were monitored. The conversion was calculated from 1H NMR spectra by integrating the surface areas of specific signals. The experimental part of the research established that 60 °C is the best temperature out of given three in the reaction. 12:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio had a higher conversion because greater excess of an alcohol shifted this reversible chemical reaction more towards the products. The catalyst mass fraction of w(KOH) = 3 % gave higher reaction yields than the 1 % one. High conversions of the reaction were obtained after only 2 minutes, but by the 15th minute the conversion increased by approximately 1.59 % and reached its near maximum. It was experimentally shown that the parameters that have the greatest effect on conversion are the mass fraction of the catalyst and the alcohol to oil molar ratio. Biodizel je ester masnih kiselina koji se najčešće sintetizira reakcijom transesterifikacije triglicerida (biljna ulja i životinjske masti) s alkoholom u prisustvu katalizatora. Proizvodnjom od otpadnog ulja, eliminiraju se dodatni troškovi uzgoja biljaka uljarica, štede se plodne površine i voda, izbjegava se kompeticija s hranom što može dovesti do rasta cijena i nedostatka hrane (jestiva biljna ulja) te se smanjuje nastanak otpada u prehrambenom sektoru. Struktura molekule biodizela ovisi o sirovinama od kojih se sintetizira. Masne kiseline triglicerida uglavnom su ravnolančane, stoga molekula alkohola određuje hoće li ester biti razgranat ili ravnolančan. Oblik molekule je odlučujuć za neka svojstva dizelskog goriva. Primjerice, duže ravnolančane molekule povećat će vrijednost cetanskog broja, dok će razgranati esteri sniziti tecište što će omogućiti rad pri nižim temperaturama. Cetanski broj je primarni indikator kvalitete goriva korištenog u kompresijskim motorima s unutarnjim izgaranjem. Neki biodizeli pokazuju visoke vrijednost cetanskog broja, no dokazano je kako su dulji ugljikovodični lanci u molekulama estera proporcionalno povezani s vrijednosti cetanskog broja. U tu svrhu istražuju se sinteze s višim alkoholima poput 1-heksanola. U ovom radu ispitivani su utjecaji reakcijskih parametara na iskorištenje reakcije transesterifikacije otpadnog ulja s heksanolom. Pratio se utjecaj molarnog omjera alkohol/ulje, utjecaj masenog udjela lužnatog katalizatora KOH, utjecaj reakcijskog vremena i temperature. Iskorištenje se određivalo iz 1H NMR spektra integriranjem površine pojedinih signala. Eksperimentalnim dijelom rada utvrđeno je da se najveće iskorištenje dobiva pri temperaturi od 60 °C. Veće iskorištenje reakcija je imala s molarnim omjerom alkohol/ulje 12:1. Veći suvišak alkohola ovu je ravnotežnu reakciju pomaknuo više prema produktima. Maseni udio katalizatora od w(KOH) = 3 % dao je veća iskorištenja reakcije u odnosu na w(KOH) = 1 %. Visoka iskorištenja reakcije dobila su se već nakon 2 minute, no do 15. minute iskorištenje se u prosjeku još povisilo za 1,59 % i doseglo svoj maksimum. Eksperimentalno je pokazano da na iskorištenje najviše utječu parametri maseni udio katalizatora te molarni omjer alkohol/ulje.
Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2022 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište u Zagrebu. Fakultet elektrotehnike i računarstva. Authors: Mitrovski, Karlo;Sve veća potreba za električnom energijom posljedično utječe na sve veće emisije stakleničkih plinova u atmosferu. Nedvojbeno je da se događaju klimatske promjene koje će, ako se ne zaustave, bitno unazadit kvalitetu života budućih generacija. Upravo iz navedenih razloga Europska Unija teži ka ostvarivanju energetskih i klimatskih ciljeva kako bi se što prije ostvarila ugljična neutralnost. Jedan od načina koji je prepoznat u borbi protiv klimatskih promjena i postizanju klimatske neutralnosti su upravo fotonaponski sustavi. U teoretskom dijelu ovog rada detaljno je razrađena tehnologija i princip funkcioniranja fotonaponskog sustava kao i uparivanje istog sa spremnicima energije. Sukladno tome opisane su tehnologije i osnovne veličine baterijskih spremnika koji se koriste u kombinaciji s fotonaponskim sustavima. Nadalje opisan je model samoopskrbe kao jedan od najizraženijih modela, te je pokriven pojam energetske zajednice odnosno zajednice obnovljive energije. U praktičnom dijelu obrađeno je dimenzioniranje fotonaponskih sustava za potrebe kućanskih objekta, dimenzioniranje sustava za potrebe energetske zajednice i dimenzioniranje sustava uz pripomoć baterijskog spremnika. Provedena je financijska analiza za svaki od scenarija, te se provela detaljan usporedba isplativosti. The growing needs for electricity is consequently affecting on emission of greenhouse gases into atmosphere. There is no doubt that climate change is happening which, if not stopped, will significantly set back the quality of life of future generations. European Union is striving to achieve energy and climate goals in order to achieve carbon neutrality as soon as possible. One way that has been recognized in the fight against climate change are photovoltaic systems. In the theoretical part of this work, the technology and the principle of functioning of the photovoltaic system as well as its paring with battery banks are elaborated in detail. Accordingly, the technologies and basic physical values of battery banks used in combination with photovoltaic systems are described. Furthermore, the model of self-sufficiency is described as on of the most pronounced models, and model of energy community is covered as well. In practical part, the sizing of photovoltaic systems for the needs of household buildings, sizing of the system for the needs of the energy community and sizing of the system with the help of a battery bank are discussed. A financial analysis was conducted for each of the scenarios and a detailed cost-effectiveness comparison was made.
Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2022 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište u Zagrebu. Fakultet kemijskog inženjerstva i tehnologije. Funded by:HRZZ | Development of functional...HRZZ| Development of functional biofuels and (bio)additives and characterization of blends with mineral fuelsAuthors: Anelić, Rafael;In this work, the synthesis of 45 polymer additives based on methyl or benzyl methacrylate with octadecyl, dodecyl and 2-(tert-butylamino) ethyl methacrylate was carried out. The aim of the work was to investigate the influence of different proportions of the above monomers on the lowering of the pour point temperature of diesel fuel without additives, mixture of diesel and biodiesel (FAME) B10 and pure biodiesel B100. The polymers were synthesized in a toluene solution containing 50 mass percent of the monomer and with Peroxan PO 70 as initiator at 96 °C. The synthesized polymers were checked for purity (from residual monomers) by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformation. Thermal properties were tested by differential scanning calorimetry. Polymer additive mixtures of 2000 ppm mass in diesel, B10 and B100 were prepared to determine the influence of different comonomer contents in the polymer on the lowtemperature properties. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the influence of polymer additives on the crystallization temperature of the fuel formulations and on the enthalpy of crystallization. To determine the influence of polymer additives on the pour point temperature of fuel formulations, the pour point temperature of the mixtures was measured using the ASTM D5950 automated method. Finally, the effect of additives on the morphology and size of n-paraffin crystals was observed using a microscope with polarization while the mixture was cooled with a cooling stage. It was found that the greatest decrease in the pour point was achieved by the polymers with the highest proportion of dodecyl methacrylate and the lowest proportion of methyl and benzyl methacrylate. These polymers were able to lower the pour point from -18 °C in nonadditivated diesel fuel to -45 °C. These polymer additives showed the best effect in lowering the pour point in the formulation of B10 fuel, where the pour point was lowered from -18 °C to -48 °C. The formulations of the polymer additive in B100 