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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Avcı, Ayşegül;

    Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 1996. Kaynakça (s. 70-76) var. v, 76(4) s. ; 30 cm. TEZ2238 …

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Gürer, Ahmet;

    21 ÖZET Bu çalışmada, sıçanlarda deneysel olarak geliştirilen stres (hareketsizlik + soğuk), indometazin, etanol ülserinde, ksantin oksidaz inhibitörü allopurinol ve serbest radikal tutucusu SOD'nin etkileri ve serbest oksijen radikallerinin stres, indometazin ve etanol ülseri gelişimindeki rolleri araştırılmıştır. Hareketsizlik + soğuk stresi uygulanan grupta ülser skoru (mm.) 20.0±3.8 olarak bulunurken, önceden allopurinol uygulanan sıçanlarda ülser skoru 9.8+1.3 olarak belirlenmiş ve her iki grubun değerleri birbiriyle karşılaştırıldığında fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0,001). SOD verilen ayrı bir grupta ise ülser skoru 13.4±2.4 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ülser kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında SOD'nin ülser gelişimini istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde (p<0,001) önlediği sap tanmıştır. İndometazin verilen sıçanlarda ülser skorunun 22.4±2.8mm. olduğu gözlenmiştir. İndomatezin verilme den önce allopurinol verilen grupta ülser skorunun 13.5±2.4, SOD verilen grupta ise ülser skorunun 7. 6±1. 3 mm. olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında, allopurinolün ve SOD'nin ülser gelişimini istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede22 (p<0,001) olarak azalttığı saptanmıştır. Ayrıca SOD ve Allopurinol uygulanan gruplar birbirleri ile karşılaştırıldığında SOD ' nin allopurinolden daha etkin bir şekilde lezyon gelişmesini engellediği belirlenmiştir. % 40 v/v etanol uygulanan sıçanlarda ülser skoru 23,8±5/9 olarak saptanmıştır. Allopurinol uygulanan grupta allopurinolün ülser gelişimini anlamlı olarak azalttığı (P<0,001); ülser skorunun 12.8±2.2 olduğu gözlenmiştir. SOD verilen grupta ise ülser skoru 18.7±4.8 olarak belirlenmiş ve kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında farkın istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığı (p>0,005) saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmadaki çıkarımımız; stres ülserinde ksantin oksidaz ve lipoksi jenaz, indometazin ülserinde esas olarak lipoksijenaz ve daha az olarak ksantin oksidaz, etanol ülserinde ksantin oksidaz aracılığı ile oluşan serbest oksijen radikallerinin lezyon gelişiminde önemli rol oynadığını telkin ettiği şeklindedir. Sonuç olarak; deneysel oluşturulan stres, indometazin ve etanol ülserinde serbest oksijen radikallerinin de diğer hümoral mediyatörler yanında lezyon gelişmesinde önemli rolü olduğu ileri sürülebilir. 29

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Vatansever, Mehmet;

    Tourism is an industry that has started to rise rapidly in recent years. Thus, there has been a tendency towards different tourism types rather than mass tourism in order to spread tourism on every day of the year. By this way, there has been an increasing interest in the developing alternative tourism types and these tourism types have started to be evaluated within the frame of sustainability. Alternative tourism types increase people's interest in unexplored natural environments and make these regions a destination, which has brought up the issue of protecting the regions and realizing tourism activities there. As long as tourism activities in these regions are carried out within the scope of eco-tourism; the richnesses and natural diversity of the regions will be protected and the local people will develop socio-economically. This study examines all the richnesses and potential tourism types in Bird Sanctuary on the Kızılırmak Delta and includes the opinions and suggestions of relevant shareholders regarding the problems of the region. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant shareholders and their opinions about the tourism supply and sustainability of the region were received. As a result of the study, it was determined that available touristic and social facilities in the region were inadequate, infra and super structures in the region needed to be developed and a greater importance had to be attached to advertising activities. In addition, it was concluded that shareholders were highly positive and excited about protecting the beauties of the Kızılırmak Delta and providing its sustainability by including the delta in the permanent heritage list of UNESCO Turizm son zamanlarda hızla yükselişe geçen bir endüstridir. Bu nedenle turizmin yılın her gününe yayılması amacı ile kitle turizminden farklı turizm türlerine yönelim başlamıştır. Bu sayede gelişen alternatif turizm türlerine olan ilgi artmış ve bu turizm türleri sürdürülebilirlik çerçevesinde değerlendirilmeye başlanmıştır. Alternatif turizm türleri ile birlikte insanların keşfedilmemiş doğal ortamlara olan ilgisinin artması ve bu bölgelerin destinasyon olarak kullanımı, bölgelerin korunarak turizm faaliyetlerinin gerçekleştirilmesi konusunu gündeme getirmiştir. Bu bölgelerde gerçekleştirilen turizm faaliyetleri eko-turizm kapsamında gerçekleştirilirse, yöre halkının zenginliği, doğal çeşitliliği ve sosyo-ekonomik kalkınmasının korunmasına katkıda bulunacaktır.Bu çalışma ile Kızılırmak Delta Kuş Cenneti'nin tüm zenginlikleri ve gelişebilecek turizm türleri incelenmiş ve bölge ile ilgili paydaşların görüş ve önerileri verilmiştir. Bu konuda paydaşlarla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapıldı ve bölgenin turizm arzını ve sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamak için görüş alındı. Araştırmanın sonucunda bölgede mevcut turistik ve sosyal tesislerin yetersiz olduğu, bölgedeki alt ve üst yapıların geliştirilmesi gerektiği, tanıtım faaliyetlerine daha çok önem verilmesi gerektiği sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca Kızılırmak Deltası'nın sahip olduğu güzelliklerin el değmeden korunması ve UNESCO kalıcı miras listesine girmesiyle sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması hususunda paydaşların oldukça olumlu ve heyecanlı oldukları sonuçlarına da ulaşılmıştır. 96

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Demirci, Mehmet Akif;

    IV ÖZET Bu çalışmada üç bölüm altında endüstriyel firınlara ait incelemeler ve hesaplamalar yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla 1. Bölümde öncelikle değişik endüstriyel firınlar; metal malzemeler için ısıtma firınları, ergitme fırınları, metal kaplama finnlan, cam üretim firınları ve seramik firınları genel başlıkları altlarında incelenerek konstrüksiyon ve çalışma sistemleri anlatılmıştır. 2.Bölümde firınlarda enerji tasarrufunu arttırabilecek yöntemler üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu nedenle öncelikle refrakter ve izolosyon malzemeleri incelenerek en uygun enerji tasarrufu sağlayan ürünlerin özellikleri ve kullanım yöntemleri açıklanmıştır. Daha sonra firınların ısı bilançosunda önemli yer tutan atık ısıların geri kazanım üniteleri incelenerek bu yolla enerji tasarrufu anlatılmıştır. Son olarak da otomatik kontrol üniteleri genel olarak incelenerek firınlara ihtiyaç fazlası enerji yerine ihtiyaç duyulan enerjinin en uygun hangi kontrol sistemi ile sağlanabileceği anlatılmıştır. 3. Bölümde ise halen çalışmakta olduğum işyerinde, dizaynı ve imalatı sorumluluğum altında gerçekleştirilen 300 kg'lık potalı ve elektrik direnç ısıtmalı Alüminyum ergitme firınına ait dizayn esasları, ısıl hesaplar ve rezistans devresine ait hesaplama yöntemi bir örnek olarak verilmiştir. SUMMARY In this project, investigation and calculations about industrial furnaces are being introduced. In this respect, firstly construction and working principles of some industrial furnaces were introduced in section 1 by invastigating them under some main titles such as heating furnaces for metals, melting furnaces, coating furnaces, glass production furnaces and ceramic furnaces. In section 2, Improving methods of the energy saving in industrial furnaces are being explained. In order to do this, by investigating the most suitable refrectory and insulation materials for energy saving, their principles and application methods were explained. Then saving system of waste-heat which has great importance for the heat balance in the furnace was examined. In the end of the section 2, by examining the automatic control units in general the best control systems for furnaces in order to supply exact needed energy to the furnace were explained. Besides, in the last section, as an example, design factors, thermal calculations and resistance system calculations of a crucible furnace for aluminium melting which has crucible of 300 kg Aluminium (BU 300) and which is heated by electric rezistans were given. 117

