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  • 15. Life on land
  • 11. Sustainability
  • 12. Responsible consumption
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Roux, M;

    On the bathyal slope for continental margins, steep and rocky substrates punctuated with cliffs and collapsing zones are frequently found. As survey and sampling with the classical technics from the sea surface is practically impossible in such an environment, in situ exploration with a submersible allows significant advances in ecology, with implications in paleoenvironment reconstruction. Mixing of material from shallow-water and deep-sea origins into bathyal sedimentation suggests that the so-called "fossil assemblages of outer platform" were frequently misinterpreted. Dense populations of animals closely related to fossil groups which were only considered as relict of the Past ("living fossils") and previously interpreted as shallow-water inhabitants during geological times can be discovered living in such bathyal communities. The role of bathyal ecological niches during global bioevents brings a new vision of the history of life in the Ocean through geological time and has to be further investigated. Examples from cruises monitoring the diving saucer Cyana (SP 3000) in the Bay of Biscay and off New Caledonia are given.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Roux, M;

    On the bathyal slope for continental margins, steep and rocky substrates punctuated with cliffs and collapsing zones are frequently found. As survey and sampling with the classical technics from the sea surface is practically impossible in such an environment, in situ exploration with a submersible allows significant advances in ecology, with implications in paleoenvironment reconstruction. Mixing of material from shallow-water and deep-sea origins into bathyal sedimentation suggests that the so-called "fossil assemblages of outer platform" were frequently misinterpreted. Dense populations of animals closely related to fossil groups which were only considered as relict of the Past ("living fossils") and previously interpreted as shallow-water inhabitants during geological times can be discovered living in such bathyal communities. The role of bathyal ecological niches during global bioevents brings a new vision of the history of life in the Ocean through geological time and has to be further investigated. Examples from cruises monitoring the diving saucer Cyana (SP 3000) in the Bay of Biscay and off New Caledonia are given.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Samb, Oumar Mallé;

    La documentation sur les interventions de gratuité sélective des soins est encore insuffisante et surtout focalisée sur leurs effets au niveau de l’utilisation des services de santé ou de la réduction des dépenses catastrophiques. Leurs effets sociaux sont occultés par les recherches. L’originalité de cette thèse tient au fait qu’elle constitue la première recherche qui s’est consacrée à cela. Ses résultats sont structurés en quatre articles. Le premier article montre que la gratuité sélective des soins est socialement acceptée, car elle est vue comme contributive au renforcement du lien social. Toutefois, le choix des cibles bénéficiaires est remis en cause. Au nom d’arguments moraux et humanitaires, les communautés préfèrent inclure les personnes âgées dans le ciblage, quitte à les substituer aux plus pauvres, les indigents. Néanmoins, le ciblage des indigents n’a pas entrainé de stigmatisation. Le deuxième article souligne que la fourniture gratuite de soins aux populations par les villageois membres des comités de gestion des centres de santé a contribué au renforcement de leur pouvoir d’agir et celui de leur organisation. Cependant, pour que la participation communautaire soit effective, l’étude montre qu’elle doit s’accompagner d’un renforcement des compétences des communautés Le troisième article soutient que la suppression du paiement des soins a permis aux femmes de ne plus avoir besoin de s’endetter ou de négocier constamment avec leurs maris pour disposer de l’argent des consultations prénatales ou des accouchements. Ce qui a contribué à leur empowerment et rendu possible l’atteinte d’autres réalisations au plan sanitaire (augmentation des accouchements assistés), mais aussi social (renforcement de leur position sociale). Le quatrième article s’est intéressé à étudier la pérennité de ces interventions de gratuité des soins. Les résultats suggèrent que le degré de pérennité de la prise en charge des indigents (district de Ouargaye) est moyen correspondant au degré le plus élevé dans une organisation alors que celui de la gratuité des accouchements et des soins pour les enfants (districts de Dori et de Sebba) est précaire. Cette différence de pérennité est due principalement à la différence d’échelle (taille des populations concernées) et d’ampleur (inégalité des ressources en jeu) entre ces interventions. D’autres facteurs ont aussi influencé cette situation comme les modalités de mise en œuvre de ces interventions (approche projet à Dori et Sebba vs approche communautaire à Ouargaye) Au plan des connaissances, l’étude a mis en exergue plusieurs points dont : 1) l’importance de prendre en compte les valeurs des populations dans l’élaboration des réformes ; 2) la pertinence sociale du ciblage communautaire de sélection des indigents ; 3) la capacité des communautés à prendre en charge leurs problèmes de santé pourvu qu’on leur donne les ressources financières et la formation minimale ; 4) l’importance du processus de pérennisation, notamment la stabilisation des ressources financières nécessaires à la continuité d’une intervention et l’adoption de risques organisationnels dans sa gestion ; 5) l’importance de la suppression de la barrière financière au point de services pour renforcer l’empowerment des femmes et son corolaire leur recours aux services de soins. The present evidence on free selective assistance of health care is still insufficient and mostly focused on their effects on the use of health services or the reductions of catastrophic expenses. Most times, their social dimension is often hidden. The originality of this thesis lies on the fact that it is the first research that focused on the social effects of the free selective health care interventions. The results are structured under four articles. The first article shows that free selective health care interventions are well accepted since it is seen as a contributor to reinforce social connection. However, the choice of the target recipients is questioned. For moral and humanitarian reasons, communities prefer the inclusion of older people in the target population in place of the poor. Yet, targeting the poor did not lead to stigmatization. The second article showed that providing free health care to the population by the management committee members of the health centers contributed to strengthening their ability to act as well as that of their organization. Yet, for an effective involvement of the community, the study shows that their services must be followed by a reinforcement of their competence. The third article supports the evidence that the removal of health fees has enabled women to no longer have the need to borrow or negotiate the approval of their husbands to have money for antenatal and deliveries care. As a result, it contributed to their empowerment and helped them to reach other health (increased of assisted childbirth) and social goals (elevating their social status.) The fourth article explores the sustainability of free selective health care interventions. The results estimate that the sustainability level of free healthcare for indigent (Ouargaye) is medium corresponding to the highest level in an organization whereas the gratuity of childbirth and health care for children (Dori and Sebba) is precarious. This disparity is mainly caused by a scale difference (size of the population involved) and the magnitude (inequality of the resources involved) between these interventions. Other factors such as the modalities of implementations of these interventions (project strategy in Dori and Sebba vs communal strategy in Ouargaye) played a role. The study has lead to several outcomes such as: 1) The significance of taking into account the values of the population when planning reforms; 2) The efficiency and social significance of common targeting of the needy; 3) The ability of communities to get involved and take care of their health problems assuming that they are provided with financial resources and minimum training; 4) The importance of the process of sustainability especially the stabilization of financial resources necessary for the continuity of the intervention and the adoption of organizational risks in its management; 5) The importance of removing financial barriers to services in order to enhance women’s empowerment and its corollary , their use of social services.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Papyrus : Dépôt inst...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Samb, Oumar Mallé;

    La documentation sur les interventions de gratuité sélective des soins est encore insuffisante et surtout focalisée sur leurs effets au niveau de l’utilisation des services de santé ou de la réduction des dépenses catastrophiques. Leurs effets sociaux sont occultés par les recherches. L’originalité de cette thèse tient au fait qu’elle constitue la première recherche qui s’est consacrée à cela. Ses résultats sont structurés en quatre articles. Le premier article montre que la gratuité sélective des soins est socialement acceptée, car elle est vue comme contributive au renforcement du lien social. Toutefois, le choix des cibles bénéficiaires est remis en cause. Au nom d’arguments moraux et humanitaires, les communautés préfèrent inclure les personnes âgées dans le ciblage, quitte à les substituer aux plus pauvres, les indigents. Néanmoins, le ciblage des indigents n’a pas entrainé de stigmatisation. Le deuxième article souligne que la fourniture gratuite de soins aux populations par les villageois membres des comités de gestion des centres de santé a contribué au renforcement de leur pouvoir d’agir et celui de leur organisation. Cependant, pour que la participation communautaire soit effective, l’étude montre qu’elle doit s’accompagner d’un renforcement des compétences des communautés Le troisième article soutient que la suppression du paiement des soins a permis aux femmes de ne plus avoir besoin de s’endetter ou de négocier constamment avec leurs maris pour disposer de l’argent des consultations prénatales ou des accouchements. Ce qui a contribué à leur empowerment et rendu possible l’atteinte d’autres réalisations au plan sanitaire (augmentation des accouchements assistés), mais aussi social (renforcement de leur position sociale). Le quatrième article s’est intéressé à étudier la pérennité de ces interventions de gratuité des soins. Les résultats suggèrent que le degré de pérennité de la prise en charge des indigents (district de Ouargaye) est moyen correspondant au degré le plus élevé dans une organisation alors que celui de la gratuité des accouchements et des soins pour les enfants (districts de Dori et de Sebba) est précaire. Cette différence de pérennité est due principalement à la différence d’échelle (taille des populations concernées) et d’ampleur (inégalité des ressources en jeu) entre ces interventions. D’autres facteurs ont aussi influencé cette situation comme les modalités de mise en œuvre de ces interventions (approche projet à Dori et Sebba vs approche communautaire à Ouargaye) Au plan des connaissances, l’étude a mis en exergue plusieurs points dont : 1) l’importance de prendre en compte les valeurs des populations dans l’élaboration des réformes ; 2) la pertinence sociale du ciblage communautaire de sélection des indigents ; 3) la capacité des communautés à prendre en charge leurs problèmes de santé pourvu qu’on leur donne les ressources financières et la formation minimale ; 4) l’importance du processus de pérennisation, notamment la stabilisation des ressources financières nécessaires à la continuité d’une intervention et l’adoption de risques organisationnels dans sa gestion ; 5) l’importance de la suppression de la barrière financière au point de services pour renforcer l’empowerment des femmes et son corolaire leur recours aux services de soins. The present evidence on free selective assistance of health care is still insufficient and mostly focused on their effects on the use of health services or the reductions of catastrophic expenses. Most times, their social dimension is often hidden. The originality of this thesis lies on the fact that it is the first research that focused on the social effects of the free selective health care interventions. The results are structured under four articles. The first article shows that free selective health care interventions are well accepted since it is seen as a contributor to reinforce social connection. However, the choice of the target recipients is questioned. For moral and humanitarian reasons, communities prefer the inclusion of older people in the target population in place of the poor. Yet, targeting the poor did not lead to stigmatization. The second article showed that providing free health care to the population by the management committee members of the health centers contributed to strengthening their ability to act as well as that of their organization. Yet, for an effective involvement of the community, the study shows that their services must be followed by a reinforcement of their competence. The third article supports the evidence that the removal of health fees has enabled women to no longer have the need to borrow or negotiate the approval of their husbands to have money for antenatal and deliveries care. As a result, it contributed to their empowerment and helped them to reach other health (increased of assisted childbirth) and social goals (elevating their social status.) The fourth article explores the sustainability of free selective health care interventions. The results estimate that the sustainability level of free healthcare for indigent (Ouargaye) is medium corresponding to the highest level in an organization whereas the gratuity of childbirth and health care for children (Dori and Sebba) is precarious. This disparity is mainly caused by a scale difference (size of the population involved) and the magnitude (inequality of the resources involved) between these interventions. Other factors such as the modalities of implementations of these interventions (project strategy in Dori and Sebba vs communal strategy in Ouargaye) played a role. The study has lead to several outcomes such as: 1) The significance of taking into account the values of the population when planning reforms; 2) The efficiency and social significance of common targeting of the needy; 3) The ability of communities to get involved and take care of their health problems assuming that they are provided with financial resources and minimum training; 4) The importance of the process of sustainability especially the stabilization of financial resources necessary for the continuity of the intervention and the adoption of organizational risks in its management; 5) The importance of removing financial barriers to services in order to enhance women’s empowerment and its corollary , their use of social services.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Papyrus : Dépôt inst...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jeffrey, Karolan;

    Si les individus ont certainement leur part de responsabilité à l'égard des changements climatiques, il apparaît, toutefois, que non seulement les citoyens canadiens ne sont pas bien informés quant à la problématique, mais qu'ils se sentent peu concernés par celle-ci. L'objectif de ce mémoire est de mieux comprendre cette contradiction. Pour ce faire, nous examinons comment les médias québécois construisent les changements climatiques en tant que problématique environnementale selon la perspective de la criminologie verte, où il est mis de l'avant que ce sont principalement des actes considérés comme légaux, commis à la fois par des individus, des entreprises ou des gouvernements, qui sont responsables des changements climatiques. Considérant que la façon dont les médias construisent les problématiques environnementales a un effet non seulement sur la compréhension des citoyens vis-à-vis de celles-ci mais aussi, et surtout, sur la perception qu'ils peuvent avoir de leur propre relation vis-à-vis de l'environnement, nous cherchons plus spécifiquement à explorer comment l'information présentée par les médias peut influencer la perception qu'ont les citoyens québécois de leur propre responsabilité environnementale. Cette étude se base sur l'analyse qualitative du contenu de 100 articles publiés sur une période d'un mois, soit du 23 novembre au 19 décembre 2015, et issus de huit périodiques québécois. Les résultats montrent que les médias offrent une couverture incomplète et non scientifique des changements climatiques. Le constat de l'analyse est que les médias ne présentent pas les changements climatiques comme étant, notamment, une problématique environnementale, mais ils les présentent plutôt comme étant une menace à laquelle il appartient spécifiquement aux gouvernements de répondre. Conséquemment, les médias ignorent complètement la responsabilité des indidivus quant aux changements climatiques et, de ce fait, contribuent probablement au désengagement de ceux-ci vis-à-vis de leur responsabilité environnementale. Finalement, à la lumière des informations recensées par la revue de littérature et des résultats de recherche obtenus, nous examinerons les implications scientifiques de ce mémoire. Il sera soulevé qu'une criminologie verte pertinente à l'étude des changements climatiques doit nécessairement questionner le rapport d'inégalité entre l'humain, l'environnement et les espèces non-humaines, où l'humain prône un rapport d'exploitation vis-à-vis de ces deux derniers. If individuals have their share of responsibility regarding climate change, it appears, however, that not only Canadian citizens are not well informed about the issue, but that they also do not feel quite concerned about it. The purpose of this thesis is to better understand this contradiction. To do so, we analyze the way media frames climate change as an environmental issue from the green criminology point of view, in which it is pointed out that climate change is mostly caused by legal harms, whether they are committed by individuals, businesses or governments. Regarding the fact that the way media frames environmental issues has an effect on how individuals understand these issues and on how they perceive their own relationship with the environment, this study seeks to specifically explore how the information presented by the media could influence Quebecers' perception of their individual environmental responsibility. This study is based on a qualitative content analysis of 100 articles drawn within the period of a month, between November 23rd and December 19th of the year 2015, from eight newspapers published in the province of Quebec. The results show that the media coverage of climate change is incomplete and not very scientific. This thesis highlights the fact that the media does not present climate change as an environmental issue, caused by legal harms, but rather as a security issue that can only truly be adressed by governments. Consequently, the media ignores the individual environmental responsibility regarding climate change and, thereby, probably contributes to the citizens' disengagement. Finally, in light of this study's literature review and results, we will explore the potential repercussions of this thesis. It will be pointed out that a green criminology relevant to the study of climate change must necessarily challenge the unequal relationship between humans, environment and non-humans, in which humans exploit the two others.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Papyrus : Dépôt inst...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jeffrey, Karolan;