fuel showed a decrease in pour point from -6 °C to -12 °C. The influence of the amine group TBAEMA can be seen in the change in the morphology of the n-paraffin crystals in the form of a decrease in crystal size, which may contribute to the lowering of the cold filter plugging point. In this work, no significant influence on the pour point of diesel fuel by the additive polymer with a comonomer containing an amine group was found. U ovom radu provedena je sinteza 45 polimernih aditiva na osnovi metil ili benzil metakrilata uz oktadecil, dodecil te 2-(tert-butilamino) etil metakrilat. Cilj rada bio je istražiti utjecaj različitih omjera navedenih monomera na sniženje tecišta dizelskog goriva bez drugih aditiva, smjese dizela i 10 vol. % biodizela te čistog biodizela. Polimeri su sintetizirani radikalskom polimerizacijom u otopini toluena uz 50 mas. % monomera uz Peroxan PO 70 kao inicijator. Sintetiziranim polimerima provjerila se čistoća (uspješnost uklanjanja zaostalih monomera) metodom infracrvene spektroskopije s Fourierovom transformacijom. Metodom 1H nuklearne magnetske rezonancije potvrđena je struktura polimernim aditivima. Toplinska svojstva ispitala su se metodom diferencijalne pretražne kalorimetrije. Formulacijama polimernih aditiva udjela 2000 ppm po masi u dizelu, smjesi B10 i B100 ispitana su niskotemperaturna svojstva radi utvrđivanja utjecaja različitih omjera komonomera u polimeru. Metodom diferencijalne pretražne kalorimetrije ispitan je utjecaj polimernih aditiva na temperaturu kristalizacije aditiviranih goriva te na promjenu entalpije kristalizacije. Kako bi se utvrdio utjecaj polimernih aditiva na temperaturu tecišta formulacija goriva, provedeno je mjerenje temperatura tecišta smjesa automatskom metodom po ASTM D5950. Naposlijetku se promatrao utjecaj aditiva na morfologiju i veličinu kristala n-parafina pomoću mikroskopa s polarizacijom dok se smjesa hladila postoljem s hlađenjem. Radom je utvrđeno da se najveće sniženje temperature tecišta postiže polimernim aditivima s najvećim udjelom dodecil metakrilata i najmanjim udjelom metil i benzil metakrilata. Ovi polimeri snizili su temperaturu tecišta s -18 °C neaditiviranog dizelskog goriva na -45 °C. Isti polimerni aditivi pokazali su najveće sniženje tecišta i u formulaciji B10 goriva gdje je tecište sniženo s -18 °C na -48 °C. Pripremljena je i smjesa funkcionalnog polimernog aditiva masenog udjela 2000 ppm u B100 gorivu te je toj formulaciji ispitano tecište. Toj formulaciji tecište se smanjilo s -6 °C (čisto B100 gorivo) na -12 °C. U radu nije utvrđen značajan utjecaj na tecište dizelskog goriva aditiviranim polimerom s komonomerom s aminskim članom. Utjecaj aminske skupine TBAEMA vidljiv je u promjeni morfologije kristala n-parafina u vidu smanjenja veličine kristala što može doprinijeti snižavanju temperature filtrabilnosti.
Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2023 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku. Građevinski i arhitektonski fakultet Osijek. Zavod za organizaciju, tehnologiju i menadžment. Authors: Zanić, Lucija;Klimatske promjene, velika potrošnja energije i zagađenje okoliša su potaknuli da se tradicionalni materijali u građevinarstvu zamijene prirodnim materijalima. Zgrade su veliki potrošači energije i odgovorne su za oko 30% emisije CO2. Istraživanja su okrenuta prema zgradama gotovo nulte energije koje će u bliskoj budućnosti karakterizirati velika energetska učinkovitost. Svrha ovog rada je ispitivanje toplinskih karakteristika potencijalnih uzoraka za drvne zidne obloge. U prvom dijelu rada su opisane toplinske karakteristike, kao što su toplinska vodljivost, toplinski otpor i koeficijent prolaska topline. Uz svaku karakteristiku je priložena i važeća regulativa. U drugom dijelu rada je opisano energetsko stanje u Republici Hrvatskoj te kako su se zakoni vezani uz toplinsku zaštitu mijenjali. Potom su se opisala svojstva svakog od materijala koji se koristio u ispitivanju toplinskih svojstava potencijalnih drvenih obloga. Ispitivani materijali su podijeljeni na drvene materijale, izolacijske materijale, folije i tkanine te kombinacije materijala. Vrijednosti toplinske vodljivosti su dobivene pomoću uređaja FOX 200. Na temelju rezultata toplinske vodljivosti su proračunate vrijednosti toplinskog otpora. Na kraju samog rada dane su preporuke za optimalnu kombinaciju slojeva drvnih zidnih obloga na temelju najpovoljnijih vrijednosti toplinske vodljivosti i troškova materijala. ; Climate change, high energy consumption, and environmental pollution have encouraged traditional materials in construction to be replaced by natural materials. Buildings are large consumers of energy and are responsible for around 30% of CO2 emissions. Research is focused on almost zero-energy buildings, which will be characterized by high energy efficiency in the near future. The aim of this work is to examine the thermal characteristics of potential samples for wooden wall coverings. In the first part of the paper, thermal characteristics are described, such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, and heat transfer coefficient. Each ...