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: (Karaoğlu) Çağçağ, Mehtap;

    11 ABSTRACT Masters Thesis THE PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM THE JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES AND THE USAGE POSSIBILITY OF IT AS A STILLAGE Mehtap ÇA?ÇA? (KARAO?LU) Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science Department of Food Engineering Supervisor : Prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN 1994, Page: 28 Jury : Prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN Prof.Dr.Oguz KILIÇ Assoc. Prof.Dr. İsmail YAVAŞ In this study, ethanol is produced from the Jerusalem artichokes which is grown in Beypazarı is a city of Turkey which grows the 90% of the production of Turkey. In this research Rasse XII, Narince UJ, Kalecik and Steinberg yeasts were used in ethanol production. Rase XII and Steinberg yeasts were more efficient in fermentation. The samples were diluted by using 2 or 3 times of water and it has been founded that there is no significant differences between the samples. For into produce ethanol from Jerusalem artichokes, first step was to change the inulin to the fructose. For this aim two different methods were used. In first process the sample was heated one hour at 100°C, by using pH 2. At the second process the sample was heated two hours at 60-65°C, by using pH 6.2 which is the pH of Jerusalem artichokes. The percentage of fructose at pH 2 was 79.01 % and at pH 6.2 was 77.3 % in dry matter. In the first 11 litres ethanol was produced from the 100 kg. of Jerussalem artichokes, and at he second process 10 litres ethanol was produced from the same amount of Jerussalem artichokes. In the cromotografic consideration of ethanol there is differences in the high alcohol percentages depends on the yeasts. In the alcohol which is produced with the Rasse XII yeast, the proportion of acedaldhyd is 36 mg/1, and the methanol is 335 mg/I, n-prophanol is 122 mg/1, 70 mg/1 i-amylalcohol is obtained. Also with Narince III yeast, 30 mg/1 acedaldehyd, 210 mg/1 methanol 130 mg/1 n prophanol and 520 mg/1 i-amylalcohol was obtained. With the fermentation in which the Kalecik yeast was used, 38 mg/1 acedaldehyd, 215 mg/1 methanol, 122 mg/1 n-prophanol and 484 mg/1 i-amylalcohol was obtained. And with Steinberg yeast 47 mg/1 acedaldehyd, 203 mg/1 methanol, 143 mg/1 n prophanol, and 350 mg/1 i-amylalcohol was produced. KEY WORDS : Inulin, D-fructose, D-glucose, fermentation, ethanol. ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi YERELMASINDAN ETİL ALKOL ÜRETİMİ VE İÇKİ İSPİRTOSU OLARAK KULLANILMA OLANA?I Mehtap ÇA?ÇA? (KARAO?LU) Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Danışman; Prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN 1994, Sayfa: 28 Jüri : prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN Prof.Dr.Oğuz KILIÇ Doç.Dr.İsmail YAVAŞ Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de yetiştirilen yerelmasının hemen hemen %90'nın yetiştiği Beypazarı'ndan sağlanan yerelmasında etil alkol üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üretimde Rasse XII, Narince III, Kalecik ve Steinberg mayalarından yararlanılmış, en iyi verime Rasse XII ve Steinberg mayaları kullanıldığında ulaşılmıştır. 1:3 ve 1:2 oranında seyreltilen mayşelerden sağlanan alkol miktarları arasında büyük bir fark gözlenmemiştir. Etil alkol üretiminde asıl amaç inülinden fruktoz elde etme olmuştur. Bunun için 2 ayrı yöntem denenmiştir. Birincisi pH 2'de 100°C'de 1 saat ısıl işlem, diğeri kendi pH'sında (pH 6.2) 60- 65°C'de 2 saat ısıl işlem olmuştur. Bunların fruktoza dönme oranlan pH 2'de %79.01, pH 6.2'de %77.3 dolayında kalmıştır. Birincide 100 kg yerelmasından 11 1 etil alkol, ikincide ise 10 1 etil alkol sağlanmıştır. Etil alkolün kromatografik incelenmesinde mayaya bağlı olarak yüksek alkol miktarları farklılık göstermektedir. Rasse XII mayası ile fermentasyon sonucu oluşan alkolde 36 mg/1 asetaldehit, 335 mg/1 metanol, 122 mg/1 n-propanot, 470 mg/1 i-amil alkolü elde olunmuş; Narince III mayası ile 30 mg/1 asetaldehit, 210 mg/1 metanol, 130 mg/1 n-propanol, 520 mg/1 i-amil alkolü saptanmış; Kalecik mayası kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen fermentasyon sonucu 38 mg/1 asetaldehit, 215 mg/1 metanol, 122 mg/1 n-propanol, 484 mg/1 i-amil alkole ulaşılmış; Steinberg mayası ile 47 mg/1 asetaldehit, 203 mg/1 metanol, 143 mg/1 n-Propanol, 350 mg/l i-amil alkole ulaşılmıştr. ANAHTAR KELİMELER : înülin, D-fruktoz, D-glukoz, fermentasyon, etil alkol 28

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Özsümbül, Bahadir;

    TÜRKİYE'NİN ENERJİ POTANSİYELİ, GELİŞİMİ VE GELECEKTEKİ ENERJİ PORTRESİNİN ÇIKARILMASI (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Bahadır ÖZSÜMBÜL GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ Eylül 1999 ÖZET Ülkemizde ve dünya ülkelerinde sosyal ve ekonomik kalkınmanın en sağlıklı temel girdisi olan enerjiye gün geçtikçe daha fazla ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Birincil enerji ; kaynaklarının kısıtlı olması sebebiyle yeni enerji üretim programları geliştirmek gerekmektedir. Gelişmiş ülkeler bu konuda ciddi çalışmalar yapmaktadırlar ve ileri teknoloji isteyen yatırımlarla bu kaynaklan bu program dahilinde kullanmaya başlamışlardır. Şimdilerde ise bu ileri teknoloji ile az kaynakla çok üretim, çevreye zararlı etkisi minimum olan tesislerle enerji kaynaklan işletmeye açılmıştır. Ülkemiz açısından ise gerekli olan enerjinin en kolay ve rantabıl şekilde nasıl sağlanacağı çok mühim meseledir. Bu çalışmada bu mesele araştırılıp, kıyaslarla bir fikir geliştirilmeye çalışılmış ve 'bir ileri teknoloji ürünü olan nükleer santraller üzerinde durulmuştur. Bilim Kodu : 626. 01.01 Anahtar Kelimeler : Enerji Kaynakları, Nükleer Enerji ve Çevre Açısından Enerji Sayfa Adedi : 96 Tez Yöneticisi : Prof. Dr. Sümer ŞAHİN ENERGY POTENTIAL OF TURKEY, DEVELOPING AND TO GET FUTURE ENERGY PORTRAIT OUT (MSc. Thesis) Bahadır ÖZSÜMBÜL GAZİ UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY September 1999 ABSTRACT Energy the most productive base input of social and economic developing ir World countries and our country is needed the more from day to day. It is necessary improving programs of new energy production because of limitei primary energy resources. Developing countries are very important study wit this programs and they has begun to use this resources with this programs b investment needed high technology. Nowadays, energy resources are used by plants minimum harmful effect 1 environment and realise minimum resource to maximum production by this hiç technology. It is very important problem how getting as the mast productive ar easy have needed energy for our country. In this study, researching this probler it has been worked to develop an opinion by comparing and worked on hi£ technology product nuclear energy. Science Code : 626. 01.01 Key Words : Energy Sources, Nuclear Energy and Environmental Energy Page Number : 96 Adviser : Prof. Dr. Same ŞAHİN 96