    Si les individus ont certainement leur part de responsabilité à l'égard des changements climatiques, il apparaît, toutefois, que non seulement les citoyens canadiens ne sont pas bien informés quant à la problématique, mais qu'ils se sentent peu concernés par celle-ci. L'objectif de ce mémoire est de mieux comprendre cette contradiction. Pour ce faire, nous examinons comment les médias québécois construisent les changements climatiques en tant que problématique environnementale selon la perspective de la criminologie verte, où il est mis de l'avant que ce sont principalement des actes considérés comme légaux, commis à la fois par des individus, des entreprises ou des gouvernements, qui sont responsables des changements climatiques. Considérant que la façon dont les médias construisent les problématiques environnementales a un effet non seulement sur la compréhension des citoyens vis-à-vis de celles-ci mais aussi, et surtout, sur la perception qu'ils peuvent avoir de leur propre relation vis-à-vis de l'environnement, nous cherchons plus spécifiquement à explorer comment l'information présentée par les médias peut influencer la perception qu'ont les citoyens québécois de leur propre responsabilité environnementale. Cette étude se base sur l'analyse qualitative du contenu de 100 articles publiés sur une période d'un mois, soit du 23 novembre au 19 décembre 2015, et issus de huit périodiques québécois. Les résultats montrent que les médias offrent une couverture incomplète et non scientifique des changements climatiques. Le constat de l'analyse est que les médias ne présentent pas les changements climatiques comme étant, notamment, une problématique environnementale, mais ils les présentent plutôt comme étant une menace à laquelle il appartient spécifiquement aux gouvernements de répondre. Conséquemment, les médias ignorent complètement la responsabilité des indidivus quant aux changements climatiques et, de ce fait, contribuent probablement au désengagement de ceux-ci vis-à-vis de leur responsabilité environnementale. Finalement, à la lumière des informations recensées par la revue de littérature et des résultats de recherche obtenus, nous examinerons les implications scientifiques de ce mémoire. Il sera soulevé qu'une criminologie verte pertinente à l'étude des changements climatiques doit nécessairement questionner le rapport d'inégalité entre l'humain, l'environnement et les espèces non-humaines, où l'humain prône un rapport d'exploitation vis-à-vis de ces deux derniers. If individuals have their share of responsibility regarding climate change, it appears, however, that not only Canadian citizens are not well informed about the issue, but that they also do not feel quite concerned about it. The purpose of this thesis is to better understand this contradiction. To do so, we analyze the way media frames climate change as an environmental issue from the green criminology point of view, in which it is pointed out that climate change is mostly caused by legal harms, whether they are committed by individuals, businesses or governments. Regarding the fact that the way media frames environmental issues has an effect on how individuals understand these issues and on how they perceive their own relationship with the environment, this study seeks to specifically explore how the information presented by the media could influence Quebecers' perception of their individual environmental responsibility. This study is based on a qualitative content analysis of 100 articles drawn within the period of a month, between November 23rd and December 19th of the year 2015, from eight newspapers published in the province of Quebec. The results show that the media coverage of climate change is incomplete and not very scientific. This thesis highlights the fact that the media does not present climate change as an environmental issue, caused by legal harms, but rather as a security issue that can only truly be adressed by governments. Consequently, the media ignores the individual environmental responsibility regarding climate change and, thereby, probably contributes to the citizens' disengagement. Finally, in light of this study's literature review and results, we will explore the potential repercussions of this thesis. It will be pointed out that a green criminology relevant to the study of climate change must necessarily challenge the unequal relationship between humans, environment and non-humans, in which humans exploit the two others.

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    Authors: Thiffault, Marie-Andrée;

    Devant le contexte actuel des crises environnementale et sociale, on ne peut que s’interroger sur la capacité du domaine de la conservation du patrimoine à intégrer les principes et les concepts liés au développement durable. Alors que plusieurs liens entre la conservation du patrimoine culturel et le développement durable existent, il devient nécessaire de solidifier cette union. Réalisée en amont du projet de conservation, l’évaluation patrimoniale basée sur l’approche par les valeurs permet d’établir la signification d’un lieu selon les valeurs qui lui sont associées. Il y a cependant lieu de se questionner : au-delà des valeurs historiques, esthétiques ou architecturales traditionnellement attribuées au patrimoine bâti, quel intérêt accorde-t-on aux dimensions environnementales, économiques et sociales? Le postulat de ce mémoire est qu’il est essentiel d’élargir l’évaluation patrimoniale afin d’y intégrer de nouvelles valeurs liées au développement durable. Nous nous proposons d’étudier la faisabilité de ceci en élaborant un modèle d’évaluation patrimoniale basé sur une approche par les valeurs qui prend en compte l’ensemble des valeurs inhérentes au patrimoine bâti, c’est-à-dire les aspects culturels, sociaux, économiques et environnementaux. Cette proposition se traduit en une grille d’évaluation qui comporte ces dimensions. Afin de confronter notre hypothèse au réel, nous procéderons à une étude de cas : le Silo no.5 situé dans le Vieux-Port de Montréal. Aux termes de cette recherche, nous estimons être en mesure d’identifier les limites de notre expérimentation et de déterminer ce qui pourrait être fait pour contribuer aux efforts en conservation. Il nous apparaît que les recherches effectuées dans le cadre de ce mémoire sont susceptibles d’intéresser toute personne oeuvrant dans le domaine de la conservation du patrimoine. While some link between heritage conservation and sustainability are already established, we need to improve our ability to protect and enhance heritage within sustainability framework. The evaluation of our built heritage establishes its significance through its associated values. However, some questions needs to be answered: beyond the traditional values attributed to our build heritage, what is the role attributed to the environment, economic and social aspects in the evaluation of a site? In the interest of pursuing the natural alliance between sustainable development and heritage conservation, the question begs to be asked in the particular context of heritage evaluations. Our research topic focuses on a key question: can the definition of heritage continue to broaden to encompass sustainability’s criteria? The thesis objective is to achieve a synthesis of the need to conserve our built heritage and the concept of sustainable development as criteria into the methodology used to evaluate a site to ensure the conservation of heritage for sociocultural, economic and environmental considerations. This research proposes to examine the values based approach and current heritage evaluation methods. To enhance heritage approach, we will take into consideration the sustainable paradigm and its actual translation in architectural and historic preservation practices. We propose to elaborate a new evaluation grid that includes criteria in relation with social, environmental and economic issues. We will validate this grid with a case study: Montreal’s Grain elevator No5. Accordingly, a clear overview needs to include all aspect of our cultural heritage to manage and guide the conservation projects in order to achieve a sustainable approach.

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    Authors: Thiffault, Marie-Andrée;

    Devant le contexte actuel des crises environnementale et sociale, on ne peut que s’interroger sur la capacité du domaine de la conservation du patrimoine à intégrer les principes et les concepts liés au développement durable. Alors que plusieurs liens entre la conservation du patrimoine culturel et le développement durable existent, il devient nécessaire de solidifier cette union. Réalisée en amont du projet de conservation, l’évaluation patrimoniale basée sur l’approche par les valeurs permet d’établir la signification d’un lieu selon les valeurs qui lui sont associées. Il y a cependant lieu de se questionner : au-delà des valeurs historiques, esthétiques ou architecturales traditionnellement attribuées au patrimoine bâti, quel intérêt accorde-t-on aux dimensions environnementales, économiques et sociales? Le postulat de ce mémoire est qu’il est essentiel d’élargir l’évaluation patrimoniale afin d’y intégrer de nouvelles valeurs liées au développement durable. Nous nous proposons d’étudier la faisabilité de ceci en élaborant un modèle d’évaluation patrimoniale basé sur une approche par les valeurs qui prend en compte l’ensemble des valeurs inhérentes au patrimoine bâti, c’est-à-dire les aspects culturels, sociaux, économiques et environnementaux. Cette proposition se traduit en une grille d’évaluation qui comporte ces dimensions. Afin de confronter notre hypothèse au réel, nous procéderons à une étude de cas : le Silo no.5 situé dans le Vieux-Port de Montréal. Aux termes de cette recherche, nous estimons être en mesure d’identifier les limites de notre expérimentation et de déterminer ce qui pourrait être fait pour contribuer aux efforts en conservation. Il nous apparaît que les recherches effectuées dans le cadre de ce mémoire sont susceptibles d’intéresser toute personne oeuvrant dans le domaine de la conservation du patrimoine. While some link between heritage conservation and sustainability are already established, we need to improve our ability to protect and enhance heritage within sustainability framework. The evaluation of our built heritage establishes its significance through its associated values. However, some questions needs to be answered: beyond the traditional values attributed to our build heritage, what is the role attributed to the environment, economic and social aspects in the evaluation of a site? In the interest of pursuing the natural alliance between sustainable development and heritage conservation, the question begs to be asked in the particular context of heritage evaluations. Our research topic focuses on a key question: can the definition of heritage continue to broaden to encompass sustainability’s criteria? The thesis objective is to achieve a synthesis of the need to conserve our built heritage and the concept of sustainable development as criteria into the methodology used to evaluate a site to ensure the conservation of heritage for sociocultural, economic and environmental considerations. This research proposes to examine the values based approach and current heritage evaluation methods. To enhance heritage approach, we will take into consideration the sustainable paradigm and its actual translation in architectural and historic preservation practices. We propose to elaborate a new evaluation grid that includes criteria in relation with social, environmental and economic issues. We will validate this grid with a case study: Montreal’s Grain elevator No5. Accordingly, a clear overview needs to include all aspect of our cultural heritage to manage and guide the conservation projects in order to achieve a sustainable approach.

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    Authors: Plante-cuny, Marie-reine; Bodoy, Alain;

    The primary production (phytoplankton and microphytobenthos) of a coastaL shallow water ecosystem (0.5 m) was investigated in two sandy areas, differing by their wave exposure. The physical and chemical parameters, the functional chlorophyll and pheopigments as well as the primary production were measured monthly, throughout a two-year study. The bivalve Ruditapes decussatus was the dominant species in the sheltered station (RD), whereas Donax trlmcu/us inhabited the other station (DT) which was exposed to the open-sea waves. Microphytic biomasses were determined after extracting chlorophyll a and pheopigments in 90% acetone. by spectrophotometric measurements before and after acidification. Gross hourly primary production was estimated by measuring the oxygen balance in light and dark enclosures. The mlcrophytobenthos was considered in the upper centimetre. The main characteristics of the water. temperature. salinity and dissolved oxygen were more variable in the sheltered area; the redox potential was generally lower in this sediment and the vertical profile revealed a "redox potential discontinuity"• which usually did not appear in the open site. In the water column (phytoplankton seasonal fluctuations were similar in both stations. The annual average values of Chla and primary production were equivalent (1.40±0.56 and 1.94±078 mg Chla.m2: 19.60±11.09 and 20.29±8.45mgCm- 2.h- 1 in RD and DT respectively). On the other hand. for the microphytobenthos. the autumn blooms were more pronounced in the sheltered station (RD) than in the wave-exposed one (DT). The annual average value of the biomass (ChIa in upper cm of sediment) was Il times higher at the RD than the DT station (42.89 ± 6.86 and 3.87 ± 1.84 mg Chla.m• 2) and the annual average of primary production 4 limes higher (19.94±6.13 and 4.77 ± 3.12 mgC m-2 .h-1). The benthic biomass was 30 times higher at the sheltered station (RD) than the planktonic one. whereas the primary production values were similar. In the wave-exposed station (DT), the benthic biomass was only twice that of the planktonic one and the planktonic primary production 4 times higher than the benthic one. The P/E ratios (assimilation numbers) indicated a better efficiency at the planktonic level [14 mgC(mg ChIa) -1.h-1 for the sheltered site and 10.46 for the open station]. They were only of 0.46 and 1.23 mgC(mg Chla) -1 - h-1 for the benthos. Such results revealed that the primary production did not exhibit the same difference between the two stations as the chlorophylI A correlation analysis gave evidence of strong relationships between both stations for the pelagic parameters, but no correlations were found between the two sites at the benthic level. When considering the primary producers (plankton + benthos) as a whole. the sheltered station was richer and more productive than the wave-exposed one. The waters were similar in both sites. indicating a common origin, but the productivity was more important in the sheltered area. due to the richness of the benthic microflora On a comparé durant deux années la biomasse (Chla fonctionnelle) et la production primaire (bilans d'oxygène) des microphytes benthiques et planctoniques de deux plages de sables fins (0,5 m de profondeur), soumises à des conditions hydrodynamiques différentes. La station de mode calme (RD) abrite notamment un peuplement de Ruditapes decussatus (pélécypode) tandis que la station de mode agité (DT) soumise à l'influence du large, est habitée par des peuplements d'un autre pélécypode, Donax trunculus. Dans le compartiment pélagique (phytoplancton) les variations saisonnières sont à peu près identiques dans les deux stations. Les moyennes annuelles de la biomasse et de la production primaire sont sensiblement équivalentes (1.40 ± 0,56 et 1,94 ± 0,78 mg Chla.m - 2: 19,60 ± 11.09 et 20,29 ± 8.45 mgc.m - 2.h -1 respectivement en RD et DT). En revanche, dans le compartiment benthique (microphytobenthos), des floraisons d'automne sont plus accentuées à la station de mode calme (RD) qu'à la station de mode agité (DT). La moyenne annuelle de biomasse (1er cm d'épaisseur du sédiment) est Il fois plus élevée à la station RD qu'à la station DT (42,89 ± 6,86 et 3,87 ± 1,84 mg Chla.m- 2) et la moyenne de la production primaire 4 fois supérieure (19,94 ± 6,13 contre 4,77 ± 3,12 mgC.m- 2.h- 1). Dans la station RD (calme), la biomasse benthique (1er centimètre) est 30 fois supérieure à la biomasse planctonique, alors que les productions primaires sont équivalentes. Dans la station de mode agité (DT) la biomasse benthique est seulement double de la biomasse planctonique et la production primaire planctonique est 4 fois supérieure à la production benthique. L'étude des corrélations montre que des liaisons étroites existent entre les deux stations pour les paramètres du domaine pélagique, alors que dans le domaine benthique, les moyennes et les évolutions sont différentes dans les deux sites. La station de sables fins de mode calme est, au total. à l'échelon primaire (plancton + benthos), plus riche et plus productive que la station de mode agité.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Plante-cuny, Marie-reine; Bodoy, Alain;