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Conference object 2022 CroatiaReljić, Marko; Zovko, Monika; Bubalo Kovačić, Marina; Kuspilić, Neven; Gilja, Gordon; Mornar, Vedran; Bagić Babac, Marina; Romić, Davor;Podizanje razine mora jedna je od najznačajnijih posljedica klimatskih promjena čime se intenziviraju procesi intruzije morske vode u obalna područja. Iako se problem prodora mora i zaslanjivanja površinskih i podzemnih voda javlja u cijelom priobalnom području Republike Hrvatske, ti procesi posebno su izraženi u dolini rijeke Neretve. Glavni cilj projekta DELTASAL je razviti i primijeniti napredni sustav praćenja, predviđanja i izvješćivanja o stanju agroekosustava doline Neretve koji se dominantno koristi za poljoprivredu. Kontinuiranim mjerenjima s većeg broja instaliranih mjernih postaja i senzora u visokoj vremenskoj rezoluciji prikupit će se veliki broj podataka. Prikupljeni podaci dostupni su dionicima projekta kroz razvijeni višejezični programski sustav, a mogu se koristiti kao smjernice u planiranju budućeg načina gospodarenja hidromelioracijskim sustavom riječne delte i planiranja poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Napredne znanstvene i informacijske tehnike i tehnologije za prikupljanje i pohranu podataka te njihovu statističku obradu i modeliranje bit će korišteni za izradu prognostičkih modela temeljenih na stohastičkim procesima i strojnom učenju za predviđanje promjena unutar ugroženih agroekosustava kao što su riječne delte, a koje su pod izravnim pritiskom klimatskih promjena.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2022 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište u Zagrebu. Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje. Authors: Ištvanović, Leonardo;This master’s thesis proposes a technical solution for the heating system and the preparation of domestic hot water for the single residence in the area of the city of Križevci. The house consists of four floors (basement, ground floor, first floor, and attic). The heated floors are the ground floor and the first floor with a net area of 178 m2 . The equipment is located in the boiler room in the basement. The heat transfer coefficients of building elements have been selected according to those specified in the national regulation ''Tehnički propis''. The design heat load of the building was determined according to the HRN EN 12831 norm and the average specific heat loss was determined in the amount of 44 W/m2 . The heating system is designed as hot water with forced circulation with an air-to-water heat pump as a heat source in combination with underfloor heating at a temperature regime of 40/35 °C. Pipe loops are dimensioned according to the heat load of a particular room. In the bathrooms, the underfloor heating loops cannot fully cover the heat losses, and pipe radiators are also installed in them. A heating water buffer with a volume of 101 L is installed in the system to ensure a more stable operation of the heat pump. Parallel operation of the heat pump with an electric heater is planned, with a balance point at a temperature of -6 °C is foreseen. The domestic hot water preparation system consists of a bivalent solar tank with a capacity of 372 L, which is primarily heated by solar collectors to a temperature of 45 °C. The solar system is dimensioned in order to fully cover the energy requirements for DHW in the summer period. The rest of the time, when the solar collectors cannot heat the water to the desired temperature, the heat pump takes over the heating of the water. The solar system consists of two serially connected glazing plate collectors directed towards the south at an inclination of 45°. By applying measures in the construction part and installing energy-efficient systems, the house meets low-energy requirements with specific annual required thermal energy 𝑄𝐻,𝑛𝑑 ′′ = 41,63 kWh/(m2 ∙a) and primary energy 𝐸𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚 = 43,06 kWh/(m2 ∙a). By comparison with the existing situation, significant energy savings in the amount of 90 % as well as a reduction in CO2 emissions in the amount of 67 % were determined. The building sector shows incredible potential for reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions, which can be seen from the example above. U ovome radu predlaže se tehničko rješenje sustava grijanja i pripreme potrošne vode (PTV) obiteljske kuće na području grada Križevaca. Kuća se sastoji od četiri