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Demirel, Mehmet;

    İV ÖZET Bütün dünya'da bir artış gösteren enerji gereksiniminin büyük bir kısmı bir süre daha fosil yakıtlar ve hidrolik enerji ile karşılanabileceği söylenmektedir. Fosil yakıtlar kısa bir süre sonra tükenecek ve bunların yerini yeni enerji kaynaklarının alması gerekecektir. Dünya genelinde son 30-40 yıldır yoğun bir şekilde araştırılmakta olan bu yeni enerji kaynaklarından birisi'de jeotermal enerjidir. Bu çalışmada, Simav'da mevcut jeotermal enerji kaynaklarından yararlanma olanakları araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde mevcut enerji kaynakları ve bu kaynakların içerisinde jeotermal enerji tanıtılarak, jeotermal enerjinin yeri ve önemi anlatılmıştır. İkinci bölümünde, Dünya'da ve Türkiye'de jeotermal enerjinin uygulama alanları hakkında örnekler verilerek ekonomik analizi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın son bölümde ise, Simav ilçesinde bulunan jeotermal kaynaklar, potansiyeli ve uygulamaları hakkında bilgi verildikten sonra çevredeki yerleşim alanlarına da jeotermal enerjinin götürülebilmesi olanakları araştırılmış olup, Muradınlar köyünde yapılmakta olan Fakülte binalarının ısı ihtiyacının fosil yakıtlarla (kömür, fuel- oil) veya jeotermal enerji ile karşılanması düşünülmüş, her ikisininde yatırım ve işletme maliyetleri hesaplanarak, ekonomik ve sosyal faydaları tartışılmıştır. Jeotermal enerji kullanımının yörede etkin bir şekilde yaygınlaşmasıyla ekonomik ve sosyal gelişmenin hızla gerçekleşebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. ABSTRACT It is estimated that of most of the energy needed in the world will be supplied for a while by focil fuels and hydraulic energy, unfortunately focil fuels will last in a short time. And thus new energy resources will have to fulfill these. In the world one of these new energy resources which have been reseached intersively for the last 30-40 years is geothermal energy. In this study, the utilization of the geothermal energy sources in Simav were researcehed. In the first section of this study the recent energy sources and among these, the importance and place of geothermal energy were explained. In the second section, having given Turkey and in the world economical analysis were made. In the last section of this study, after having been given information about the geothermal sources in Simav, their potential and application, the possibility of taking geothermal energy to neighboring residential areas were researched. Obtaining the heat needed for the building of Technical Education Faculty, which are being built in Muradynlar were considered from focil fuels or geothermal energy investment and running costs of both of then were calculated the social and economical benefits were discussed. It was understood that the intensively usage of geothermal energy in the area will rapidly increase social and economical development of the region. 143

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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Karaçavuş, Kenan;

    51

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Yildirim, Mehmet;

    GENETİK ALGORİTMALAR ve BENZETİLMİŞ TAVLAMA ile UZUN DÖNEM ÜRETİM GENİŞLETME PLANLAMASI Mehmet YILDIRIM Anahtar Kelimeler: Genetik Algoritmalar, Benzetilmiş Tavlama, Enerji Planlama, Üretim Genişletme Planlaması ÖZET: Bu tez çalışmasında, benzetilmiş tavlamalı genetik algoritmalar elektrik enerjisi üretim genişletme planlamasına uygulanmıştır. Elektrik enerjisi üretim genişletme planlaması; yüksek derecede kısıtlamalı, doğrusal olmayan, ayrık yapılı, dinamik ve bilgisayar kullanımım gerekli kılan bir optimizasyon problemidir. Genetik algoritmalar bu tür problemleri çözebilmektedir. Problemin çözümü için; amaç fonksiyonun formüle edilmesi, modele girdi olarak verilecek bilgilerin toplanması, amaç fonksiyonu minimize edecek bir algoritma ve programın oluşturulması gerekmektedir. Maliyet optimizasyonunda, amaç fonksiyon olarak, karma tamsayılı programlama modeli esas alınmıştır. Model, kuruluş ve işletme maliyetlerini minimize eden amaç fonksiyon ile güvenilirlik kısıtlamalarım içermektedir. Planlama dönemi olarak, 2001 ile 2020 yıllan arasım kapsayan 20 yıl alınmıştır. Planlama dönemi beşer yıllık dört eşit periyoda bölünmüştür. Tesislerin kuruluş ve işletmeye giriş zamanlan olarak periyotların orta yıllan alınmıştır. Kuruluş ve işletme maliyetleri yine bu orta yıllar esas alınarak hesaplanmıştır. Problemin çözümünde, genetik algoritmaların yerel minimuma takılmama, ve benzetilmiş tavlamanın daha hassas yakınsama ve genetik çeşitlilik sağlama özelliğinden yararlanılarak optimizasyon yapılmıştır. En düşük maliyetle ve güvenilirlik koşullan yerine getirilerek, hangi tip tesisin ne zaman devreye gireceği ve sayısı belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Benzetilmiş tavlamalı genetik algoritmalar ile elde edilen uzun dönem elektrik enerjisi üretim genişletme planlamasının elektriksel ve ekonomik sonuçlan, DPT Elektrik Enerjisi Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu'nda verilen WASP modeli sonuçlan ile karşılaştınlmıştır. Bu çalışmada, WASP modeline göre daha fazla kurulu güç sağlanmış ve yatırım harcamalan daha az bulunmuştur. ıı LONG TERM GENERATION EXPANSION PLANNING with GENETIC ALGORITHMS and SIMULATED ANNEALING Mehmet YILDIRIM Keywords: Genetic Algorithms, Simulated Annealing, Energy Planning, Generation Expansion Planning. Abstract: In this study, genetic algorithms with simulated annealing is applied to the electrical energy generation expansion planning. Electrical energy generation expansion planning is a non-linear, discrete, dynamic and highly constraint optimization problem which requires computer usage. Genetic algorithms have ability to solve this kind of problems. In order to address this problem, a cost function should be formulated, information used as inputs of the model must be gathered, and a program or an algorithm that minimize the cost function have to be constructed. Mixed-integer programming model is used in optimisation as a cost function. The model consists the cost function that minimize the construction and operational costs and reliability constraints. Years between the 2001-2020 are taken as planning term. Planning term is divided into four equal periods. Construction of units and calculation of costs are realized at the mid of periods. Having solve the problem, an optimisation was made by means of proporties that genetic algorithms don't fall into local minima and simulated annealing has fine tuning and genetic diversity. The type, the time and the number of units must be constructed is determined with the minimum cost and the reliability constraints. Electrical and economical results of long term electrical energy generation expansion planning by genetic algorithms with simulated annealing are compared with the results of WASP model which are stated by DPT Electrical Energy Specialization Committee Report. In this study, more power establishments and less investment expenses than WASP model are provided. m 144