    The primary production (phytoplankton and microphytobenthos) of a coastaL shallow water ecosystem (0.5 m) was investigated in two sandy areas, differing by their wave exposure. The physical and chemical parameters, the functional chlorophyll and pheopigments as well as the primary production were measured monthly, throughout a two-year study. The bivalve Ruditapes decussatus was the dominant species in the sheltered station (RD), whereas Donax trlmcu/us inhabited the other station (DT) which was exposed to the open-sea waves. Microphytic biomasses were determined after extracting chlorophyll a and pheopigments in 90% acetone. by spectrophotometric measurements before and after acidification. Gross hourly primary production was estimated by measuring the oxygen balance in light and dark enclosures. The mlcrophytobenthos was considered in the upper centimetre. The main characteristics of the water. temperature. salinity and dissolved oxygen were more variable in the sheltered area; the redox potential was generally lower in this sediment and the vertical profile revealed a "redox potential discontinuity"• which usually did not appear in the open site. In the water column (phytoplankton seasonal fluctuations were similar in both stations. The annual average values of Chla and primary production were equivalent (1.40±0.56 and 1.94±078 mg Chla.m2: 19.60±11.09 and 20.29±8.45mgCm- 2.h- 1 in RD and DT respectively). On the other hand. for the microphytobenthos. the autumn blooms were more pronounced in the sheltered station (RD) than in the wave-exposed one (DT). The annual average value of the biomass (ChIa in upper cm of sediment) was Il times higher at the RD than the DT station (42.89 ± 6.86 and 3.87 ± 1.84 mg Chla.m• 2) and the annual average of primary production 4 limes higher (19.94±6.13 and 4.77 ± 3.12 mgC m-2 .h-1). The benthic biomass was 30 times higher at the sheltered station (RD) than the planktonic one. whereas the primary production values were similar. In the wave-exposed station (DT), the benthic biomass was only twice that of the planktonic one and the planktonic primary production 4 times higher than the benthic one. The P/E ratios (assimilation numbers) indicated a better efficiency at the planktonic level [14 mgC(mg ChIa) -1.h-1 for the sheltered site and 10.46 for the open station]. They were only of 0.46 and 1.23 mgC(mg Chla) -1 - h-1 for the benthos. Such results revealed that the primary production did not exhibit the same difference between the two stations as the chlorophylI A correlation analysis gave evidence of strong relationships between both stations for the pelagic parameters, but no correlations were found between the two sites at the benthic level. When considering the primary producers (plankton + benthos) as a whole. the sheltered station was richer and more productive than the wave-exposed one. The waters were similar in both sites. indicating a common origin, but the productivity was more important in the sheltered area. due to the richness of the benthic microflora On a comparé durant deux années la biomasse (Chla fonctionnelle) et la production primaire (bilans d'oxygène) des microphytes benthiques et planctoniques de deux plages de sables fins (0,5 m de profondeur), soumises à des conditions hydrodynamiques différentes. La station de mode calme (RD) abrite notamment un peuplement de Ruditapes decussatus (pélécypode) tandis que la station de mode agité (DT) soumise à l'influence du large, est habitée par des peuplements d'un autre pélécypode, Donax trunculus. Dans le compartiment pélagique (phytoplancton) les variations saisonnières sont à peu près identiques dans les deux stations. Les moyennes annuelles de la biomasse et de la production primaire sont sensiblement équivalentes (1.40 ± 0,56 et 1,94 ± 0,78 mg Chla.m - 2: 19,60 ± 11.09 et 20,29 ± 8.45 mgc.m - 2.h -1 respectivement en RD et DT). En revanche, dans le compartiment benthique (microphytobenthos), des floraisons d'automne sont plus accentuées à la station de mode calme (RD) qu'à la station de mode agité (DT). La moyenne annuelle de biomasse (1er cm d'épaisseur du sédiment) est Il fois plus élevée à la station RD qu'à la station DT (42,89 ± 6,86 et 3,87 ± 1,84 mg Chla.m- 2) et la moyenne de la production primaire 4 fois supérieure (19,94 ± 6,13 contre 4,77 ± 3,12 mgC.m- 2.h- 1). Dans la station RD (calme), la biomasse benthique (1er centimètre) est 30 fois supérieure à la biomasse planctonique, alors que les productions primaires sont équivalentes. Dans la station de mode agité (DT) la biomasse benthique est seulement double de la biomasse planctonique et la production primaire planctonique est 4 fois supérieure à la production benthique. L'étude des corrélations montre que des liaisons étroites existent entre les deux stations pour les paramètres du domaine pélagique, alors que dans le domaine benthique, les moyennes et les évolutions sont différentes dans les deux sites. La station de sables fins de mode calme est, au total. à l'échelon primaire (plancton + benthos), plus riche et plus productive que la station de mode agité.

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    A better understanding of energy efficiency in the Swiss building stock, currently insufficient at the local level, is fundamental to achieve the goals of the Swiss energy strategy 2050. This study focuses on energy retrofitting of multi-family residential buildings in Geneva, integrating technical, economical, financial and environmental aspects, as well as preservation of cultural heritage.The first part provides a detailed overview of the current physical, structural and energy-using characteristics of existing building stock and analyzes the renovation market dynamics as well as the actors involved and their practices. The assessment of the energy performance of several retrofit operations revealed in the second part that the real space heating demand of the retrofitted buildings were consistently higher than those provided by calculation. It also shows that the higher the predicted space heating saving potential is, the higher share of this potential will be reached in reality. The last part evaluates the theoretical energy saving potential for space heating in the multi-family building stock and provides concrete recommendations to mobilize efficiently this potential.In conclusion, the achievement of the ambitious goals set by the Swiss federal government, particularly those which aim to reduce by half the space heating demand by 2050, is hardly possible without an improvement of the current practices regarding the actors involved in building retrofit process (process that starts with the energy audit and ends with the use of the buildings by the occupants and energy managers). Dans le cadre de la Stratégie énergétique suisse 2050, cette étude fournit d'abord un état des lieux des caractéristiques physiques, énergétiques et structurelles du secteur résidentiel collectif genevois et analyse la dynamique du marché de la rénovation et les pratiques des acteurs impliqués. Les retours d'expérience effectués ont ensuite révélé que les besoins réels en chauffage des bâtiments rénovés étaient systématiquement supérieurs à ceux prévus par calcul. Il ressort aussi que plus le potentiel prévu d'économie de chauffage est important, plus la part effectivement réalisée de ce potentiel est importante. L'étude évalue enfin le potentiel théorique d'économie de chauffage du secteur et propose une série de recommandations pour mobiliser plus efficacement ce potentiel. En conclusion, l'atteinte des objectifs de réduction fixés par la Confédération s'avère très difficile sans une amélioration des pratiques des acteurs de la filière de la rénovation, depuis l'audit jusqu'à l'usage des bâtiments par les occupants et les gestionnaires de l'énergie.

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    A better understanding of energy efficiency in the Swiss building stock, currently insufficient at the local level, is fundamental to achieve the goals of the Swiss energy strategy 2050. This study focuses on energy retrofitting of multi-family residential buildings in Geneva, integrating technical, economical, financial and environmental aspects, as well as preservation of cultural heritage.The first part provides a detailed overview of the current physical, structural and energy-using characteristics of existing building stock and analyzes the renovation market dynamics as well as the actors involved and their practices. The assessment of the energy performance of several retrofit operations revealed in the second part that the real space heating demand of the retrofitted buildings were consistently higher than those provided by calculation. It also shows that the higher the predicted space heating saving potential is, the higher share of this potential will be reached in reality. The last part evaluates the theoretical energy saving potential for space heating in the multi-family building stock and provides concrete recommendations to mobilize efficiently this potential.In conclusion, the achievement of the ambitious goals set by the Swiss federal government, particularly those which aim to reduce by half the space heating demand by 2050, is hardly possible without an improvement of the current practices regarding the actors involved in building retrofit process (process that starts with the energy audit and ends with the use of the buildings by the occupants and energy managers). Dans le cadre de la Stratégie énergétique suisse 2050, cette étude fournit d'abord un état des lieux des caractéristiques physiques, énergétiques et structurelles du secteur résidentiel collectif genevois et analyse la dynamique du marché de la rénovation et les pratiques des acteurs impliqués. Les retours d'expérience effectués ont ensuite révélé que les besoins réels en chauffage des bâtiments rénovés étaient systématiquement supérieurs à ceux prévus par calcul. Il ressort aussi que plus le potentiel prévu d'économie de chauffage est important, plus la part effectivement réalisée de ce potentiel est importante. L'étude évalue enfin le potentiel théorique d'économie de chauffage du secteur et propose une série de recommandations pour mobiliser plus efficacement ce potentiel. En conclusion, l'atteinte des objectifs de réduction fixés par la Confédération s'avère très difficile sans une amélioration des pratiques des acteurs de la filière de la rénovation, depuis l'audit jusqu'à l'usage des bâtiments par les occupants et les gestionnaires de l'énergie.

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    Authors: Maria TĂTĂRUȘANU;

    Nowadays, social responsibility of companies is a very important issue, both for Romanian researchers and for those from abroad, but also for companies, non-governmental and governmental institutions. It is not anymore only an idea launched by researchers, economists or philosophers, but it is also present in the official debates concerning regulations in the field and their updating at the European and even global level. The present work aims to analyse the social responsibility of the most important companies from Romania and their interest in reporting on the basis of different existent index in the area. The paper is an empirical study based on public information regarding social responsibility of the most valuables companies from Romania. Results are important for researchers, practitioners, institutions interested in contributing to the know-how and practices improvement in the mentioned area.

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      Management Intercultural
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    Authors: Maria TĂTĂRUȘANU;

    Nowadays, social responsibility of companies is a very important issue, both for Romanian researchers and for those from abroad, but also for companies, non-governmental and governmental institutions. It is not anymore only an idea launched by researchers, economists or philosophers, but it is also present in the official debates concerning regulations in the field and their updating at the European and even global level. The present work aims to analyse the social responsibility of the most important companies from Romania and their interest in reporting on the basis of different existent index in the area. The paper is an empirical study based on public information regarding social responsibility of the most valuables companies from Romania. Results are important for researchers, practitioners, institutions interested in contributing to the know-how and practices improvement in the mentioned area.

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    Authors: Délusca, Kénel;

    Réalisées aux échelles internationales et nationales, les études de vulnérabilité aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques sont peu pertinentes dans un processus de prise de décisions à des échelles géographiques plus petites qui représentent les lieux d’implantation des stratégies de réponses envisagées. Les études de vulnérabilité aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques à des échelles géographiques relativement petites dans le secteur agricole sont généralement rares, voire inexistantes au Canada, notamment au Québec. Dans le souci de combler ce vide et de favoriser un processus décisionnel plus éclairé à l’échelle de la ferme, cette étude cherchait principalement à dresser un portrait de l’évolution de la vulnérabilité des fermes productrices de maïs-grain des régions de Montérégie-Ouest et du Lac-St-Jean-Est aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques dans un contexte de multiples sources de pression. Une méthodologie générale constituée d'une évaluation de la vulnérabilité globale à partir d’une combinaison de profils de vulnérabilité aux conditions climatiques et socio-économiques a été adoptée. Pour la période de référence (1985-2005), les profils de vulnérabilité ont été dressés à l’aide d’analyses des coefficients de variation des séries temporelles de rendements et de superficies en maïs-grain. Au moyen de méthodes ethnographiques associées à une technique d’analyse multicritère, le Processus d’analyse hiérarchique (PAH), des scénarios d’indicateurs de capacité adaptative du secteur agricole susmentionné ont été développés pour la période de référence. Ceux-ci ont ensuite servi de point de départ dans l’élaboration des indicateurs de capacité de réponses des producteurs agricoles pour la période future 2010-2039. Pour celle-ci, les deux profils de vulnérabilité sont issus d’une simplification du cadre théorique de « Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change » (IPCC) relatif aux principales composantes du concept de vulnérabilité. Pour la dimension « sensibilité » du secteur des fermes productrices de maïs-grain des deux régions agricoles aux conditions climatiques, une série de données de rendements a été simulée pour la période future. Ces simulations ont été réalisées à l’aide d’un couplage de cinq scénarios climatiques et du modèle de culture CERES-Maize de « Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer » (DSSAT), version 4.0.2.0. En ce qui concerne l’évaluation de la « capacité adaptative » au cours de la période future, la construction des scénarios d’indicateurs de cette composante a été effectuée selon l’influence potentielle des grandes orientations économiques et environnementales considérées dans l’élaboration des lignes directrices des deux familles d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) A2 et A1B. L’application de la démarche méthodologique préalablement mentionnée a conduit aux principaux résultats suivants. Au cours de la période de référence, la région agricole du Lac-St-Jean-Est semblait être plus vulnérable aux conditions climatiques que celle de Montérégie-Ouest. En effet, le coefficient de variation des rendements du maïs-grain pour la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est était évalué à 0,35; tandis que celui pour la région de Montérégie-Ouest n’était que de 0,23. Toutefois, par rapport aux conditions socio-économiques, la région de Montérégie-Ouest affichait une vulnérabilité plus élevée que celle du Lac-St-Jean-Est. Les valeurs des coefficients de variation pour les superficies en maïs-grain au cours de la période de référence pour la Montérégie-Ouest et le Lac-St-Jean-Est étaient de 0,66 et 0,48, respectivement. Au cours de la période future 2010-2039, la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est serait, dans l’ensemble, toujours plus vulnérable aux conditions climatiques que celle de Montérégie-Ouest. Les valeurs moyennes des coefficients de variation pour les rendements agricoles anticipés fluctuent entre 0,21 et 0,25 pour la région de Montérégie-Ouest et entre 0,31 et 0,50 pour la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est. Néanmoins, en matière de vulnérabilité future aux conditions socio-économiques, la position relative des deux régions serait fonction du scénario de capacité adaptative considéré. Avec les orientations économiques et environnementales considérées dans l’élaboration des lignes directrices de la famille d’émission de GES A2, les indicateurs de capacité adaptative du secteur à l’étude seraient respectivement de 0,13 et 0,08 pour la Montérégie-Ouest et le Lac-St-Jean-Est. D’autre part, en considérant les lignes directrices de la famille d’émission de GES A1B, la région agricole du Lac-St-Jean-Est aurait une capacité adaptative légèrement supérieure (0,07) à celle de la Montérégie-Ouest (0,06). De façon générale, au cours de la période future, la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est devrait posséder une vulnérabilité globale plus élevée que la région de Montérégie-Ouest. Cette situation s’expliquerait principalement par une plus grande vulnérabilité de la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est aux conditions climatiques. Les résultats de cette étude doivent être appréciés dans le contexte des postulats considérés, de la méthodologie suivie et des spécificités des deux régions agricoles examinées. Essentiellement, avec l’adoption d’une démarche méthodologique simple, cette étude a révélé les caractéristiques « dynamique et relative » du concept de vulnérabilité, l’importance de l’échelle géographique et de la prise en compte d’autres sources de pression et surtout de la considération d’une approche contraire à celle du « agriculteur réfractaire aux changements » dans les travaux d’évaluation de ce concept dans le secteur agricole. Finalement, elle a aussi présenté plusieurs pistes de recherche susceptibles de contribuer à une meilleure évaluation de la vulnérabilité des agriculteurs aux changements climatiques dans un contexte de multiples sources de pression. The undertaking of vulnerability studies in relation to climatic change and vulnerability at the international and national levels renders them less relevant to a decision-making process at smaller spatial scales where specific response strategies are implemented. Vulnerability studies to climatic change and variability at relatively small geographic scales within the agriculture sector are rare in general, and even nonexistent in Canada, including Quebec. In order to fill in this gap and to contribute to a better decision-making process at the farm level, this study aimed at presenting a description and analysis of the evolution of grain corn growers’ vulnerability to climatic change and variability and other stressors within the Montérégie-Ouest and Lac-St-Jean-Est regions. A general methodology consisting of an assessment of farmers’ overall vulnerability by combining vulnerability profiles to climate and socio-economic conditions has been considered. For the reference period (1985-2005), vulnerability profiles were constructed by analyzing the variation coefficients of grain corn yields and crop area data. By means of ethnographic methods associated with a multicriteria analysis technique, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), adaptive capacity indices of the agriculture sector have been elaborated upon for the reference period. These indices have then been used as a starting point in the construction of scenario indices of future adaptive capacity of farmers for the future period 2010-2039. For this future period (2010-2039), vulnerability profiles for both regions have been created using a simplified version of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) conceptual framework on the components of vulnerability. For the « sensitivity » component of grain corn growers to climate conditions within the selected agricultural regions, a set of grain corn yields has been simulated using five climate scenarios coupled with CERES-Maize, one of the crop models embedded in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT 4.0.2.0 version) software. In regards to the evaluation of the « adaptive capacity » for the future period (2010-2039), the elaboration of indices for this component has been undertaken by considering the potential influence of the main economic and environmental drivers used in the development of the storylines for two greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios families, namely the A2 and A1B families. The application of the methodological approach mentioned above produced the following key results. For the reference period, the Lac-St-Jean-Est region appeared to be more vulnerable to climate conditions than Montérégie-Ouest region. The coefficient of variation for grain corn yields within the Lac-St-Jean-Est region was evaluated to be 0,35, while the value for the Montérégie-Ouest region was only 0,23. However, with respect to the socio-economic conditions, the Montérégie-Ouest region showed greater vulnerability than the Lac-St-Jean-Est region. The values of the coefficient of variation for the areas under grain corn during the reference period (1985-2005) within Montérégie-Ouest and Lac-St-Jean-Est were 0,66 and 0,48 respectively. For the future period (2010-2039), the Lac-St-Jean-Est region, once again, would seem to be more vulnerable to climate conditions than the Montérégie-Ouest region. The average values of the coefficient of variation for the simulated grain corn yields fluctuate between 0,21 and 0,25 for the Montérégie-Ouest region and between 0,31 and 0,50 for Lac-St-St-Jean-Est region. However, from a socio-economic perspective, the relative vulnerability status of both regions would seem to vary according to the scenario of adaptive capacity considered. With the economic and environmental drivers considered in the storylines of the A2 GHG emissions scenario family, the adaptive capacity indices for the sector under study would be 0,13 and 0,08 for Montérégie-Ouest and Lac-St-Jean-Est, respectively. On the other hand, by considering the economic and environmental drivers considered for the A1B GHG emissions scenario family, the Lac-St-Jean-Est agricultural region would appear to have an adaptive capacity slightly higher (0,07) than that of the Montérégie-Ouest region (0,06). In general, for the future period, the Lac-St-Jean-Est region would appear to have greater overall vulnerability than the Montérégie-Ouest. This situation can be explained mainly by a greater vulnerability of Lac-St-Jean-Est region to climate conditions. The results of this study have to be interpreted within the context of the assumptions considered, the methodology used, and the characteristics of the two regions under study. In general, using a simple methodological approach, this study revealed the « dynamic and relative » characteristics of the vulnerability concept, the importance of spatial scale and consideration of multiple stressors and the integration of an approach different to the commonly used« dumb-farmer » approach for the evaluation of this concept of vulnerability within the agriculture sector. Finally, this study has also identified some new research pathways likely to contribute to a better evaluation of farmers’ vulnerability to climate change in the context of multiple stressors.