etaže (podrum, prizemlje, kat i potkrovlje). Grijane etaže su prizemlje i kat neto površine 178 m2. Smještaj opreme predviđen je u strojarnici u podrumu. Koeficijenti građevnih elemenata svedeni su na razinu onih navedenih u Tehničkom propisu. Projektno toplinsko opterećenje zgrade određeno je prema normi HRN EN 12831 i dobiven je prosječni specifični toplinski gubitak u iznosu od 44 W/m2. Predviđen je toplovodni sustav grijanja s prisilnom cirkulacijom u kojem se kao toplinski izvor koristi dizalica topline zrak-voda u kombinaciji s cijevnim petljama podnog grijanja pri temperaturnom režimu 40/35 °C. Cijevne petlje dimenzionirane su prema toplinskom opterećenju pojedine prostorije. U kupaonicama petlje podnog grijanja ne mogu u potpunosti pokriti toplinske gubitke te su u njima predviđeni još i cijevni radijatori. U sustav je ugrađen međuspremnik ogrjevne vode volumena 101 L kako bi se osigurao mirniji rad dizalice topline. Predviđen je paralelni rad dizalice topline s električnim grijačem, s balansnom točkom pri temperaturi od -6 °C. Sustav pripreme potrošne tople vode sastoji se od bivalentnog solarnog spremnika zapremnine 372 L koji se prvenstveno zagrijava putem solarnih kolektora na temperaturu od 60 °C. Solarni sustav dimenzioniran je način da se u ljetnom periodu u potpunosti pokriju energetski zahtjevi za PTV. Ostatak vremena kada solarni kolektori ne mogu zagrijati vodu na željenu temperaturu, zagrijavanje vode preuzima dizalica topline. Solarni sustav sastoji se od dva serijski spojena ostakljenja pločasta kolektora usmjerena prema jugu pod nagibom od 45°. Primjenom mjera u građevinskom dijelu i ugradnjom energetski učinkovitih sustava, kuća zadovoljava niskoenergetske zahtjeve sa specifičnom godišnjom potrebnom toplinskom energijom QH,nd'' = 41,63 kWh/(m2∙a) i primarnom energijom Eprim = 43,06 kWh/(m2∙a). Usporedbom s postojećim stanjem utvrđene su značajne energetske uštede u iznosu od 90 % kao i smanjenje emisija CO2 u iznosu od 67 %. Sektor zgradarstva pokazuje velik potencijal za smanjenje potrošnje energije i emisija CO2 što se može vidjeti iz navedenog primjera.
Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis , Other literature type 2021 CroatiaAuthors: Kušter, Dominik;Jedan od obnovljivih izvora energije je i biomasa, koja je izvor energije biološkog porijekla, a pojavljuje se u obliku ogrjevnog drva, grana i drvnog otpada iz šumarstva, piljevine, kore i drvnih ostataka, najčešće iz drvne industrije, kao otpad koji se na ovaj način zbrinjava. Drvna biomasa ima najširu primjenu, a jedan od oblika je i sječka. Energetsko iskorištavanje šumske ili drvne biomase stoljećima je bilo primarni i gotovo jedini izvor energije, a njezina primjena značajno se smanjila pojavom fosilnih goriva i električne energije. Biomasa je, prema članku 3. Zakona o energiji (NN 68/2001, 177/2004, 76/2007, 152/2008 i 127/2010), određena kao biorazgradivi dio proizvoda, ostataka i otpadaka iz poljoprivrede (uključivo s biljnim i životinjskim tvarima), šumarstva i drvne industrije, kao i biorazgradivi dijelovi komunalnog i industrijskog otpada čije je energetsko korištenje dopušteno. Izravno se koristi kao gorivo u ložištima raznih izvedbi i dimenzija, od peći i kotlova za grijanje, kamina pa sve do velikih energetskih postrojenja poput elektrana, toplana, energana i drugih. Izgaranjem biomase dobiva se toplinska i sve češće električna energija. [10] Sječka su komadići drvne biomase raznih dimenzija i oblika koji nastaju sječenjem i usitnjavanjem drvne sirovine. Najčešće se koriste u ložištima s toplinskim učinkom većim od 50 kW pa sve do više MW, što znači i u kotlovima za centralno grijanje obiteljskih kuća, stambenih, javnih i poslovnih zgrada, domova i ugostiteljskih objekata, hotela, ali i industrijskim energanama i termoenergetskim postrojenjima. [10] U ovom diplomskom radu, detaljno su opisani i dimenzionirani svi dijelovi toplovodnog postrojenja na biomasu snage 1 MW. Također je proračunom opisana ekonomičnost između najčešće korištenih vrsta goriva u odnosu na biomasu. Ekonomski je sječka kao biomasa ekonomsko jedna od najisplativijih izvora topline, relativno je automatizirana, osim dostave goriva, čija cijena nije uračunata, te se očekuje sve veće njezino iskorištenje u budućnosti. One of the renewable energy sources is biomass, which is a source of energy of biological origin, and appears in the form of firewood, branches and wood waste from forestry, sawdust, bark and wood residues, most often