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: İmal, Muharrem;

    THERMODYNAMIC AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (COGENERATION) STEAM CYCLES SUMMARY Thermodynamic models for twoprocess heating, cogeneration steam cycles were developed in this study. These cycles are an extraction-condensing turbine cycle and a back pressure turbine cycle. Heat and electric outputs were calculated for inlet conditions ranging from 3 MPa, 250 C to 12 MPa, 535 C and process heat supply temperatures ranging from 80 C to 160 C. Furthermore, the performance of these cycles at 0 to 100 percent of their maximum heat outputs were examined. A simple method of economic analysis based on the annual costs was developed. This method can take part load into consideration. An extraction-condensing system and a back pressure system were compared by using this method. Process heating with cogeneration is a thermodinamically effective way of supplying heat and power to the industry. In a central plant, fuel can be burned more efficently, environmental controls can be applied more easily and economies of scale can be used to advantage. Furthermore, producing electricity as a byproduct in such plants is less expensive than producing electricity in power stations. In the extraction-condensing type, steam is expanded to condenser pressure and an extraction is made at the saturation pressure corresponding to the process heat supply temperature. In the back pressure type, steam is expanded only to the saturation pressure correspoding to the process heat supply temperature. The extraction-condensing turbines have the advantage that the electric output can be increased at partial heat loads. On the other hand, back- pressure turbines have a simpler mechanism of load control and lower initial costs. Detailed thermodynamic analysis of these systems appears to be lacking [14]-. For example, information on the variation of heat and electric outputs and thermal efficiencies of different configurations with changes in load and inlet steam conditions is essantial for the initial planning stage. viIn this study, computer modelling and simulation of two steam turbine based cogeneration cycles is made. Nu merical experiments were performed for various steam inlet conditions. Heat and electric outputs of cycles, heat input to the cycles and various parameters based on these thermodynamic quantities were calculated at full load and part load conditions. Partial loads ranging from 0 to 100 percent of full load were considered for the extraction-condensing cycle and partial loads of 37.5 to 100 percent were considered for the back pressure cycle. Thermodynamic Analysis The extraction-condensing turbine cycle consists of steam generator, turbine, condenser, heating condenser, feedwater heaters and pumps. The following assumptions are made regarding this cycle: The condenser is assumed to operate at 10 kPa. Extractions from the turbine to the feedwater heaters, heating condenser and the condenser is assumed to occur with a pressure loss equal to 5 persent of the exraction pressure. Pressure loss in the steam generator is assumed to be 25 percent of the turbine inlet pressure. Enthalpy rise of the feedwater is taken as 70 percent of the theoretically optimum value [13- This value is given by Ahopt = n/n+1 (hab - he) (1) where: n is the number of feedwater heaters, hs*> is the boiler drum satureted liquid enthalpy he is the enthalpy of satureted liquid leaving the condenser The loses in the expansion process through the turbine are accounted for by using an isentropic efficiency, r/, defined as : hi- ho r, = - t- r (2) h>- - hos where : hi is the enthalpy before expansion ho is the enthalpy after expansion hos is the enthalpy after an isentropic expansion This value is taken as 0.8 for the high pressure section of the turbine. The isentropic expansion efficiency for the flow between the heating condenser extraction and the turbine exhaust decreases linearly from 0.8 to 0.5 as the flow to the condenser decreases. Isentropic efficiency or compression in all of the pumps is asumed to be 0.7. viiThe calculations performed in the computer program are summarized in the block diagram of figure 1. Application of the first law of thermodynamics and the conservation of mass to each of the components of the cycle yield the exraction mass flows, work in the turbines and in the pumps, heat transfer in the boiler, heating condenser and in the condenser. Heat output is assumed to be primary output from the cycle. Electric output is considered to be a byproduct. Variation of the heat output is achieved by controlling the flow passing through the condenser. At 100 percent heat output, only the cooling steam flows to the condenser. At no heat output, there is no flow through the heating condenser. Cycle calculations have been performed for 100, 75, 50, 25, and 0 percent of the maximum heat output. Assumptions calculation procedures outlined above for the extraction-condensing cycle also apply for back- pressure cycle. The control of heat output, however, is different. The heat output of the back pressure cycle is varied by changing the mass flow rate through the turbine. Calculations have been performed for 100 to 37.5 percent of the maximum heat output. Properties of water required in the computer programs were computed using the equation and procedures given in [3]- Economic Analysis It is the economic consideration which will determine whether or not a cogeneration plant should be built. A simple method is presented here for determining the economic feasibility of a cogeneration plant. In this method all costs and revenues are expressed on an annual basis for comparison. Two assumption are made. First the heat demand is assumed to be supplied by other means if a cogeneration plant is not built. Therefore only the additional or incremental cost is considered. This includes the turbo generator set, condensers, feedwater heaters, steam generators, additional piping, fuel handling, exhaust cleaning measures, building and consruction costs as well as engineering cost. The second assumption is that all of the byproduct electricity produced can be utilised. A numerical example using this method shows that an extinction condensing cycle should bepreferred if the system is to operate at partial heat loads for long periods of time. Back-pressure cycle will be economically feasible only if the system operates at full load more than 90 percent of the time. However the most economic operation for the extraction-condensing cycle is also realized at full load. vmResults Results of the computer simulation of the two cycles discussed above. The key parameters on which the results are based, are explained below. Heat output per unit mass of steam entering the turbine has a maximum value for a given throttle condition and process heat supply temperature. Heat output from the cycle for a given set of turbine inlet conditions was varied as explained in the thermodinamic a na lysis. It was also found that the thermal efficiency of these cycles, defined as net work output over the heat input. Increasing the process heat supply temperature decreases the electric to heat ratio and the electric out put, increases the heat output. IXEnter the type of the system Turbine inlet pressure and temperature Process heat supply temperature Deter mine feedwater enthalpy rise and Turbine exraetion pressure Determine for the case of no heat output mass flow to the feed water heaters and the condenser r* Select a heat load as a percent of full load L-. Determine mass flows to the feedwater heaters, process heating condenser, condenser, net work, electric output heat output, heat input Figure 1. Block diagram of calculation procedure xi ÖZET Birleşik ısı ve güç çevrimlerinin endüstride kullanımının yaygınlaşması bu konudaki araştırmalara yeni boyutlar kazandırmaktadır. Bu durum göz ününe alınarak endüstride kullanılan buharlı birleşik ısı -güç çevrimleri ne ait termodinamik ve ekonomik çözümlemelerin yapıldığı bu çalışmada beş bölüm bulunmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, yapılan çalışmanın amacı açıklanmış, literatürdeki yerine ve önemine değinilmiştir. Konu ile ilgili kabullerden bahsedilmiştir. ikinci bölümde, buharlı güç çevrimleri hakkında genel bilgi verilmiştir. Çevrimlere ait T-s ve akis diyagramlarının yer aldığı bu bölümde çalışmada dikkate alınan değişkenlerin değişim aralığından bahsedilmiştir. Uçüncü bölümde, termodinamik çözümleme yapılarak, kısmi ve tam yükte ısı ve elektirik enerjisinin değişimi ile proses için gereken ısı enerjisi değeri hesaplanmıştır Dördüncü bölümde yakıt fi ati arı ve yakıt türleri yanısıra isletmelerin ihtiyaç duyduğu güç değerleri ve çalışma süreleri esas alınarak bu çevrimlerin ekonomik analizi yapılmıştır. Son bölümde sonuçların grafiklerle kıyaslama ve tartışması yapılarak her iki çevrime ait değişik değerlerin irdelemesi yapılmıştır. 69

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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Avcı, Ayşegül;

    Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 1996. Kaynakça (s. 70-76) var. v, 76(4) s. ; 30 cm. TEZ2238 …

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Gürer, Ahmet;

    21 ÖZET Bu çalışmada, sıçanlarda deneysel olarak geliştirilen stres (hareketsizlik + soğuk), indometazin, etanol ülserinde, ksantin oksidaz inhibitörü allopurinol ve serbest radikal tutucusu SOD'nin etkileri ve serbest oksijen radikallerinin stres, indometazin ve etanol ülseri gelişimindeki rolleri araştırılmıştır. Hareketsizlik + soğuk stresi uygulanan grupta ülser skoru (mm.) 20.0±3.8 olarak bulunurken, önceden allopurinol uygulanan sıçanlarda ülser skoru 9.8+1.3 olarak belirlenmiş ve her iki grubun değerleri birbiriyle karşılaştırıldığında fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0,001). SOD verilen ayrı bir grupta ise ülser skoru 13.4±2.4 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ülser kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında SOD'nin ülser gelişimini istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde (p<0,001) önlediği sap tanmıştır. İndometazin verilen sıçanlarda ülser skorunun 22.4±2.8mm. olduğu gözlenmiştir. İndomatezin verilme den önce allopurinol verilen grupta ülser skorunun 13.5±2.4, SOD verilen grupta ise ülser skorunun 7. 6±1. 3 mm. olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında, allopurinolün ve SOD'nin ülser gelişimini istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede22 (p<0,001) olarak azalttığı saptanmıştır. Ayrıca SOD ve Allopurinol uygulanan gruplar birbirleri ile karşılaştırıldığında SOD ' nin allopurinolden daha etkin bir şekilde lezyon gelişmesini engellediği belirlenmiştir. % 40 v/v etanol uygulanan sıçanlarda ülser skoru 23,8±5/9 olarak saptanmıştır. Allopurinol uygulanan grupta allopurinolün ülser gelişimini anlamlı olarak azalttığı (P<0,001); ülser skorunun 12.8±2.2 olduğu gözlenmiştir. SOD verilen grupta ise ülser skoru 18.7±4.8 olarak belirlenmiş ve kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında farkın istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığı (p>0,005) saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmadaki çıkarımımız; stres ülserinde ksantin oksidaz ve lipoksi jenaz, indometazin ülserinde esas olarak lipoksijenaz ve daha az olarak ksantin oksidaz, etanol ülserinde ksantin oksidaz aracılığı ile oluşan serbest oksijen radikallerinin lezyon gelişiminde önemli rol oynadığını telkin ettiği şeklindedir. Sonuç olarak; deneysel oluşturulan stres, indometazin ve etanol ülserinde serbest oksijen radikallerinin de diğer hümoral mediyatörler yanında lezyon gelişmesinde önemli rolü olduğu ileri sürülebilir. 29

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Vatansever, Mehmet;

    Tourism is an industry that has started to rise rapidly in recent years. Thus, there has been a tendency towards different tourism types rather than mass tourism in order to spread tourism on every day of the year. By this way, there has been an increasing interest in the developing alternative tourism types and these tourism types have started to be evaluated within the frame of sustainability. Alternative tourism types increase people's interest in unexplored natural environments and make these regions a destination, which has brought up the issue of protecting the regions and realizing tourism activities there. As long as tourism activities in these regions are carried out within the scope of eco-tourism; the richnesses and natural diversity of the regions will be protected and the local people will develop socio-economically. This study examines all the richnesses and potential tourism types in Bird Sanctuary on the Kızılırmak Delta and includes the opinions and suggestions of relevant shareholders regarding the problems of the region. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant shareholders and their opinions about the tourism supply and sustainability of the region were received. As a result of the study, it was determined that available touristic and social facilities in the region were inadequate, infra and super structures in the region needed to be developed and a greater importance had to be attached to advertising activities. In addition, it was concluded that shareholders were highly positive and excited about protecting the beauties of the Kızılırmak Delta and providing its sustainability by including the delta in the permanent heritage list of UNESCO Turizm son zamanlarda hızla yükselişe geçen bir endüstridir. Bu nedenle turizmin yılın her gününe yayılması amacı ile kitle turizminden farklı turizm türlerine yönelim başlamıştır. Bu sayede gelişen alternatif turizm türlerine olan ilgi artmış ve bu turizm türleri sürdürülebilirlik çerçevesinde değerlendirilmeye başlanmıştır. Alternatif turizm türleri ile birlikte insanların keşfedilmemiş doğal ortamlara olan ilgisinin artması ve bu bölgelerin destinasyon olarak kullanımı, bölgelerin korunarak turizm faaliyetlerinin gerçekleştirilmesi konusunu gündeme getirmiştir. Bu bölgelerde gerçekleştirilen turizm faaliyetleri eko-turizm kapsamında gerçekleştirilirse, yöre halkının zenginliği, doğal çeşitliliği ve sosyo-ekonomik kalkınmasının korunmasına katkıda bulunacaktır.Bu çalışma ile Kızılırmak Delta Kuş Cenneti'nin tüm zenginlikleri ve gelişebilecek turizm türleri incelenmiş ve bölge ile ilgili paydaşların görüş ve önerileri verilmiştir. Bu konuda paydaşlarla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapıldı ve bölgenin turizm arzını ve sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamak için görüş alındı. Araştırmanın sonucunda bölgede mevcut turistik ve sosyal tesislerin yetersiz olduğu, bölgedeki alt ve üst yapıların geliştirilmesi gerektiği, tanıtım faaliyetlerine daha çok önem verilmesi gerektiği sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca Kızılırmak Deltası'nın sahip olduğu güzelliklerin el değmeden korunması ve UNESCO kalıcı miras listesine girmesiyle sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması hususunda paydaşların oldukça olumlu ve heyecanlı oldukları sonuçlarına da ulaşılmıştır. 96

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Demirci, Mehmet Akif;

    IV ÖZET Bu çalışmada üç bölüm altında endüstriyel firınlara ait incelemeler ve hesaplamalar yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla 1. Bölümde öncelikle değişik endüstriyel firınlar; metal malzemeler için ısıtma firınları, ergitme fırınları, metal kaplama finnlan, cam üretim firınları ve seramik firınları genel başlıkları altlarında incelenerek konstrüksiyon ve çalışma sistemleri anlatılmıştır. 2.Bölümde firınlarda enerji tasarrufunu arttırabilecek yöntemler üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu nedenle öncelikle refrakter ve izolosyon malzemeleri incelenerek en uygun enerji tasarrufu sağlayan ürünlerin özellikleri ve kullanım yöntemleri açıklanmıştır. Daha sonra firınların ısı bilançosunda önemli yer tutan atık ısıların geri kazanım üniteleri incelenerek bu yolla enerji tasarrufu anlatılmıştır. Son olarak da otomatik kontrol üniteleri genel olarak incelenerek firınlara ihtiyaç fazlası enerji yerine ihtiyaç duyulan enerjinin en uygun hangi kontrol sistemi ile sağlanabileceği anlatılmıştır. 3. Bölümde ise halen çalışmakta olduğum işyerinde, dizaynı ve imalatı sorumluluğum altında gerçekleştirilen 300 kg'lık potalı ve elektrik direnç ısıtmalı Alüminyum ergitme firınına ait dizayn esasları, ısıl hesaplar ve rezistans devresine ait hesaplama yöntemi bir örnek olarak verilmiştir. SUMMARY In this project, investigation and calculations about industrial furnaces are being introduced. In this respect, firstly construction and working principles of some industrial furnaces were introduced in section 1 by invastigating them under some main titles such as heating furnaces for metals, melting furnaces, coating furnaces, glass production furnaces and ceramic furnaces. In section 2, Improving methods of the energy saving in industrial furnaces are being explained. In order to do this, by investigating the most suitable refrectory and insulation materials for energy saving, their principles and application methods were explained. Then saving system of waste-heat which has great importance for the heat balance in the furnace was examined. In the end of the section 2, by examining the automatic control units in general the best control systems for furnaces in order to supply exact needed energy to the furnace were explained. Besides, in the last section, as an example, design factors, thermal calculations and resistance system calculations of a crucible furnace for aluminium melting which has crucible of 300 kg Aluminium (BU 300) and which is heated by electric rezistans were given. 117