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    Authors: Délusca, Kénel;

    Réalisées aux échelles internationales et nationales, les études de vulnérabilité aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques sont peu pertinentes dans un processus de prise de décisions à des échelles géographiques plus petites qui représentent les lieux d’implantation des stratégies de réponses envisagées. Les études de vulnérabilité aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques à des échelles géographiques relativement petites dans le secteur agricole sont généralement rares, voire inexistantes au Canada, notamment au Québec. Dans le souci de combler ce vide et de favoriser un processus décisionnel plus éclairé à l’échelle de la ferme, cette étude cherchait principalement à dresser un portrait de l’évolution de la vulnérabilité des fermes productrices de maïs-grain des régions de Montérégie-Ouest et du Lac-St-Jean-Est aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques dans un contexte de multiples sources de pression. Une méthodologie générale constituée d'une évaluation de la vulnérabilité globale à partir d’une combinaison de profils de vulnérabilité aux conditions climatiques et socio-économiques a été adoptée. Pour la période de référence (1985-2005), les profils de vulnérabilité ont été dressés à l’aide d’analyses des coefficients de variation des séries temporelles de rendements et de superficies en maïs-grain. Au moyen de méthodes ethnographiques associées à une technique d’analyse multicritère, le Processus d’analyse hiérarchique (PAH), des scénarios d’indicateurs de capacité adaptative du secteur agricole susmentionné ont été développés pour la période de référence. Ceux-ci ont ensuite servi de point de départ dans l’élaboration des indicateurs de capacité de réponses des producteurs agricoles pour la période future 2010-2039. Pour celle-ci, les deux profils de vulnérabilité sont issus d’une simplification du cadre théorique de « Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change » (IPCC) relatif aux principales composantes du concept de vulnérabilité. Pour la dimension « sensibilité » du secteur des fermes productrices de maïs-grain des deux régions agricoles aux conditions climatiques, une série de données de rendements a été simulée pour la période future. Ces simulations ont été réalisées à l’aide d’un couplage de cinq scénarios climatiques et du modèle de culture CERES-Maize de « Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer » (DSSAT), version 4.0.2.0. En ce qui concerne l’évaluation de la « capacité adaptative » au cours de la période future, la construction des scénarios d’indicateurs de cette composante a été effectuée selon l’influence potentielle des grandes orientations économiques et environnementales considérées dans l’élaboration des lignes directrices des deux familles d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) A2 et A1B. L’application de la démarche méthodologique préalablement mentionnée a conduit aux principaux résultats suivants. Au cours de la période de référence, la région agricole du Lac-St-Jean-Est semblait être plus vulnérable aux conditions climatiques que celle de Montérégie-Ouest. En effet, le coefficient de variation des rendements du maïs-grain pour la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est était évalué à 0,35; tandis que celui pour la région de Montérégie-Ouest n’était que de 0,23. Toutefois, par rapport aux conditions socio-économiques, la région de Montérégie-Ouest affichait une vulnérabilité plus élevée que celle du Lac-St-Jean-Est. Les valeurs des coefficients de variation pour les superficies en maïs-grain au cours de la période de référence pour la Montérégie-Ouest et le Lac-St-Jean-Est étaient de 0,66 et 0,48, respectivement. Au cours de la période future 2010-2039, la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est serait, dans l’ensemble, toujours plus vulnérable aux conditions climatiques que celle de Montérégie-Ouest. Les valeurs moyennes des coefficients de variation pour les rendements agricoles anticipés fluctuent entre 0,21 et 0,25 pour la région de Montérégie-Ouest et entre 0,31 et 0,50 pour la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est. Néanmoins, en matière de vulnérabilité future aux conditions socio-économiques, la position relative des deux régions serait fonction du scénario de capacité adaptative considéré. Avec les orientations économiques et environnementales considérées dans l’élaboration des lignes directrices de la famille d’émission de GES A2, les indicateurs de capacité adaptative du secteur à l’étude seraient respectivement de 0,13 et 0,08 pour la Montérégie-Ouest et le Lac-St-Jean-Est. D’autre part, en considérant les lignes directrices de la famille d’émission de GES A1B, la région agricole du Lac-St-Jean-Est aurait une capacité adaptative légèrement supérieure (0,07) à celle de la Montérégie-Ouest (0,06). De façon générale, au cours de la période future, la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est devrait posséder une vulnérabilité globale plus élevée que la région de Montérégie-Ouest. Cette situation s’expliquerait principalement par une plus grande vulnérabilité de la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est aux conditions climatiques. Les résultats de cette étude doivent être appréciés dans le contexte des postulats considérés, de la méthodologie suivie et des spécificités des deux régions agricoles examinées. Essentiellement, avec l’adoption d’une démarche méthodologique simple, cette étude a révélé les caractéristiques « dynamique et relative » du concept de vulnérabilité, l’importance de l’échelle géographique et de la prise en compte d’autres sources de pression et surtout de la considération d’une approche contraire à celle du « agriculteur réfractaire aux changements » dans les travaux d’évaluation de ce concept dans le secteur agricole. Finalement, elle a aussi présenté plusieurs pistes de recherche susceptibles de contribuer à une meilleure évaluation de la vulnérabilité des agriculteurs aux changements climatiques dans un contexte de multiples sources de pression. The undertaking of vulnerability studies in relation to climatic change and vulnerability at the international and national levels renders them less relevant to a decision-making process at smaller spatial scales where specific response strategies are implemented. Vulnerability studies to climatic change and variability at relatively small geographic scales within the agriculture sector are rare in general, and even nonexistent in Canada, including Quebec. In order to fill in this gap and to contribute to a better decision-making process at the farm level, this study aimed at presenting a description and analysis of the evolution of grain corn growers’ vulnerability to climatic change and variability and other stressors within the Montérégie-Ouest and Lac-St-Jean-Est regions. A general methodology consisting of an assessment of farmers’ overall vulnerability by combining vulnerability profiles to climate and socio-economic conditions has been considered. For the reference period (1985-2005), vulnerability profiles were constructed by analyzing the variation coefficients of grain corn yields and crop area data. By means of ethnographic methods associated with a multicriteria analysis technique, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), adaptive capacity indices of the agriculture sector have been elaborated upon for the reference period. These indices have then been used as a starting point in the construction of scenario indices of future adaptive capacity of farmers for the future period 2010-2039. For this future period (2010-2039), vulnerability profiles for both regions have been created using a simplified version of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) conceptual framework on the components of vulnerability. For the « sensitivity » component of grain corn growers to climate conditions within the selected agricultural regions, a set of grain corn yields has been simulated using five climate scenarios coupled with CERES-Maize, one of the crop models embedded in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT 4.0.2.0 version) software. In regards to the evaluation of the « adaptive capacity » for the future period (2010-2039), the elaboration of indices for this component has been undertaken by considering the potential influence of the main economic and environmental drivers used in the development of the storylines for two greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios families, namely the A2 and A1B families. The application of the methodological approach mentioned above produced the following key results. For the reference period, the Lac-St-Jean-Est region appeared to be more vulnerable to climate conditions than Montérégie-Ouest region. The coefficient of variation for grain corn yields within the Lac-St-Jean-Est region was evaluated to be 0,35, while the value for the Montérégie-Ouest region was only 0,23. However, with respect to the socio-economic conditions, the Montérégie-Ouest region showed greater vulnerability than the Lac-St-Jean-Est region. The values of the coefficient of variation for the areas under grain corn during the reference period (1985-2005) within Montérégie-Ouest and Lac-St-Jean-Est were 0,66 and 0,48 respectively. For the future period (2010-2039), the Lac-St-Jean-Est region, once again, would seem to be more vulnerable to climate conditions than the Montérégie-Ouest region. The average values of the coefficient of variation for the simulated grain corn yields fluctuate between 0,21 and 0,25 for the Montérégie-Ouest region and between 0,31 and 0,50 for Lac-St-St-Jean-Est region. However, from a socio-economic perspective, the relative vulnerability status of both regions would seem to vary according to the scenario of adaptive capacity considered. With the economic and environmental drivers considered in the storylines of the A2 GHG emissions scenario family, the adaptive capacity indices for the sector under study would be 0,13 and 0,08 for Montérégie-Ouest and Lac-St-Jean-Est, respectively. On the other hand, by considering the economic and environmental drivers considered for the A1B GHG emissions scenario family, the Lac-St-Jean-Est agricultural region would appear to have an adaptive capacity slightly higher (0,07) than that of the Montérégie-Ouest region (0,06). In general, for the future period, the Lac-St-Jean-Est region would appear to have greater overall vulnerability than the Montérégie-Ouest. This situation can be explained mainly by a greater vulnerability of Lac-St-Jean-Est region to climate conditions. The results of this study have to be interpreted within the context of the assumptions considered, the methodology used, and the characteristics of the two regions under study. In general, using a simple methodological approach, this study revealed the « dynamic and relative » characteristics of the vulnerability concept, the importance of spatial scale and consideration of multiple stressors and the integration of an approach different to the commonly used« dumb-farmer » approach for the evaluation of this concept of vulnerability within the agriculture sector. Finally, this study has also identified some new research pathways likely to contribute to a better evaluation of farmers’ vulnerability to climate change in the context of multiple stressors.

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    Authors: Labranche, Sonia;

    Le défi face aux changements climatiques ne consiste pas seulement à gérer les conséquences déjà existantes, mais aussi celles à venir. Les déplacements de population représentent sans aucun doute l’une de ces conséquences, pour laquelle nous devons réfléchir sans délai puisque les déplacements ont déjà débuté. Le Bangladesh est le symbole des déplacements de population reliés aux changements climatiques. Une configuration géographique propice aux désastres naturels, une densité de population élevée, une forte dépendance aux ressources naturelles et d’autres facteurs socio-économiques, constituent les raisons sous-jacentes à la vulnérabilité du Bangladesh. Les médias ont tôt fait d’alarmer la communauté sur les répercussions des changements climatiques sur la société civile et le droit international s’y attarde de façon plus sérieuse. De quelles protections bénéficient ces déplacés climatiques? Cette question fait d’ailleurs surgir de nouvelles problématiques juridiques. Nous nous rendrons vite à l’évidence que les déplacements, qu’ils soient à l’intérieur ou l’extérieur des frontières, ne sont susceptibles d’aucune protection internationale. Face à ce vide juridique, plusieurs propositions ont été envisagées et analysées par les chercheurs. Fuir ou rester : voici les deux choix de la population. Nous verrons que ces choix peuvent être largement influencés par les décisions gouvernementales. Cela nous amènera à nous questionner sur la perception du Bangladesh face à la migration climatique. Ce pays considère-t-il la migration comme une stratégie ou plutôt comme un échec à l’adaptation? The challenges wrought by climate change involve not only managing existing consequences, but also future ones. It is no surprise that population displacements are one of those consequences, and one that must be addressed as quickly as possible since those displacements have already begun. Bangladesh is a prime example of population displacements linked to climate change; its geography is conducive to natural disasters, it is densely populated and strongly reliant on natural resources. These and other socioeconomic factors are the underlying reasons of Bangladesh’s vulnerability. It did not take long for the media to raise the alarm in the international community about the impacts of climate change on civil society and international law is paying more and more attention to the problem. What protections are available for these climatic exiles? The question raises new legal conundrums. We will quickly discover that such displacements, whether they are domestic or international, have no legal international protection. In light of this legal vacuum, several options have been considered and analyzed by researchers. To go or not to go, that is the question that must be answered by the population. We will discover that this choice can be greatly influenced by government policy. This will shed light on the perception of Bangladesh’s choice in the matter; does the country consider the migration a coping strategy or a failure?