from the wood industry, as disposal. Wood biomass has the widest application, and one of the forms is wood chips. Over centuries, energy utilization of forest or wood biomass has been primary and one of the only sources of energy. Its application has significantly decreased with the advent of fossil fuels and electrical energy. According to Article 3. Zakona o energiji (NN 68/2001, 177/2004, 76/2007, 152/2008 i 127/2010), biomass has been determined as a biodegradable part of products, residues and waste from agriculture (including plant and animal substances), forestry and wood industry as well as biodegradable parts of municipal and industrial waste, all of which are allowed to be used for energy. It is directly used as a fuel in fireboxes of various designs and dimensions, from stoves and boilers to heating, fireplaces to large power plants, heating plants and others. Combustion of biomass produces heat and often electricity. [10] Wood chips are pieces of wood biomass of various dimensions and shapes created by cutting and chopping wood raw material. They are most used in fireboxes with a heat output greater than 50 kW up to more MW, which means in boilers for central heating of family houses, residential, public and business buildings, homes and restaurants, hotels, as well as industrial power plants and thermal power plants. [10] In this diploma thesis, all parts of a 1 MW biomass hot water plant are described and dimensioned in detail. The calculation also describes the economy between the most commonly used fuels in relation to biomass. Wood chips as biomass are economically one of the most costeffective sources of heat. It is relatively automated, with the exception of the delivery of fuel, the price which is excluded and is expected to increase its use in the future.
Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2021Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIUniversity North Digital RepositoryOther literature type . 2022Data sources: University North Digital Repositoryadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2021 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku. Pravni fakultet Osijek. Katedra trgovačkog, financijskog, pomorskog i općeprometnog prava. Authors: Šeliga, Magdalena;Briga o okolišu postala je sve istaknutija u vladinim politikama posljednjih desetljeća. Veća upotreba javnog prijevoza sada se smatra ključnim sredstvom za postizanje poboljšane učinkovitosti u odnosu na ključne ekološke ciljeve poboljšanja kvalitete zraka u gradovima i smanjenja emisija stakleničkih plinova i zagušenja. Poboljšanje stupnja koordinacije sustava javnog prijevoza, ključno je sredstvo povećanja njegove privlačnosti, a time i razine korištenja. U posljednjem 20. stoljeću mnoge su vlade u razvijenim zemljama nastojale uvesti uključivanje privatnog sektora u pružanje usluga javnog prijevoza, usvajajući niz konkurentskih procesa. Tri vrste reformi u ovom kontekstu su privatizacija usluga i raspisivanje natječaja, privatizacija usluga i franšizing i deregulacija. U sva tri slučaja, vlada odlučuje dopustiti privatnim operaterima da vode usluge kojima su prethodno upravljala javna tijela. Razlika između vrsta reformi leži u stupnju i vrsti ovlasti za regulaciju i planiranje koje zadržava vlada. Cilj rada je predstaviti koncepte reforme javnog prijevoza Republike Hrvatske koji će se odvijati i kroz reforme javnog prijevoza na razini EU. Prometna politika EU-a utvrđena je Ugovorom o funkcioniranju EU-a. Bilo je to jedno od prvih područja u kojima je EU izrazila namjeru stvaranja zajedničkog tržišta, odnosno otvaranja prometnih mreža i uspostavljanja slobode pružanja prometnih usluga. Ključni dokumenti za definiranje ciljeva prometne politike EU-a su Bijele knjige koje Komisija objavljuje otprilike svakih deset godina. Najnovija bijela knjiga, ona iz 2011., postavlja mapu puta s deset ključnih ciljeva za uspostavu jedinstvenog europskog prometnog područja s konkurentnim i resursno učinkovitim prometnim sustavom. Brojni strateški dokumenti i politički dokumenti nadopunjuju i nadovezuju se na prioritete Bijele knjige iz 2011., kako za pojedinačne vidove prijevoza, tako i iz perspektive svih sektora.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2022 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište u Zagrebu. Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje. Authors: Valenčak, Domagoj;In this work was conducted a comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of a liquid chiller(liquid chilling packages) with a flooded spray evaporator in relation to a liquid chiller with a dry type of evaporator of the "shell and tube"construction. Through both evaporators flows a water as a secondary working medium, that is cooled, and the working substance is R290. With a spray evaporator, the working substance is sprayed over the tube and evaporates in the jacket, while with a dry type of evaporator, the working substance evaporates in the tube and becomes overheated. For analysis purposes, the research was carried out at the same test station, using the same compressor, condenser, expansion valve and other auxiliary system components in order to compare the results of work with two different types of evaporators. The cooling effect is variable, depending on needs and varies in values from 170 to 400 kW, and the temperature regime of water is 12/7 °C. In the paper was executed the thermodynamic calculation of the flooded spray evaporator and were presented the merging scheme and automatic regulation of the system and the layout drawing of the cooling unit U ovom radu provedena je usporedna analiza energetske učinkovitosti rashladnika kapljevine s naplavljenim škropnim isparivačem u odnosu na rashladnik kapljevine sa suhim tipom isparivača konstrukcijske izvedbe „cijevi i plašt“. Kroz oba isparivača kao sekundarni radni medij koji se hladi struji voda, a radna tvar je R290. Kod škropnog isparivača radna tvar se raspršuje preko cijevi te isparava u plaštu, a kod suhog tipa isparivača radna tvar isparava u cijevi te postaje pregrijana. Za potrebe analize, istraživanje je provedeno na istoj ispitnoj stanici, koristeći isti kompresor, kondenzator, ekspanzijski ventil te druge pomoćne komponente sustava kako bi se usporedili rezultati rada s dva različita tipa isparivača. Rashladni učin je promjenjiv, ovisno o potrebama i varira u vrijednosti od 170 do 400 kW, a temperaturni režim hlađene vode iznosi 12/7 °C. U radu je proveden termodinamički proračun naplavljenog škropnog isparivača te prikazana shema spajanja i automatske regulacije sustava i dispozicijski crtež rashladnog agregata.
Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBICroatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2022Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2021 CroatiaPublisher:Sveučilište u Zadru. Odjel za ekonomiju. Authors: Lukin, Edi;Sustainability as a growing trend in the 21st century has encompassed almost the entire world economy and thus the automotive industry. As a result of this trend, automotive companies are adapting their strategies and operations to contribute to the realization of the concept of sustainability at the level of the planet Earth. By turning to sustainability, the automotive industry is experiencing perhaps the greatest changes in its history, and it is for this reason that this paper explores the sustainable strategies applied by leading companies. The research took into account the first five brands in the automotive industry according to Interbrand (Toyota, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Honda and Hyundai) and their sustainability strategies that strive to achieve the goals of sustainable development of the UN, and a comparative analysis was made. Održivost kao rastući trend u 21. stoljeću obuhvatio je gotovo cijelu svjetsku ekonomiju pa tako i automobilsku industriju. Uslijed tog trenda, automobilske tvrtke prilagođavaju svoje strategije i poslovanje kako bi doprinijele ostvarivanju koncepta održivosti na razini planeta Zemlje. Okretanjem prema održivosti, automobilska industrija doživljava možda i najveće promjene u svojoj povijesti postojanja te se upravo iz tog razloga ovaj rad bavi istraživanjem održivih strategija koje vodeće tvrtke primjenjuju. U istraživanju se razmatraju prvih pet marki automobilske industrije prema Interbrandu (Toyota, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Honda i Hyundai) i njihove strategije održivosti koje teže ostvarenju ciljeva održivog razvoja UN-a te je napravljena njihova komparativna analiza.
Croatian Scientific ... arrow_drop_down Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIMaster thesis . 2021Data sources: Croatian Scientific Bibliography - CROSBIUniversity of Zadar Institutional RepositoryMaster thesis . 2021Data sources: University of Zadar Institutional Repositoryadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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