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: (Karaoğlu) Çağçağ, Mehtap;

    11 ABSTRACT Masters Thesis THE PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM THE JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES AND THE USAGE POSSIBILITY OF IT AS A STILLAGE Mehtap ÇA?ÇA? (KARAO?LU) Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science Department of Food Engineering Supervisor : Prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN 1994, Page: 28 Jury : Prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN Prof.Dr.Oguz KILIÇ Assoc. Prof.Dr. İsmail YAVAŞ In this study, ethanol is produced from the Jerusalem artichokes which is grown in Beypazarı is a city of Turkey which grows the 90% of the production of Turkey. In this research Rasse XII, Narince UJ, Kalecik and Steinberg yeasts were used in ethanol production. Rase XII and Steinberg yeasts were more efficient in fermentation. The samples were diluted by using 2 or 3 times of water and it has been founded that there is no significant differences between the samples. For into produce ethanol from Jerusalem artichokes, first step was to change the inulin to the fructose. For this aim two different methods were used. In first process the sample was heated one hour at 100°C, by using pH 2. At the second process the sample was heated two hours at 60-65°C, by using pH 6.2 which is the pH of Jerusalem artichokes. The percentage of fructose at pH 2 was 79.01 % and at pH 6.2 was 77.3 % in dry matter. In the first 11 litres ethanol was produced from the 100 kg. of Jerussalem artichokes, and at he second process 10 litres ethanol was produced from the same amount of Jerussalem artichokes. In the cromotografic consideration of ethanol there is differences in the high alcohol percentages depends on the yeasts. In the alcohol which is produced with the Rasse XII yeast, the proportion of acedaldhyd is 36 mg/1, and the methanol is 335 mg/I, n-prophanol is 122 mg/1, 70 mg/1 i-amylalcohol is obtained. Also with Narince III yeast, 30 mg/1 acedaldehyd, 210 mg/1 methanol 130 mg/1 n prophanol and 520 mg/1 i-amylalcohol was obtained. With the fermentation in which the Kalecik yeast was used, 38 mg/1 acedaldehyd, 215 mg/1 methanol, 122 mg/1 n-prophanol and 484 mg/1 i-amylalcohol was obtained. And with Steinberg yeast 47 mg/1 acedaldehyd, 203 mg/1 methanol, 143 mg/1 n prophanol, and 350 mg/1 i-amylalcohol was produced. KEY WORDS : Inulin, D-fructose, D-glucose, fermentation, ethanol. ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi YERELMASINDAN ETİL ALKOL ÜRETİMİ VE İÇKİ İSPİRTOSU OLARAK KULLANILMA OLANA?I Mehtap ÇA?ÇA? (KARAO?LU) Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Danışman; Prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN 1994, Sayfa: 28 Jüri : prof.Dr.Işıl FİDAN Prof.Dr.Oğuz KILIÇ Doç.Dr.İsmail YAVAŞ Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de yetiştirilen yerelmasının hemen hemen %90'nın yetiştiği Beypazarı'ndan sağlanan yerelmasında etil alkol üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üretimde Rasse XII, Narince III, Kalecik ve Steinberg mayalarından yararlanılmış, en iyi verime Rasse XII ve Steinberg mayaları kullanıldığında ulaşılmıştır. 1:3 ve 1:2 oranında seyreltilen mayşelerden sağlanan alkol miktarları arasında büyük bir fark gözlenmemiştir. Etil alkol üretiminde asıl amaç inülinden fruktoz elde etme olmuştur. Bunun için 2 ayrı yöntem denenmiştir. Birincisi pH 2'de 100°C'de 1 saat ısıl işlem, diğeri kendi pH'sında (pH 6.2) 60- 65°C'de 2 saat ısıl işlem olmuştur. Bunların fruktoza dönme oranlan pH 2'de %79.01, pH 6.2'de %77.3 dolayında kalmıştır. Birincide 100 kg yerelmasından 11 1 etil alkol, ikincide ise 10 1 etil alkol sağlanmıştır. Etil alkolün kromatografik incelenmesinde mayaya bağlı olarak yüksek alkol miktarları farklılık göstermektedir. Rasse XII mayası ile fermentasyon sonucu oluşan alkolde 36 mg/1 asetaldehit, 335 mg/1 metanol, 122 mg/1 n-propanot, 470 mg/1 i-amil alkolü elde olunmuş; Narince III mayası ile 30 mg/1 asetaldehit, 210 mg/1 metanol, 130 mg/1 n-propanol, 520 mg/1 i-amil alkolü saptanmış; Kalecik mayası kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen fermentasyon sonucu 38 mg/1 asetaldehit, 215 mg/1 metanol, 122 mg/1 n-propanol, 484 mg/1 i-amil alkole ulaşılmış; Steinberg mayası ile 47 mg/1 asetaldehit, 203 mg/1 metanol, 143 mg/1 n-Propanol, 350 mg/l i-amil alkole ulaşılmıştr. ANAHTAR KELİMELER : înülin, D-fruktoz, D-glukoz, fermentasyon, etil alkol 28

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Özsümbül, Bahadir;

    TÜRKİYE'NİN ENERJİ POTANSİYELİ, GELİŞİMİ VE GELECEKTEKİ ENERJİ PORTRESİNİN ÇIKARILMASI (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Bahadır ÖZSÜMBÜL GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ Eylül 1999 ÖZET Ülkemizde ve dünya ülkelerinde sosyal ve ekonomik kalkınmanın en sağlıklı temel girdisi olan enerjiye gün geçtikçe daha fazla ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Birincil enerji ; kaynaklarının kısıtlı olması sebebiyle yeni enerji üretim programları geliştirmek gerekmektedir. Gelişmiş ülkeler bu konuda ciddi çalışmalar yapmaktadırlar ve ileri teknoloji isteyen yatırımlarla bu kaynaklan bu program dahilinde kullanmaya başlamışlardır. Şimdilerde ise bu ileri teknoloji ile az kaynakla çok üretim, çevreye zararlı etkisi minimum olan tesislerle enerji kaynaklan işletmeye açılmıştır. Ülkemiz açısından ise gerekli olan enerjinin en kolay ve rantabıl şekilde nasıl sağlanacağı çok mühim meseledir. Bu çalışmada bu mesele araştırılıp, kıyaslarla bir fikir geliştirilmeye çalışılmış ve 'bir ileri teknoloji ürünü olan nükleer santraller üzerinde durulmuştur. Bilim Kodu : 626. 01.01 Anahtar Kelimeler : Enerji Kaynakları, Nükleer Enerji ve Çevre Açısından Enerji Sayfa Adedi : 96 Tez Yöneticisi : Prof. Dr. Sümer ŞAHİN ENERGY POTENTIAL OF TURKEY, DEVELOPING AND TO GET FUTURE ENERGY PORTRAIT OUT (MSc. Thesis) Bahadır ÖZSÜMBÜL GAZİ UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY September 1999 ABSTRACT Energy the most productive base input of social and economic developing ir World countries and our country is needed the more from day to day. It is necessary improving programs of new energy production because of limitei primary energy resources. Developing countries are very important study wit this programs and they has begun to use this resources with this programs b investment needed high technology. Nowadays, energy resources are used by plants minimum harmful effect 1 environment and realise minimum resource to maximum production by this hiç technology. It is very important problem how getting as the mast productive ar easy have needed energy for our country. In this study, researching this probler it has been worked to develop an opinion by comparing and worked on hi£ technology product nuclear energy. Science Code : 626. 01.01 Key Words : Energy Sources, Nuclear Energy and Environmental Energy Page Number : 96 Adviser : Prof. Dr. Same ŞAHİN 96