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    Authors: Labranche, Sonia;

    Le défi face aux changements climatiques ne consiste pas seulement à gérer les conséquences déjà existantes, mais aussi celles à venir. Les déplacements de population représentent sans aucun doute l’une de ces conséquences, pour laquelle nous devons réfléchir sans délai puisque les déplacements ont déjà débuté. Le Bangladesh est le symbole des déplacements de population reliés aux changements climatiques. Une configuration géographique propice aux désastres naturels, une densité de population élevée, une forte dépendance aux ressources naturelles et d’autres facteurs socio-économiques, constituent les raisons sous-jacentes à la vulnérabilité du Bangladesh. Les médias ont tôt fait d’alarmer la communauté sur les répercussions des changements climatiques sur la société civile et le droit international s’y attarde de façon plus sérieuse. De quelles protections bénéficient ces déplacés climatiques? Cette question fait d’ailleurs surgir de nouvelles problématiques juridiques. Nous nous rendrons vite à l’évidence que les déplacements, qu’ils soient à l’intérieur ou l’extérieur des frontières, ne sont susceptibles d’aucune protection internationale. Face à ce vide juridique, plusieurs propositions ont été envisagées et analysées par les chercheurs. Fuir ou rester : voici les deux choix de la population. Nous verrons que ces choix peuvent être largement influencés par les décisions gouvernementales. Cela nous amènera à nous questionner sur la perception du Bangladesh face à la migration climatique. Ce pays considère-t-il la migration comme une stratégie ou plutôt comme un échec à l’adaptation? The challenges wrought by climate change involve not only managing existing consequences, but also future ones. It is no surprise that population displacements are one of those consequences, and one that must be addressed as quickly as possible since those displacements have already begun. Bangladesh is a prime example of population displacements linked to climate change; its geography is conducive to natural disasters, it is densely populated and strongly reliant on natural resources. These and other socioeconomic factors are the underlying reasons of Bangladesh’s vulnerability. It did not take long for the media to raise the alarm in the international community about the impacts of climate change on civil society and international law is paying more and more attention to the problem. What protections are available for these climatic exiles? The question raises new legal conundrums. We will quickly discover that such displacements, whether they are domestic or international, have no legal international protection. In light of this legal vacuum, several options have been considered and analyzed by researchers. To go or not to go, that is the question that must be answered by the population. We will discover that this choice can be greatly influenced by government policy. This will shed light on the perception of Bangladesh’s choice in the matter; does the country consider the migration a coping strategy or a failure?

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    Authors: Lachapelle, Patrick;

    Dans un contexte de changements climatiques et de transition énergétique, le Québec semble jouir d’une situation privilégiée, produisant une importante quantité d'hydroélectricité à bon prix. Or, malgré la croyance populaire avérée voulant que l'énergie québécoise soit abondante, propre et peu coûteuse, l'avenir énergétique du Québec est pourtant précaire. D’ici quelques décennies, le Québec devra importer une quantité appréciable d'électricité à un prix plus élevé; les grands gisements hydroélectriques à faibles prix sont tous exploités; et la culture Hydro-Québec(oise) semble freiner le développement d'alternatives énergétiques, laissant peu de place à l'innovation locale qui pourrait notamment provenir des municipalités. Alors que dans plusieurs pays les municipalités sont reconnues comme étant des acteurs de premier plan dans le secteur énergétique, ici, au Québec, leur rôle dans le système énergétique national demeure somme toute marginal. En tant que principal acteur responsable de l'aménagement du territoire, il semble que les municipalités québécoises peuvent jouer un rôle de premier plan sur la scène énergétique. Ainsi peuvent-elles densifier leur territoire, développer les transports collectifs et actifs, adopter des pratiques énergétiques exemplaires, comme elles peuvent produire leur propre énergie à partir d'éoliennes, d’énergie solaire ou encore de systèmes de chauffage urbain. Le chauffage urbain et les réseaux thermiques étant moins bien connus et documentés au Québec, la présente étude tente d'expliquer le faible niveau de pénétration des réseaux thermiques dans le paysage énergétique québécois. L'étude tente également de comprendre quels ont été et quels sont les obstacles à son implantation dans le contexte énergétique fort particulier du Québec. Finalement, l'étude cherche à ouvrir la discussion sur les motifs qui pourraient pousser les municipalités québécoises à s'intéresser à ce type de développement énergétique. En se basant sur une vingtaine d'entrevues réalisées auprès d'acteurs-clés du secteur énergétique et municipal québécois, il ressort que le faible niveau de pénétration des réseaux thermiques dans les municipalités québécoises s'explique en partie par : la faiblesse des prix de l'hydroélectricité; par la prégnance d'une culture Hydro-Québec(oise) confortable et suffisante; ainsi que par des dynamiques organisationnelles et une certaine inertie politique qui limitent l’appropriation de la compétence énergétique au sein des municipalités québécoises. En contrepartie, il ressort de l'étude que les projets d'implantation de réseaux thermiques ont davantage de chance de se développer dans des contextes où : l'on assiste à des seuils minimaux de densité urbaine ou énergétique; le potentiel de développement d'une filière énergétique coïncide avec le développement de l'économie locale ou régionale; l'on constate la présence d'une vision concertée de la collectivité ou d'un agent mobilisateur dans la communauté locale. In a global context of climate change and energy transition, Quebec seems to be privileged, producing a large amount of cheap hydroelectricity. But aside from the established popular belief that Quebec’s energy is abundant, clean and inexpensive, Quebec’s energy future is still precarious. Within a few decades, Quebec will have to import a significant amount of electricity at a higher price than it actually produces it; the cheap exploitable hydro resources will not only get scarcer if not nonexistent; and the national hydroelectric ``cultural`` heritage even seems to quell the development of alternative energies, letting few space for local innovation coming from municipalities. While in many countries, municipalities are recognised as key figures in the energy sector, here, in Quebec, their role in the national energy system seems marginal. As main actors responsible for territorial planning, it seams that municipalities could play a more important role on Quebec’s energy scene. So they can densify their territory, develop active and collective solutions to transportation issues, they can adopt exemplary energetic habits, they can produce their own energy with wind, solar or even district heating systems. District heating and heat networks being less well know and documented in Quebec, the present study aims at explaining their low penetration level in the Quebec energy landscape. The study also attempts to understand what are the main hurdles to the implementation of district heating in Quebec’s particular energetic context. Finally, the research tries to open a discussion on the motives that could incite municipalities to adopt district heating as an energy alternative. Based on some twenty interviews with key actors of the energy and municipal sectors, the findings give some indications that the low penetration level of district heating in the Quebec municipalities could explain itself in part by : the low priced hydroelectricity, the presence of a comfortable, sufficient and pervasive Hydro-Quebec(er) culture, and also by organizational dynamic and a certain political inertia which limit the appropriation of an energy competence by local governments. In turn, the study shows that district heating solutions are more likely to develop in contexts in which : there are minimum urban or energy density levels; the development of district heating coincides with the local or regional economic structure; and where exist a mobilising local leader or local visions from a community in favor of the implementation of alternative energy systems.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Papyrus : Dépôt inst...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Lachapelle, Patrick;

    Dans un contexte de changements climatiques et de transition énergétique, le Québec semble jouir d’une situation privilégiée, produisant une importante quantité d'hydroélectricité à bon prix. Or, malgré la croyance populaire avérée voulant que l'énergie québécoise soit abondante, propre et peu coûteuse, l'avenir énergétique du Québec est pourtant précaire. D’ici quelques décennies, le Québec devra importer une quantité appréciable d'électricité à un prix plus élevé; les grands gisements hydroélectriques à faibles prix sont tous exploités; et la culture Hydro-Québec(oise) semble freiner le développement d'alternatives énergétiques, laissant peu de place à l'innovation locale qui pourrait notamment provenir des municipalités. Alors que dans plusieurs pays les municipalités sont reconnues comme étant des acteurs de premier plan dans le secteur énergétique, ici, au Québec, leur rôle dans le système énergétique national demeure somme toute marginal. En tant que principal acteur responsable de l'aménagement du territoire, il semble que les municipalités québécoises peuvent jouer un rôle de premier plan sur la scène énergétique. Ainsi peuvent-elles densifier leur territoire, développer les transports collectifs et actifs, adopter des pratiques énergétiques exemplaires, comme elles peuvent produire leur propre énergie à partir d'éoliennes, d’énergie solaire ou encore de systèmes de chauffage urbain. Le chauffage urbain et les réseaux thermiques étant moins bien connus et documentés au Québec, la présente étude tente d'expliquer le faible niveau de pénétration des réseaux thermiques dans le paysage énergétique québécois. L'étude tente également de comprendre quels ont été et quels sont les obstacles à son implantation dans le contexte énergétique fort particulier du Québec. Finalement, l'étude cherche à ouvrir la discussion sur les motifs qui pourraient pousser les municipalités québécoises à s'intéresser à ce type de développement énergétique. En se basant sur une vingtaine d'entrevues réalisées auprès d'acteurs-clés du secteur énergétique et municipal québécois, il ressort que le faible niveau de pénétration des réseaux thermiques dans les municipalités québécoises s'explique en partie par : la faiblesse des prix de l'hydroélectricité; par la prégnance d'une culture Hydro-Québec(oise) confortable et suffisante; ainsi que par des dynamiques organisationnelles et une certaine inertie politique qui limitent l’appropriation de la compétence énergétique au sein des municipalités québécoises. En contrepartie, il ressort de l'étude que les projets d'implantation de réseaux thermiques ont davantage de chance de se développer dans des contextes où : l'on assiste à des seuils minimaux de densité urbaine ou énergétique; le potentiel de développement d'une filière énergétique coïncide avec le développement de l'économie locale ou régionale; l'on constate la présence d'une vision concertée de la collectivité ou d'un agent mobilisateur dans la communauté locale. In a global context of climate change and energy transition, Quebec seems to be privileged, producing a large amount of cheap hydroelectricity. But aside from the established popular belief that Quebec’s energy is abundant, clean and inexpensive, Quebec’s energy future is still precarious. Within a few decades, Quebec will have to import a significant amount of electricity at a higher price than it actually produces it; the cheap exploitable hydro resources will not only get scarcer if not nonexistent; and the national hydroelectric ``cultural`` heritage even seems to quell the development of alternative energies, letting few space for local innovation coming from municipalities. While in many countries, municipalities are recognised as key figures in the energy sector, here, in Quebec, their role in the national energy system seems marginal. As main actors responsible for territorial planning, it seams that municipalities could play a more important role on Quebec’s energy scene. So they can densify their territory, develop active and collective solutions to transportation issues, they can adopt exemplary energetic habits, they can produce their own energy with wind, solar or even district heating systems. District heating and heat networks being less well know and documented in Quebec, the present study aims at explaining their low penetration level in the Quebec energy landscape. The study also attempts to understand what are the main hurdles to the implementation of district heating in Quebec’s particular energetic context. Finally, the research tries to open a discussion on the motives that could incite municipalities to adopt district heating as an energy alternative. Based on some twenty interviews with key actors of the energy and municipal sectors, the findings give some indications that the low penetration level of district heating in the Quebec municipalities could explain itself in part by : the low priced hydroelectricity, the presence of a comfortable, sufficient and pervasive Hydro-Quebec(er) culture, and also by organizational dynamic and a certain political inertia which limit the appropriation of an energy competence by local governments. In turn, the study shows that district heating solutions are more likely to develop in contexts in which : there are minimum urban or energy density levels; the development of district heating coincides with the local or regional economic structure; and where exist a mobilising local leader or local visions from a community in favor of the implementation of alternative energy systems.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Papyrus : Dépôt inst...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Roux, M;

    On the bathyal slope for continental margins, steep and rocky substrates punctuated with cliffs and collapsing zones are frequently found. As survey and sampling with the classical technics from the sea surface is practically impossible in such an environment, in situ exploration with a submersible allows significant advances in ecology, with implications in paleoenvironment reconstruction. Mixing of material from shallow-water and deep-sea origins into bathyal sedimentation suggests that the so-called "fossil assemblages of outer platform" were frequently misinterpreted. Dense populations of animals closely related to fossil groups which were only considered as relict of the Past ("living fossils") and previously interpreted as shallow-water inhabitants during geological times can be discovered living in such bathyal communities. The role of bathyal ecological niches during global bioevents brings a new vision of the history of life in the Ocean through geological time and has to be further investigated. Examples from cruises monitoring the diving saucer Cyana (SP 3000) in the Bay of Biscay and off New Caledonia are given.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Roux, M;

    On the bathyal slope for continental margins, steep and rocky substrates punctuated with cliffs and collapsing zones are frequently found. As survey and sampling with the classical technics from the sea surface is practically impossible in such an environment, in situ exploration with a submersible allows significant advances in ecology, with implications in paleoenvironment reconstruction. Mixing of material from shallow-water and deep-sea origins into bathyal sedimentation suggests that the so-called "fossil assemblages of outer platform" were frequently misinterpreted. Dense populations of animals closely related to fossil groups which were only considered as relict of the Past ("living fossils") and previously interpreted as shallow-water inhabitants during geological times can be discovered living in such bathyal communities. The role of bathyal ecological niches during global bioevents brings a new vision of the history of life in the Ocean through geological time and has to be further investigated. Examples from cruises monitoring the diving saucer Cyana (SP 3000) in the Bay of Biscay and off New Caledonia are given.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Samb, Oumar Mallé;

    La documentation sur les interventions de gratuité sélective des soins est encore insuffisante et surtout focalisée sur leurs effets au niveau de l’utilisation des services de santé ou de la réduction des dépenses catastrophiques. Leurs effets sociaux sont occultés par les recherches. L’originalité de cette thèse tient au fait qu’elle constitue la première recherche qui s’est consacrée à cela. Ses résultats sont structurés en quatre articles. Le premier article montre que la gratuité sélective des soins est socialement acceptée, car elle est vue comme contributive au renforcement du lien social. Toutefois, le choix des cibles bénéficiaires est remis en cause. Au nom d’arguments moraux et humanitaires, les communautés préfèrent inclure les personnes âgées dans le ciblage, quitte à les substituer aux plus pauvres, les indigents. Néanmoins, le ciblage des indigents n’a pas entrainé de stigmatisation. Le deuxième article souligne que la fourniture gratuite de soins aux populations par les villageois membres des comités de gestion des centres de santé a contribué au renforcement de leur pouvoir d’agir et celui de leur organisation. Cependant, pour que la participation communautaire soit effective, l’étude montre qu’elle doit s’accompagner d’un renforcement des compétences des communautés Le troisième article soutient que la suppression du paiement des soins a permis aux femmes de ne plus avoir besoin de s’endetter ou de négocier constamment avec leurs maris pour disposer de l’argent des consultations prénatales ou des accouchements. Ce qui a contribué à leur empowerment et rendu possible l’atteinte d’autres réalisations au plan sanitaire (augmentation des accouchements assistés), mais aussi social (renforcement de leur position sociale). Le quatrième article s’est intéressé à étudier la pérennité de ces interventions de gratuité des soins. Les résultats suggèrent que le degré de pérennité de la prise en charge des indigents (district de Ouargaye) est moyen correspondant au degré le plus élevé dans une organisation alors que celui de la gratuité des accouchements et des soins pour les enfants (districts de Dori et de Sebba) est précaire. Cette différence de pérennité est due principalement à la différence d’échelle (taille des populations concernées) et d’ampleur (inégalité des ressources en jeu) entre ces interventions. D’autres facteurs ont aussi influencé cette situation comme les modalités de mise en œuvre de ces interventions (approche projet à Dori et Sebba vs approche communautaire à Ouargaye) Au plan des connaissances, l’étude a mis en exergue plusieurs points dont : 1) l’importance de prendre en compte les valeurs des populations dans l’élaboration des réformes ; 2) la pertinence sociale du ciblage communautaire de sélection des indigents ; 3) la capacité des communautés à prendre en charge leurs problèmes de santé pourvu qu’on leur donne les ressources financières et la formation minimale ; 4) l’importance du processus de pérennisation, notamment la stabilisation des ressources financières nécessaires à la continuité d’une intervention et l’adoption de risques organisationnels dans sa gestion ; 5) l’importance de la suppression de la barrière financière au point de services pour renforcer l’empowerment des femmes et son corolaire leur recours aux services de soins. The present evidence on free selective assistance of health care is still insufficient and mostly focused on their effects on the use of health services or the reductions of catastrophic expenses. Most times, their social dimension is often hidden. The originality of this thesis lies on the fact that it is the first research that focused on the social effects of the free selective health care interventions. The results are structured under four articles. The first article shows that free selective health care interventions are well accepted since it is seen as a contributor to reinforce social connection. However, the choice of the target recipients is questioned. For moral and humanitarian reasons, communities prefer the inclusion of older people in the target population in place of the poor. Yet, targeting the poor did not lead to stigmatization. The second article showed that providing free health care to the population by the management committee members of the health centers contributed to strengthening their ability to act as well as that of their organization. Yet, for an effective involvement of the community, the study shows that their services must be followed by a reinforcement of their competence. The third article supports the evidence that the removal of health fees has enabled women to no longer have the need to borrow or negotiate the approval of their husbands to have money for antenatal and deliveries care. As a result, it contributed to their empowerment and helped them to reach other health (increased of assisted childbirth) and social goals (elevating their social status.) The fourth article explores the sustainability of free selective health care interventions. The results estimate that the sustainability level of free healthcare for indigent (Ouargaye) is medium corresponding to the highest level in an organization whereas the gratuity of childbirth and health care for children (Dori and Sebba) is precarious. This disparity is mainly caused by a scale difference (size of the population involved) and the magnitude (inequality of the resources involved) between these interventions. Other factors such as the modalities of implementations of these interventions (project strategy in Dori and Sebba vs communal strategy in Ouargaye) played a role. The study has lead to several outcomes such as: 1) The significance of taking into account the values of the population when planning reforms; 2) The efficiency and social significance of common targeting of the needy; 3) The ability of communities to get involved and take care of their health problems assuming that they are provided with financial resources and minimum training; 4) The importance of the process of sustainability especially the stabilization of financial resources necessary for the continuity of the intervention and the adoption of organizational risks in its management; 5) The importance of removing financial barriers to services in order to enhance women’s empowerment and its corollary , their use of social services.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Papyrus : Dépôt inst...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Samb, Oumar Mallé;

    La documentation sur les interventions de gratuité sélective des soins est encore insuffisante et surtout focalisée sur leurs effets au niveau de l’utilisation des services de santé ou de la réduction des dépenses catastrophiques. Leurs effets sociaux sont occultés par les recherches. L’originalité de cette thèse tient au fait qu’elle constitue la première recherche qui s’est consacrée à cela. Ses résultats sont structurés en quatre articles. Le premier article montre que la gratuité sélective des soins est socialement acceptée, car elle est vue comme contributive au renforcement du lien social. Toutefois, le choix des cibles bénéficiaires est remis en cause. Au nom d’arguments moraux et humanitaires, les communautés préfèrent inclure les personnes âgées dans le ciblage, quitte à les substituer aux plus pauvres, les indigents. Néanmoins, le ciblage des indigents n’a pas entrainé de stigmatisation. Le deuxième article souligne que la fourniture gratuite de soins aux populations par les villageois membres des comités de gestion des centres de santé a contribué au renforcement de leur pouvoir d’agir et celui de leur organisation. Cependant, pour que la participation communautaire soit effective, l’étude montre qu’elle doit s’accompagner d’un renforcement des compétences des communautés Le troisième article soutient que la suppression du paiement des soins a permis aux femmes de ne plus avoir besoin de s’endetter ou de négocier constamment avec leurs maris pour disposer de l’argent des consultations prénatales ou des accouchements. Ce qui a contribué à leur empowerment et rendu possible l’atteinte d’autres réalisations au plan sanitaire (augmentation des accouchements assistés), mais aussi social (renforcement de leur position sociale). Le quatrième article s’est intéressé à étudier la pérennité de ces interventions de gratuité des soins. Les résultats suggèrent que le degré de pérennité de la prise en charge des indigents (district de Ouargaye) est moyen correspondant au degré le plus élevé dans une organisation alors que celui de la gratuité des accouchements et des soins pour les enfants (districts de Dori et de Sebba) est précaire. Cette différence de pérennité est due principalement à la différence d’échelle (taille des populations concernées) et d’ampleur (inégalité des ressources en jeu) entre ces interventions. D’autres facteurs ont aussi influencé cette situation comme les modalités de mise en œuvre de ces interventions (approche projet à Dori et Sebba vs approche communautaire à Ouargaye) Au plan des connaissances, l’étude a mis en exergue plusieurs points dont : 1) l’importance de prendre en compte les valeurs des populations dans l’élaboration des réformes ; 2) la pertinence sociale du ciblage communautaire de sélection des indigents ; 3) la capacité des communautés à prendre en charge leurs problèmes de santé pourvu qu’on leur donne les ressources financières et la formation minimale ; 4) l’importance du processus de pérennisation, notamment la stabilisation des ressources financières nécessaires à la continuité d’une intervention et l’adoption de risques organisationnels dans sa gestion ; 5) l’importance de la suppression de la barrière financière au point de services pour renforcer l’empowerment des femmes et son corolaire leur recours aux services de soins. The present evidence on free selective assistance of health care is still insufficient and mostly focused on their effects on the use of health services or the reductions of catastrophic expenses. Most times, their social dimension is often hidden. The originality of this thesis lies on the fact that it is the first research that focused on the social effects of the free selective health care interventions. The results are structured under four articles. The first article shows that free selective health care interventions are well accepted since it is seen as a contributor to reinforce social connection. However, the choice of the target recipients is questioned. For moral and humanitarian reasons, communities prefer the inclusion of older people in the target population in place of the poor. Yet, targeting the poor did not lead to stigmatization. The second article showed that providing free health care to the population by the management committee members of the health centers contributed to strengthening their ability to act as well as that of their organization. Yet, for an effective involvement of the community, the study shows that their services must be followed by a reinforcement of their competence. The third article supports the evidence that the removal of health fees has enabled women to no longer have the need to borrow or negotiate the approval of their husbands to have money for antenatal and deliveries care. As a result, it contributed to their empowerment and helped them to reach other health (increased of assisted childbirth) and social goals (elevating their social status.) The fourth article explores the sustainability of free selective health care interventions. The results estimate that the sustainability level of free healthcare for indigent (Ouargaye) is medium corresponding to the highest level in an organization whereas the gratuity of childbirth and health care for children (Dori and Sebba) is precarious. This disparity is mainly caused by a scale difference (size of the population involved) and the magnitude (inequality of the resources involved) between these interventions. Other factors such as the modalities of implementations of these interventions (project strategy in Dori and Sebba vs communal strategy in Ouargaye) played a role. The study has lead to several outcomes such as: 1) The significance of taking into account the values of the population when planning reforms; 2) The efficiency and social significance of common targeting of the needy; 3) The ability of communities to get involved and take care of their health problems assuming that they are provided with financial resources and minimum training; 4) The importance of the process of sustainability especially the stabilization of financial resources necessary for the continuity of the intervention and the adoption of organizational risks in its management; 5) The importance of removing financial barriers to services in order to enhance women’s empowerment and its corollary , their use of social services.

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    Authors: Jeffrey, Karolan;

    Si les individus ont certainement leur part de responsabilité à l'égard des changements climatiques, il apparaît, toutefois, que non seulement les citoyens canadiens ne sont pas bien informés quant à la problématique, mais qu'ils se sentent peu concernés par celle-ci. L'objectif de ce mémoire est de mieux comprendre cette contradiction. Pour ce faire, nous examinons comment les médias québécois construisent les changements climatiques en tant que problématique environnementale selon la perspective de la criminologie verte, où il est mis de l'avant que ce sont principalement des actes considérés comme légaux, commis à la fois par des individus, des entreprises ou des gouvernements, qui sont responsables des changements climatiques. Considérant que la façon dont les médias construisent les problématiques environnementales a un effet non seulement sur la compréhension des citoyens vis-à-vis de celles-ci mais aussi, et surtout, sur la perception qu'ils peuvent avoir de leur propre relation vis-à-vis de l'environnement, nous cherchons plus spécifiquement à explorer comment l'information présentée par les médias peut influencer la perception qu'ont les citoyens québécois de leur propre responsabilité environnementale. Cette étude se base sur l'analyse qualitative du contenu de 100 articles publiés sur une période d'un mois, soit du 23 novembre au 19 décembre 2015, et issus de huit périodiques québécois. Les résultats montrent que les médias offrent une couverture incomplète et non scientifique des changements climatiques. Le constat de l'analyse est que les médias ne présentent pas les changements climatiques comme étant, notamment, une problématique environnementale, mais ils les présentent plutôt comme étant une menace à laquelle il appartient spécifiquement aux gouvernements de répondre. Conséquemment, les médias ignorent complètement la responsabilité des indidivus quant aux changements climatiques et, de ce fait, contribuent probablement au désengagement de ceux-ci vis-à-vis de leur responsabilité environnementale. Finalement, à la lumière des informations recensées par la revue de littérature et des résultats de recherche obtenus, nous examinerons les implications scientifiques de ce mémoire. Il sera soulevé qu'une criminologie verte pertinente à l'étude des changements climatiques doit nécessairement questionner le rapport d'inégalité entre l'humain, l'environnement et les espèces non-humaines, où l'humain prône un rapport d'exploitation vis-à-vis de ces deux derniers. If individuals have their share of responsibility regarding climate change, it appears, however, that not only Canadian citizens are not well informed about the issue, but that they also do not feel quite concerned about it. The purpose of this thesis is to better understand this contradiction. To do so, we analyze the way media frames climate change as an environmental issue from the green criminology point of view, in which it is pointed out that climate change is mostly caused by legal harms, whether they are committed by individuals, businesses or governments. Regarding the fact that the way media frames environmental issues has an effect on how individuals understand these issues and on how they perceive their own relationship with the environment, this study seeks to specifically explore how the information presented by the media could influence Quebecers' perception of their individual environmental responsibility. This study is based on a qualitative content analysis of 100 articles drawn within the period of a month, between November 23rd and December 19th of the year 2015, from eight newspapers published in the province of Quebec. The results show that the media coverage of climate change is incomplete and not very scientific. This thesis highlights the fact that the media does not present climate change as an environmental issue, caused by legal harms, but rather as a security issue that can only truly be adressed by governments. Consequently, the media ignores the individual environmental responsibility regarding climate change and, thereby, probably contributes to the citizens' disengagement. Finally, in light of this study's literature review and results, we will explore the potential repercussions of this thesis. It will be pointed out that a green criminology relevant to the study of climate change must necessarily challenge the unequal relationship between humans, environment and non-humans, in which humans exploit the two others.

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    Authors: Jeffrey, Karolan;

    Si les individus ont certainement leur part de responsabilité à l'égard des changements climatiques, il apparaît, toutefois, que non seulement les citoyens canadiens ne sont pas bien informés quant à la problématique, mais qu'ils se sentent peu concernés par celle-ci. L'objectif de ce mémoire est de mieux comprendre cette contradiction. Pour ce faire, nous examinons comment les médias québécois construisent les changements climatiques en tant que problématique environnementale selon la perspective de la criminologie verte, où il est mis de l'avant que ce sont principalement des actes considérés comme légaux, commis à la fois par des individus, des entreprises ou des gouvernements, qui sont responsables des changements climatiques. Considérant que la façon dont les médias construisent les problématiques environnementales a un effet non seulement sur la compréhension des citoyens vis-à-vis de celles-ci mais aussi, et surtout, sur la perception qu'ils peuvent avoir de leur propre relation vis-à-vis de l'environnement, nous cherchons plus spécifiquement à explorer comment l'information présentée par les médias peut influencer la perception qu'ont les citoyens québécois de leur propre responsabilité environnementale. Cette étude se base sur l'analyse qualitative du contenu de 100 articles publiés sur une période d'un mois, soit du 23 novembre au 19 décembre 2015, et issus de huit périodiques québécois. Les résultats montrent que les médias offrent une couverture incomplète et non scientifique des changements climatiques. Le constat de l'analyse est que les médias ne présentent pas les changements climatiques comme étant, notamment, une problématique environnementale, mais ils les présentent plutôt comme étant une menace à laquelle il appartient spécifiquement aux gouvernements de répondre. Conséquemment, les médias ignorent complètement la responsabilité des indidivus quant aux changements climatiques et, de ce fait, contribuent probablement au désengagement de ceux-ci vis-à-vis de leur responsabilité environnementale. Finalement, à la lumière des informations recensées par la revue de littérature et des résultats de recherche obtenus, nous examinerons les implications scientifiques de ce mémoire. Il sera soulevé qu'une criminologie verte pertinente à l'étude des changements climatiques doit nécessairement questionner le rapport d'inégalité entre l'humain, l'environnement et les espèces non-humaines, où l'humain prône un rapport d'exploitation vis-à-vis de ces deux derniers. If individuals have their share of responsibility regarding climate change, it appears, however, that not only Canadian citizens are not well informed about the issue, but that they also do not feel quite concerned about it. The purpose of this thesis is to better understand this contradiction. To do so, we analyze the way media frames climate change as an environmental issue from the green criminology point of view, in which it is pointed out that climate change is mostly caused by legal harms, whether they are committed by individuals, businesses or governments. Regarding the fact that the way media frames environmental issues has an effect on how individuals understand these issues and on how they perceive their own relationship with the environment, this study seeks to specifically explore how the information presented by the media could influence Quebecers' perception of their individual environmental responsibility. This study is based on a qualitative content analysis of 100 articles drawn within the period of a month, between November 23rd and December 19th of the year 2015, from eight newspapers published in the province of Quebec. The results show that the media coverage of climate change is incomplete and not very scientific. This thesis highlights the fact that the media does not present climate change as an environmental issue, caused by legal harms, but rather as a security issue that can only truly be adressed by governments. Consequently, the media ignores the individual environmental responsibility regarding climate change and, thereby, probably contributes to the citizens' disengagement. Finally, in light of this study's literature review and results, we will explore the potential repercussions of this thesis. It will be pointed out that a green criminology relevant to the study of climate change must necessarily challenge the unequal relationship between humans, environment and non-humans, in which humans exploit the two others.