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Demirel, Mehmet;

    İV ÖZET Bütün dünya'da bir artış gösteren enerji gereksiniminin büyük bir kısmı bir süre daha fosil yakıtlar ve hidrolik enerji ile karşılanabileceği söylenmektedir. Fosil yakıtlar kısa bir süre sonra tükenecek ve bunların yerini yeni enerji kaynaklarının alması gerekecektir. Dünya genelinde son 30-40 yıldır yoğun bir şekilde araştırılmakta olan bu yeni enerji kaynaklarından birisi'de jeotermal enerjidir. Bu çalışmada, Simav'da mevcut jeotermal enerji kaynaklarından yararlanma olanakları araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde mevcut enerji kaynakları ve bu kaynakların içerisinde jeotermal enerji tanıtılarak, jeotermal enerjinin yeri ve önemi anlatılmıştır. İkinci bölümünde, Dünya'da ve Türkiye'de jeotermal enerjinin uygulama alanları hakkında örnekler verilerek ekonomik analizi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın son bölümde ise, Simav ilçesinde bulunan jeotermal kaynaklar, potansiyeli ve uygulamaları hakkında bilgi verildikten sonra çevredeki yerleşim alanlarına da jeotermal enerjinin götürülebilmesi olanakları araştırılmış olup, Muradınlar köyünde yapılmakta olan Fakülte binalarının ısı ihtiyacının fosil yakıtlarla (kömür, fuel- oil) veya jeotermal enerji ile karşılanması düşünülmüş, her ikisininde yatırım ve işletme maliyetleri hesaplanarak, ekonomik ve sosyal faydaları tartışılmıştır. Jeotermal enerji kullanımının yörede etkin bir şekilde yaygınlaşmasıyla ekonomik ve sosyal gelişmenin hızla gerçekleşebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. ABSTRACT It is estimated that of most of the energy needed in the world will be supplied for a while by focil fuels and hydraulic energy, unfortunately focil fuels will last in a short time. And thus new energy resources will have to fulfill these. In the world one of these new energy resources which have been reseached intersively for the last 30-40 years is geothermal energy. In this study, the utilization of the geothermal energy sources in Simav were researcehed. In the first section of this study the recent energy sources and among these, the importance and place of geothermal energy were explained. In the second section, having given Turkey and in the world economical analysis were made. In the last section of this study, after having been given information about the geothermal sources in Simav, their potential and application, the possibility of taking geothermal energy to neighboring residential areas were researched. Obtaining the heat needed for the building of Technical Education Faculty, which are being built in Muradynlar were considered from focil fuels or geothermal energy investment and running costs of both of then were calculated the social and economical benefits were discussed. It was understood that the intensively usage of geothermal energy in the area will rapidly increase social and economical development of the region. 143

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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Karaçavuş, Kenan;

    51

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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Yildirim, Mehmet;

    GENETİK ALGORİTMALAR ve BENZETİLMİŞ TAVLAMA ile UZUN DÖNEM ÜRETİM GENİŞLETME PLANLAMASI Mehmet YILDIRIM Anahtar Kelimeler: Genetik Algoritmalar, Benzetilmiş Tavlama, Enerji Planlama, Üretim Genişletme Planlaması ÖZET: Bu tez çalışmasında, benzetilmiş tavlamalı genetik algoritmalar elektrik enerjisi üretim genişletme planlamasına uygulanmıştır. Elektrik enerjisi üretim genişletme planlaması; yüksek derecede kısıtlamalı, doğrusal olmayan, ayrık yapılı, dinamik ve bilgisayar kullanımım gerekli kılan bir optimizasyon problemidir. Genetik algoritmalar bu tür problemleri çözebilmektedir. Problemin çözümü için; amaç fonksiyonun formüle edilmesi, modele girdi olarak verilecek bilgilerin toplanması, amaç fonksiyonu minimize edecek bir algoritma ve programın oluşturulması gerekmektedir. Maliyet optimizasyonunda, amaç fonksiyon olarak, karma tamsayılı programlama modeli esas alınmıştır. Model, kuruluş ve işletme maliyetlerini minimize eden amaç fonksiyon ile güvenilirlik kısıtlamalarım içermektedir. Planlama dönemi olarak, 2001 ile 2020 yıllan arasım kapsayan 20 yıl alınmıştır. Planlama dönemi beşer yıllık dört eşit periyoda bölünmüştür. Tesislerin kuruluş ve işletmeye giriş zamanlan olarak periyotların orta yıllan alınmıştır. Kuruluş ve işletme maliyetleri yine bu orta yıllar esas alınarak hesaplanmıştır. Problemin çözümünde, genetik algoritmaların yerel minimuma takılmama, ve benzetilmiş tavlamanın daha hassas yakınsama ve genetik çeşitlilik sağlama özelliğinden yararlanılarak optimizasyon yapılmıştır. En düşük maliyetle ve güvenilirlik koşullan yerine getirilerek, hangi tip tesisin ne zaman devreye gireceği ve sayısı belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Benzetilmiş tavlamalı genetik algoritmalar ile elde edilen uzun dönem elektrik enerjisi üretim genişletme planlamasının elektriksel ve ekonomik sonuçlan, DPT Elektrik Enerjisi Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu'nda verilen WASP modeli sonuçlan ile karşılaştınlmıştır. Bu çalışmada, WASP modeline göre daha fazla kurulu güç sağlanmış ve yatırım harcamalan daha az bulunmuştur. ıı LONG TERM GENERATION EXPANSION PLANNING with GENETIC ALGORITHMS and SIMULATED ANNEALING Mehmet YILDIRIM Keywords: Genetic Algorithms, Simulated Annealing, Energy Planning, Generation Expansion Planning. Abstract: In this study, genetic algorithms with simulated annealing is applied to the electrical energy generation expansion planning. Electrical energy generation expansion planning is a non-linear, discrete, dynamic and highly constraint optimization problem which requires computer usage. Genetic algorithms have ability to solve this kind of problems. In order to address this problem, a cost function should be formulated, information used as inputs of the model must be gathered, and a program or an algorithm that minimize the cost function have to be constructed. Mixed-integer programming model is used in optimisation as a cost function. The model consists the cost function that minimize the construction and operational costs and reliability constraints. Years between the 2001-2020 are taken as planning term. Planning term is divided into four equal periods. Construction of units and calculation of costs are realized at the mid of periods. Having solve the problem, an optimisation was made by means of proporties that genetic algorithms don't fall into local minima and simulated annealing has fine tuning and genetic diversity. The type, the time and the number of units must be constructed is determined with the minimum cost and the reliability constraints. Electrical and economical results of long term electrical energy generation expansion planning by genetic algorithms with simulated annealing are compared with the results of WASP model which are stated by DPT Electrical Energy Specialization Committee Report. In this study, more power establishments and less investment expenses than WASP model are provided. m 144