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    Authors: Thiffault, Marie-Andrée;

    Devant le contexte actuel des crises environnementale et sociale, on ne peut que s’interroger sur la capacité du domaine de la conservation du patrimoine à intégrer les principes et les concepts liés au développement durable. Alors que plusieurs liens entre la conservation du patrimoine culturel et le développement durable existent, il devient nécessaire de solidifier cette union. Réalisée en amont du projet de conservation, l’évaluation patrimoniale basée sur l’approche par les valeurs permet d’établir la signification d’un lieu selon les valeurs qui lui sont associées. Il y a cependant lieu de se questionner : au-delà des valeurs historiques, esthétiques ou architecturales traditionnellement attribuées au patrimoine bâti, quel intérêt accorde-t-on aux dimensions environnementales, économiques et sociales? Le postulat de ce mémoire est qu’il est essentiel d’élargir l’évaluation patrimoniale afin d’y intégrer de nouvelles valeurs liées au développement durable. Nous nous proposons d’étudier la faisabilité de ceci en élaborant un modèle d’évaluation patrimoniale basé sur une approche par les valeurs qui prend en compte l’ensemble des valeurs inhérentes au patrimoine bâti, c’est-à-dire les aspects culturels, sociaux, économiques et environnementaux. Cette proposition se traduit en une grille d’évaluation qui comporte ces dimensions. Afin de confronter notre hypothèse au réel, nous procéderons à une étude de cas : le Silo no.5 situé dans le Vieux-Port de Montréal. Aux termes de cette recherche, nous estimons être en mesure d’identifier les limites de notre expérimentation et de déterminer ce qui pourrait être fait pour contribuer aux efforts en conservation. Il nous apparaît que les recherches effectuées dans le cadre de ce mémoire sont susceptibles d’intéresser toute personne oeuvrant dans le domaine de la conservation du patrimoine. While some link between heritage conservation and sustainability are already established, we need to improve our ability to protect and enhance heritage within sustainability framework. The evaluation of our built heritage establishes its significance through its associated values. However, some questions needs to be answered: beyond the traditional values attributed to our build heritage, what is the role attributed to the environment, economic and social aspects in the evaluation of a site? In the interest of pursuing the natural alliance between sustainable development and heritage conservation, the question begs to be asked in the particular context of heritage evaluations. Our research topic focuses on a key question: can the definition of heritage continue to broaden to encompass sustainability’s criteria? The thesis objective is to achieve a synthesis of the need to conserve our built heritage and the concept of sustainable development as criteria into the methodology used to evaluate a site to ensure the conservation of heritage for sociocultural, economic and environmental considerations. This research proposes to examine the values based approach and current heritage evaluation methods. To enhance heritage approach, we will take into consideration the sustainable paradigm and its actual translation in architectural and historic preservation practices. We propose to elaborate a new evaluation grid that includes criteria in relation with social, environmental and economic issues. We will validate this grid with a case study: Montreal’s Grain elevator No5. Accordingly, a clear overview needs to include all aspect of our cultural heritage to manage and guide the conservation projects in order to achieve a sustainable approach.

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    Authors: Thiffault, Marie-Andrée;

    Devant le contexte actuel des crises environnementale et sociale, on ne peut que s’interroger sur la capacité du domaine de la conservation du patrimoine à intégrer les principes et les concepts liés au développement durable. Alors que plusieurs liens entre la conservation du patrimoine culturel et le développement durable existent, il devient nécessaire de solidifier cette union. Réalisée en amont du projet de conservation, l’évaluation patrimoniale basée sur l’approche par les valeurs permet d’établir la signification d’un lieu selon les valeurs qui lui sont associées. Il y a cependant lieu de se questionner : au-delà des valeurs historiques, esthétiques ou architecturales traditionnellement attribuées au patrimoine bâti, quel intérêt accorde-t-on aux dimensions environnementales, économiques et sociales? Le postulat de ce mémoire est qu’il est essentiel d’élargir l’évaluation patrimoniale afin d’y intégrer de nouvelles valeurs liées au développement durable. Nous nous proposons d’étudier la faisabilité de ceci en élaborant un modèle d’évaluation patrimoniale basé sur une approche par les valeurs qui prend en compte l’ensemble des valeurs inhérentes au patrimoine bâti, c’est-à-dire les aspects culturels, sociaux, économiques et environnementaux. Cette proposition se traduit en une grille d’évaluation qui comporte ces dimensions. Afin de confronter notre hypothèse au réel, nous procéderons à une étude de cas : le Silo no.5 situé dans le Vieux-Port de Montréal. Aux termes de cette recherche, nous estimons être en mesure d’identifier les limites de notre expérimentation et de déterminer ce qui pourrait être fait pour contribuer aux efforts en conservation. Il nous apparaît que les recherches effectuées dans le cadre de ce mémoire sont susceptibles d’intéresser toute personne oeuvrant dans le domaine de la conservation du patrimoine. While some link between heritage conservation and sustainability are already established, we need to improve our ability to protect and enhance heritage within sustainability framework. The evaluation of our built heritage establishes its significance through its associated values. However, some questions needs to be answered: beyond the traditional values attributed to our build heritage, what is the role attributed to the environment, economic and social aspects in the evaluation of a site? In the interest of pursuing the natural alliance between sustainable development and heritage conservation, the question begs to be asked in the particular context of heritage evaluations. Our research topic focuses on a key question: can the definition of heritage continue to broaden to encompass sustainability’s criteria? The thesis objective is to achieve a synthesis of the need to conserve our built heritage and the concept of sustainable development as criteria into the methodology used to evaluate a site to ensure the conservation of heritage for sociocultural, economic and environmental considerations. This research proposes to examine the values based approach and current heritage evaluation methods. To enhance heritage approach, we will take into consideration the sustainable paradigm and its actual translation in architectural and historic preservation practices. We propose to elaborate a new evaluation grid that includes criteria in relation with social, environmental and economic issues. We will validate this grid with a case study: Montreal’s Grain elevator No5. Accordingly, a clear overview needs to include all aspect of our cultural heritage to manage and guide the conservation projects in order to achieve a sustainable approach.

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    Authors: Plante-cuny, Marie-reine; Bodoy, Alain;

    The primary production (phytoplankton and microphytobenthos) of a coastaL shallow water ecosystem (0.5 m) was investigated in two sandy areas, differing by their wave exposure. The physical and chemical parameters, the functional chlorophyll and pheopigments as well as the primary production were measured monthly, throughout a two-year study. The bivalve Ruditapes decussatus was the dominant species in the sheltered station (RD), whereas Donax trlmcu/us inhabited the other station (DT) which was exposed to the open-sea waves. Microphytic biomasses were determined after extracting chlorophyll a and pheopigments in 90% acetone. by spectrophotometric measurements before and after acidification. Gross hourly primary production was estimated by measuring the oxygen balance in light and dark enclosures. The mlcrophytobenthos was considered in the upper centimetre. The main characteristics of the water. temperature. salinity and dissolved oxygen were more variable in the sheltered area; the redox potential was generally lower in this sediment and the vertical profile revealed a "redox potential discontinuity"• which usually did not appear in the open site. In the water column (phytoplankton seasonal fluctuations were similar in both stations. The annual average values of Chla and primary production were equivalent (1.40±0.56 and 1.94±078 mg Chla.m2: 19.60±11.09 and 20.29±8.45mgCm- 2.h- 1 in RD and DT respectively). On the other hand. for the microphytobenthos. the autumn blooms were more pronounced in the sheltered station (RD) than in the wave-exposed one (DT). The annual average value of the biomass (ChIa in upper cm of sediment) was Il times higher at the RD than the DT station (42.89 ± 6.86 and 3.87 ± 1.84 mg Chla.m• 2) and the annual average of primary production 4 limes higher (19.94±6.13 and 4.77 ± 3.12 mgC m-2 .h-1). The benthic biomass was 30 times higher at the sheltered station (RD) than the planktonic one. whereas the primary production values were similar. In the wave-exposed station (DT), the benthic biomass was only twice that of the planktonic one and the planktonic primary production 4 times higher than the benthic one. The P/E ratios (assimilation numbers) indicated a better efficiency at the planktonic level [14 mgC(mg ChIa) -1.h-1 for the sheltered site and 10.46 for the open station]. They were only of 0.46 and 1.23 mgC(mg Chla) -1 - h-1 for the benthos. Such results revealed that the primary production did not exhibit the same difference between the two stations as the chlorophylI A correlation analysis gave evidence of strong relationships between both stations for the pelagic parameters, but no correlations were found between the two sites at the benthic level. When considering the primary producers (plankton + benthos) as a whole. the sheltered station was richer and more productive than the wave-exposed one. The waters were similar in both sites. indicating a common origin, but the productivity was more important in the sheltered area. due to the richness of the benthic microflora On a comparé durant deux années la biomasse (Chla fonctionnelle) et la production primaire (bilans d'oxygène) des microphytes benthiques et planctoniques de deux plages de sables fins (0,5 m de profondeur), soumises à des conditions hydrodynamiques différentes. La station de mode calme (RD) abrite notamment un peuplement de Ruditapes decussatus (pélécypode) tandis que la station de mode agité (DT) soumise à l'influence du large, est habitée par des peuplements d'un autre pélécypode, Donax trunculus. Dans le compartiment pélagique (phytoplancton) les variations saisonnières sont à peu près identiques dans les deux stations. Les moyennes annuelles de la biomasse et de la production primaire sont sensiblement équivalentes (1.40 ± 0,56 et 1,94 ± 0,78 mg Chla.m - 2: 19,60 ± 11.09 et 20,29 ± 8.45 mgc.m - 2.h -1 respectivement en RD et DT). En revanche, dans le compartiment benthique (microphytobenthos), des floraisons d'automne sont plus accentuées à la station de mode calme (RD) qu'à la station de mode agité (DT). La moyenne annuelle de biomasse (1er cm d'épaisseur du sédiment) est Il fois plus élevée à la station RD qu'à la station DT (42,89 ± 6,86 et 3,87 ± 1,84 mg Chla.m- 2) et la moyenne de la production primaire 4 fois supérieure (19,94 ± 6,13 contre 4,77 ± 3,12 mgC.m- 2.h- 1). Dans la station RD (calme), la biomasse benthique (1er centimètre) est 30 fois supérieure à la biomasse planctonique, alors que les productions primaires sont équivalentes. Dans la station de mode agité (DT) la biomasse benthique est seulement double de la biomasse planctonique et la production primaire planctonique est 4 fois supérieure à la production benthique. L'étude des corrélations montre que des liaisons étroites existent entre les deux stations pour les paramètres du domaine pélagique, alors que dans le domaine benthique, les moyennes et les évolutions sont différentes dans les deux sites. La station de sables fins de mode calme est, au total. à l'échelon primaire (plancton + benthos), plus riche et plus productive que la station de mode agité.

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    Authors: Plante-cuny, Marie-reine; Bodoy, Alain;

    The primary production (phytoplankton and microphytobenthos) of a coastaL shallow water ecosystem (0.5 m) was investigated in two sandy areas, differing by their wave exposure. The physical and chemical parameters, the functional chlorophyll and pheopigments as well as the primary production were measured monthly, throughout a two-year study. The bivalve Ruditapes decussatus was the dominant species in the sheltered station (RD), whereas Donax trlmcu/us inhabited the other station (DT) which was exposed to the open-sea waves. Microphytic biomasses were determined after extracting chlorophyll a and pheopigments in 90% acetone. by spectrophotometric measurements before and after acidification. Gross hourly primary production was estimated by measuring the oxygen balance in light and dark enclosures. The mlcrophytobenthos was considered in the upper centimetre. The main characteristics of the water. temperature. salinity and dissolved oxygen were more variable in the sheltered area; the redox potential was generally lower in this sediment and the vertical profile revealed a "redox potential discontinuity"• which usually did not appear in the open site. In the water column (phytoplankton seasonal fluctuations were similar in both stations. The annual average values of Chla and primary production were equivalent (1.40±0.56 and 1.94±078 mg Chla.m2: 19.60±11.09 and 20.29±8.45mgCm- 2.h- 1 in RD and DT respectively). On the other hand. for the microphytobenthos. the autumn blooms were more pronounced in the sheltered station (RD) than in the wave-exposed one (DT). The annual average value of the biomass (ChIa in upper cm of sediment) was Il times higher at the RD than the DT station (42.89 ± 6.86 and 3.87 ± 1.84 mg Chla.m• 2) and the annual average of primary production 4 limes higher (19.94±6.13 and 4.77 ± 3.12 mgC m-2 .h-1). The benthic biomass was 30 times higher at the sheltered station (RD) than the planktonic one. whereas the primary production values were similar. In the wave-exposed station (DT), the benthic biomass was only twice that of the planktonic one and the planktonic primary production 4 times higher than the benthic one. The P/E ratios (assimilation numbers) indicated a better efficiency at the planktonic level [14 mgC(mg ChIa) -1.h-1 for the sheltered site and 10.46 for the open station]. They were only of 0.46 and 1.23 mgC(mg Chla) -1 - h-1 for the benthos. Such results revealed that the primary production did not exhibit the same difference between the two stations as the chlorophylI A correlation analysis gave evidence of strong relationships between both stations for the pelagic parameters, but no correlations were found between the two sites at the benthic level. When considering the primary producers (plankton + benthos) as a whole. the sheltered station was richer and more productive than the wave-exposed one. The waters were similar in both sites. indicating a common origin, but the productivity was more important in the sheltered area. due to the richness of the benthic microflora On a comparé durant deux années la biomasse (Chla fonctionnelle) et la production primaire (bilans d'oxygène) des microphytes benthiques et planctoniques de deux plages de sables fins (0,5 m de profondeur), soumises à des conditions hydrodynamiques différentes. La station de mode calme (RD) abrite notamment un peuplement de Ruditapes decussatus (pélécypode) tandis que la station de mode agité (DT) soumise à l'influence du large, est habitée par des peuplements d'un autre pélécypode, Donax trunculus. Dans le compartiment pélagique (phytoplancton) les variations saisonnières sont à peu près identiques dans les deux stations. Les moyennes annuelles de la biomasse et de la production primaire sont sensiblement équivalentes (1.40 ± 0,56 et 1,94 ± 0,78 mg Chla.m - 2: 19,60 ± 11.09 et 20,29 ± 8.45 mgc.m - 2.h -1 respectivement en RD et DT). En revanche, dans le compartiment benthique (microphytobenthos), des floraisons d'automne sont plus accentuées à la station de mode calme (RD) qu'à la station de mode agité (DT). La moyenne annuelle de biomasse (1er cm d'épaisseur du sédiment) est Il fois plus élevée à la station RD qu'à la station DT (42,89 ± 6,86 et 3,87 ± 1,84 mg Chla.m- 2) et la moyenne de la production primaire 4 fois supérieure (19,94 ± 6,13 contre 4,77 ± 3,12 mgC.m- 2.h- 1). Dans la station RD (calme), la biomasse benthique (1er centimètre) est 30 fois supérieure à la biomasse planctonique, alors que les productions primaires sont équivalentes. Dans la station de mode agité (DT) la biomasse benthique est seulement double de la biomasse planctonique et la production primaire planctonique est 4 fois supérieure à la production benthique. L'étude des corrélations montre que des liaisons étroites existent entre les deux stations pour les paramètres du domaine pélagique, alors que dans le domaine benthique, les moyennes et les évolutions sont différentes dans les deux sites. La station de sables fins de mode calme est, au total. à l'échelon primaire (plancton + benthos), plus riche et plus productive que la station de mode agité.