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: İmal, Muharrem;

    THERMODYNAMIC AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (COGENERATION) STEAM CYCLES SUMMARY Thermodynamic models for twoprocess heating, cogeneration steam cycles were developed in this study. These cycles are an extraction-condensing turbine cycle and a back pressure turbine cycle. Heat and electric outputs were calculated for inlet conditions ranging from 3 MPa, 250 C to 12 MPa, 535 C and process heat supply temperatures ranging from 80 C to 160 C. Furthermore, the performance of these cycles at 0 to 100 percent of their maximum heat outputs were examined. A simple method of economic analysis based on the annual costs was developed. This method can take part load into consideration. An extraction-condensing system and a back pressure system were compared by using this method. Process heating with cogeneration is a thermodinamically effective way of supplying heat and power to the industry. In a central plant, fuel can be burned more efficently, environmental controls can be applied more easily and economies of scale can be used to advantage. Furthermore, producing electricity as a byproduct in such plants is less expensive than producing electricity in power stations. In the extraction-condensing type, steam is expanded to condenser pressure and an extraction is made at the saturation pressure corresponding to the process heat supply temperature. In the back pressure type, steam is expanded only to the saturation pressure correspoding to the process heat supply temperature. The extraction-condensing turbines have the advantage that the electric output can be increased at partial heat loads. On the other hand, back- pressure turbines have a simpler mechanism of load control and lower initial costs. Detailed thermodynamic analysis of these systems appears to be lacking [14]-. For example, information on the variation of heat and electric outputs and thermal efficiencies of different configurations with changes in load and inlet steam conditions is essantial for the initial planning stage. viIn this study, computer modelling and simulation of two steam turbine based cogeneration cycles is made. Nu merical experiments were performed for various steam inlet conditions. Heat and electric outputs of cycles, heat input to the cycles and various parameters based on these thermodynamic quantities were calculated at full load and part load conditions. Partial loads ranging from 0 to 100 percent of full load were considered for the extraction-condensing cycle and partial loads of 37.5 to 100 percent were considered for the back pressure cycle. Thermodynamic Analysis The extraction-condensing turbine cycle consists of steam generator, turbine, condenser, heating condenser, feedwater heaters and pumps. The following assumptions are made regarding this cycle: The condenser is assumed to operate at 10 kPa. Extractions from the turbine to the feedwater heaters, heating condenser and the condenser is assumed to occur with a pressure loss equal to 5 persent of the exraction pressure. Pressure loss in the steam generator is assumed to be 25 percent of the turbine inlet pressure. Enthalpy rise of the feedwater is taken as 70 percent of the theoretically optimum value [13- This value is given by Ahopt = n/n+1 (hab - he) (1) where: n is the number of feedwater heaters, hs*> is the boiler drum satureted liquid enthalpy he is the enthalpy of satureted liquid leaving the condenser The loses in the expansion process through the turbine are accounted for by using an isentropic efficiency, r/, defined as : hi- ho r, = - t- r (2) h>- - hos where : hi is the enthalpy before expansion ho is the enthalpy after expansion hos is the enthalpy after an isentropic expansion This value is taken as 0.8 for the high pressure section of the turbine. The isentropic expansion efficiency for the flow between the heating condenser extraction and the turbine exhaust decreases linearly from 0.8 to 0.5 as the flow to the condenser decreases. Isentropic efficiency or compression in all of the pumps is asumed to be 0.7. viiThe calculations performed in the computer program are summarized in the block diagram of figure 1. Application of the first law of thermodynamics and the conservation of mass to each of the components of the cycle yield the exraction mass flows, work in the turbines and in the pumps, heat transfer in the boiler, heating condenser and in the condenser. Heat output is assumed to be primary output from the cycle. Electric output is considered to be a byproduct. Variation of the heat output is achieved by controlling the flow passing through the condenser. At 100 percent heat output, only the cooling steam flows to the condenser. At no heat output, there is no flow through the heating condenser. Cycle calculations have been performed for 100, 75, 50, 25, and 0 percent of the maximum heat output. Assumptions calculation procedures outlined above for the extraction-condensing cycle also apply for back- pressure cycle. The control of heat output, however, is different. The heat output of the back pressure cycle is varied by changing the mass flow rate through the turbine. Calculations have been performed for 100 to 37.5 percent of the maximum heat output. Properties of water required in the computer programs were computed using the equation and procedures given in [3]- Economic Analysis It is the economic consideration which will determine whether or not a cogeneration plant should be built. A simple method is presented here for determining the economic feasibility of a cogeneration plant. In this method all costs and revenues are expressed on an annual basis for comparison. Two assumption are made. First the heat demand is assumed to be supplied by other means if a cogeneration plant is not built. Therefore only the additional or incremental cost is considered. This includes the turbo generator set, condensers, feedwater heaters, steam generators, additional piping, fuel handling, exhaust cleaning measures, building and consruction costs as well as engineering cost. The second assumption is that all of the byproduct electricity produced can be utilised. A numerical example using this method shows that an extinction condensing cycle should bepreferred if the system is to operate at partial heat loads for long periods of time. Back-pressure cycle will be economically feasible only if the system operates at full load more than 90 percent of the time. However the most economic operation for the extraction-condensing cycle is also realized at full load. vmResults Results of the computer simulation of the two cycles discussed above. The key parameters on which the results are based, are explained below. Heat output per unit mass of steam entering the turbine has a maximum value for a given throttle condition and process heat supply temperature. Heat output from the cycle for a given set of turbine inlet conditions was varied as explained in the thermodinamic a na lysis. It was also found that the thermal efficiency of these cycles, defined as net work output over the heat input. Increasing the process heat supply temperature decreases the electric to heat ratio and the electric out put, increases the heat output. IXEnter the type of the system Turbine inlet pressure and temperature Process heat supply temperature Deter mine feedwater enthalpy rise and Turbine exraetion pressure Determine for the case of no heat output mass flow to the feed water heaters and the condenser r* Select a heat load as a percent of full load L-. Determine mass flows to the feedwater heaters, process heating condenser, condenser, net work, electric output heat output, heat input Figure 1. Block diagram of calculation procedure xi ÖZET Birleşik ısı ve güç çevrimlerinin endüstride kullanımının yaygınlaşması bu konudaki araştırmalara yeni boyutlar kazandırmaktadır. Bu durum göz ününe alınarak endüstride kullanılan buharlı birleşik ısı -güç çevrimleri ne ait termodinamik ve ekonomik çözümlemelerin yapıldığı bu çalışmada beş bölüm bulunmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, yapılan çalışmanın amacı açıklanmış, literatürdeki yerine ve önemine değinilmiştir. Konu ile ilgili kabullerden bahsedilmiştir. ikinci bölümde, buharlı güç çevrimleri hakkında genel bilgi verilmiştir. Çevrimlere ait T-s ve akis diyagramlarının yer aldığı bu bölümde çalışmada dikkate alınan değişkenlerin değişim aralığından bahsedilmiştir. Uçüncü bölümde, termodinamik çözümleme yapılarak, kısmi ve tam yükte ısı ve elektirik enerjisinin değişimi ile proses için gereken ısı enerjisi değeri hesaplanmıştır Dördüncü bölümde yakıt fi ati arı ve yakıt türleri yanısıra isletmelerin ihtiyaç duyduğu güç değerleri ve çalışma süreleri esas alınarak bu çevrimlerin ekonomik analizi yapılmıştır. Son bölümde sonuçların grafiklerle kıyaslama ve tartışması yapılarak her iki çevrime ait değişik değerlerin irdelemesi yapılmıştır. 69

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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
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