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    A better understanding of energy efficiency in the Swiss building stock, currently insufficient at the local level, is fundamental to achieve the goals of the Swiss energy strategy 2050. This study focuses on energy retrofitting of multi-family residential buildings in Geneva, integrating technical, economical, financial and environmental aspects, as well as preservation of cultural heritage.The first part provides a detailed overview of the current physical, structural and energy-using characteristics of existing building stock and analyzes the renovation market dynamics as well as the actors involved and their practices. The assessment of the energy performance of several retrofit operations revealed in the second part that the real space heating demand of the retrofitted buildings were consistently higher than those provided by calculation. It also shows that the higher the predicted space heating saving potential is, the higher share of this potential will be reached in reality. The last part evaluates the theoretical energy saving potential for space heating in the multi-family building stock and provides concrete recommendations to mobilize efficiently this potential.In conclusion, the achievement of the ambitious goals set by the Swiss federal government, particularly those which aim to reduce by half the space heating demand by 2050, is hardly possible without an improvement of the current practices regarding the actors involved in building retrofit process (process that starts with the energy audit and ends with the use of the buildings by the occupants and energy managers). Dans le cadre de la Stratégie énergétique suisse 2050, cette étude fournit d'abord un état des lieux des caractéristiques physiques, énergétiques et structurelles du secteur résidentiel collectif genevois et analyse la dynamique du marché de la rénovation et les pratiques des acteurs impliqués. Les retours d'expérience effectués ont ensuite révélé que les besoins réels en chauffage des bâtiments rénovés étaient systématiquement supérieurs à ceux prévus par calcul. Il ressort aussi que plus le potentiel prévu d'économie de chauffage est important, plus la part effectivement réalisée de ce potentiel est importante. L'étude évalue enfin le potentiel théorique d'économie de chauffage du secteur et propose une série de recommandations pour mobiliser plus efficacement ce potentiel. En conclusion, l'atteinte des objectifs de réduction fixés par la Confédération s'avère très difficile sans une amélioration des pratiques des acteurs de la filière de la rénovation, depuis l'audit jusqu'à l'usage des bâtiments par les occupants et les gestionnaires de l'énergie.

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    A better understanding of energy efficiency in the Swiss building stock, currently insufficient at the local level, is fundamental to achieve the goals of the Swiss energy strategy 2050. This study focuses on energy retrofitting of multi-family residential buildings in Geneva, integrating technical, economical, financial and environmental aspects, as well as preservation of cultural heritage.The first part provides a detailed overview of the current physical, structural and energy-using characteristics of existing building stock and analyzes the renovation market dynamics as well as the actors involved and their practices. The assessment of the energy performance of several retrofit operations revealed in the second part that the real space heating demand of the retrofitted buildings were consistently higher than those provided by calculation. It also shows that the higher the predicted space heating saving potential is, the higher share of this potential will be reached in reality. The last part evaluates the theoretical energy saving potential for space heating in the multi-family building stock and provides concrete recommendations to mobilize efficiently this potential.In conclusion, the achievement of the ambitious goals set by the Swiss federal government, particularly those which aim to reduce by half the space heating demand by 2050, is hardly possible without an improvement of the current practices regarding the actors involved in building retrofit process (process that starts with the energy audit and ends with the use of the buildings by the occupants and energy managers). Dans le cadre de la Stratégie énergétique suisse 2050, cette étude fournit d'abord un état des lieux des caractéristiques physiques, énergétiques et structurelles du secteur résidentiel collectif genevois et analyse la dynamique du marché de la rénovation et les pratiques des acteurs impliqués. Les retours d'expérience effectués ont ensuite révélé que les besoins réels en chauffage des bâtiments rénovés étaient systématiquement supérieurs à ceux prévus par calcul. Il ressort aussi que plus le potentiel prévu d'économie de chauffage est important, plus la part effectivement réalisée de ce potentiel est importante. L'étude évalue enfin le potentiel théorique d'économie de chauffage du secteur et propose une série de recommandations pour mobiliser plus efficacement ce potentiel. En conclusion, l'atteinte des objectifs de réduction fixés par la Confédération s'avère très difficile sans une amélioration des pratiques des acteurs de la filière de la rénovation, depuis l'audit jusqu'à l'usage des bâtiments par les occupants et les gestionnaires de l'énergie.

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    Authors: Maria TĂTĂRUȘANU;

    Nowadays, social responsibility of companies is a very important issue, both for Romanian researchers and for those from abroad, but also for companies, non-governmental and governmental institutions. It is not anymore only an idea launched by researchers, economists or philosophers, but it is also present in the official debates concerning regulations in the field and their updating at the European and even global level. The present work aims to analyse the social responsibility of the most important companies from Romania and their interest in reporting on the basis of different existent index in the area. The paper is an empirical study based on public information regarding social responsibility of the most valuables companies from Romania. Results are important for researchers, practitioners, institutions interested in contributing to the know-how and practices improvement in the mentioned area.

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    Management Intercultural
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    Authors: Maria TĂTĂRUȘANU;

    Nowadays, social responsibility of companies is a very important issue, both for Romanian researchers and for those from abroad, but also for companies, non-governmental and governmental institutions. It is not anymore only an idea launched by researchers, economists or philosophers, but it is also present in the official debates concerning regulations in the field and their updating at the European and even global level. The present work aims to analyse the social responsibility of the most important companies from Romania and their interest in reporting on the basis of different existent index in the area. The paper is an empirical study based on public information regarding social responsibility of the most valuables companies from Romania. Results are important for researchers, practitioners, institutions interested in contributing to the know-how and practices improvement in the mentioned area.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Management Intercult...arrow_drop_down
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    Management Intercultural
    Article . 2016
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Management Intercult...arrow_drop_down
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      Management Intercultural
      Article . 2016
      Data sources: DOAJ
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Délusca, Kénel;

    Réalisées aux échelles internationales et nationales, les études de vulnérabilité aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques sont peu pertinentes dans un processus de prise de décisions à des échelles géographiques plus petites qui représentent les lieux d’implantation des stratégies de réponses envisagées. Les études de vulnérabilité aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques à des échelles géographiques relativement petites dans le secteur agricole sont généralement rares, voire inexistantes au Canada, notamment au Québec. Dans le souci de combler ce vide et de favoriser un processus décisionnel plus éclairé à l’échelle de la ferme, cette étude cherchait principalement à dresser un portrait de l’évolution de la vulnérabilité des fermes productrices de maïs-grain des régions de Montérégie-Ouest et du Lac-St-Jean-Est aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques dans un contexte de multiples sources de pression. Une méthodologie générale constituée d'une évaluation de la vulnérabilité globale à partir d’une combinaison de profils de vulnérabilité aux conditions climatiques et socio-économiques a été adoptée. Pour la période de référence (1985-2005), les profils de vulnérabilité ont été dressés à l’aide d’analyses des coefficients de variation des séries temporelles de rendements et de superficies en maïs-grain. Au moyen de méthodes ethnographiques associées à une technique d’analyse multicritère, le Processus d’analyse hiérarchique (PAH), des scénarios d’indicateurs de capacité adaptative du secteur agricole susmentionné ont été développés pour la période de référence. Ceux-ci ont ensuite servi de point de départ dans l’élaboration des indicateurs de capacité de réponses des producteurs agricoles pour la période future 2010-2039. Pour celle-ci, les deux profils de vulnérabilité sont issus d’une simplification du cadre théorique de « Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change » (IPCC) relatif aux principales composantes du concept de vulnérabilité. Pour la dimension « sensibilité » du secteur des fermes productrices de maïs-grain des deux régions agricoles aux conditions climatiques, une série de données de rendements a été simulée pour la période future. Ces simulations ont été réalisées à l’aide d’un couplage de cinq scénarios climatiques et du modèle de culture CERES-Maize de « Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer » (DSSAT), version 4.0.2.0. En ce qui concerne l’évaluation de la « capacité adaptative » au cours de la période future, la construction des scénarios d’indicateurs de cette composante a été effectuée selon l’influence potentielle des grandes orientations économiques et environnementales considérées dans l’élaboration des lignes directrices des deux familles d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) A2 et A1B. L’application de la démarche méthodologique préalablement mentionnée a conduit aux principaux résultats suivants. Au cours de la période de référence, la région agricole du Lac-St-Jean-Est semblait être plus vulnérable aux conditions climatiques que celle de Montérégie-Ouest. En effet, le coefficient de variation des rendements du maïs-grain pour la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est était évalué à 0,35; tandis que celui pour la région de Montérégie-Ouest n’était que de 0,23. Toutefois, par rapport aux conditions socio-économiques, la région de Montérégie-Ouest affichait une vulnérabilité plus élevée que celle du Lac-St-Jean-Est. Les valeurs des coefficients de variation pour les superficies en maïs-grain au cours de la période de référence pour la Montérégie-Ouest et le Lac-St-Jean-Est étaient de 0,66 et 0,48, respectivement. Au cours de la période future 2010-2039, la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est serait, dans l’ensemble, toujours plus vulnérable aux conditions climatiques que celle de Montérégie-Ouest. Les valeurs moyennes des coefficients de variation pour les rendements agricoles anticipés fluctuent entre 0,21 et 0,25 pour la région de Montérégie-Ouest et entre 0,31 et 0,50 pour la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est. Néanmoins, en matière de vulnérabilité future aux conditions socio-économiques, la position relative des deux régions serait fonction du scénario de capacité adaptative considéré. Avec les orientations économiques et environnementales considérées dans l’élaboration des lignes directrices de la famille d’émission de GES A2, les indicateurs de capacité adaptative du secteur à l’étude seraient respectivement de 0,13 et 0,08 pour la Montérégie-Ouest et le Lac-St-Jean-Est. D’autre part, en considérant les lignes directrices de la famille d’émission de GES A1B, la région agricole du Lac-St-Jean-Est aurait une capacité adaptative légèrement supérieure (0,07) à celle de la Montérégie-Ouest (0,06). De façon générale, au cours de la période future, la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est devrait posséder une vulnérabilité globale plus élevée que la région de Montérégie-Ouest. Cette situation s’expliquerait principalement par une plus grande vulnérabilité de la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est aux conditions climatiques. Les résultats de cette étude doivent être appréciés dans le contexte des postulats considérés, de la méthodologie suivie et des spécificités des deux régions agricoles examinées. Essentiellement, avec l’adoption d’une démarche méthodologique simple, cette étude a révélé les caractéristiques « dynamique et relative » du concept de vulnérabilité, l’importance de l’échelle géographique et de la prise en compte d’autres sources de pression et surtout de la considération d’une approche contraire à celle du « agriculteur réfractaire aux changements » dans les travaux d’évaluation de ce concept dans le secteur agricole. Finalement, elle a aussi présenté plusieurs pistes de recherche susceptibles de contribuer à une meilleure évaluation de la vulnérabilité des agriculteurs aux changements climatiques dans un contexte de multiples sources de pression. The undertaking of vulnerability studies in relation to climatic change and vulnerability at the international and national levels renders them less relevant to a decision-making process at smaller spatial scales where specific response strategies are implemented. Vulnerability studies to climatic change and variability at relatively small geographic scales within the agriculture sector are rare in general, and even nonexistent in Canada, including Quebec. In order to fill in this gap and to contribute to a better decision-making process at the farm level, this study aimed at presenting a description and analysis of the evolution of grain corn growers’ vulnerability to climatic change and variability and other stressors within the Montérégie-Ouest and Lac-St-Jean-Est regions. A general methodology consisting of an assessment of farmers’ overall vulnerability by combining vulnerability profiles to climate and socio-economic conditions has been considered. For the reference period (1985-2005), vulnerability profiles were constructed by analyzing the variation coefficients of grain corn yields and crop area data. By means of ethnographic methods associated with a multicriteria analysis technique, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), adaptive capacity indices of the agriculture sector have been elaborated upon for the reference period. These indices have then been used as a starting point in the construction of scenario indices of future adaptive capacity of farmers for the future period 2010-2039. For this future period (2010-2039), vulnerability profiles for both regions have been created using a simplified version of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) conceptual framework on the components of vulnerability. For the « sensitivity » component of grain corn growers to climate conditions within the selected agricultural regions, a set of grain corn yields has been simulated using five climate scenarios coupled with CERES-Maize, one of the crop models embedded in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT 4.0.2.0 version) software. In regards to the evaluation of the « adaptive capacity » for the future period (2010-2039), the elaboration of indices for this component has been undertaken by considering the potential influence of the main economic and environmental drivers used in the development of the storylines for two greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios families, namely the A2 and A1B families. The application of the methodological approach mentioned above produced the following key results. For the reference period, the Lac-St-Jean-Est region appeared to be more vulnerable to climate conditions than Montérégie-Ouest region. The coefficient of variation for grain corn yields within the Lac-St-Jean-Est region was evaluated to be 0,35, while the value for the Montérégie-Ouest region was only 0,23. However, with respect to the socio-economic conditions, the Montérégie-Ouest region showed greater vulnerability than the Lac-St-Jean-Est region. The values of the coefficient of variation for the areas under grain corn during the reference period (1985-2005) within Montérégie-Ouest and Lac-St-Jean-Est were 0,66 and 0,48 respectively. For the future period (2010-2039), the Lac-St-Jean-Est region, once again, would seem to be more vulnerable to climate conditions than the Montérégie-Ouest region. The average values of the coefficient of variation for the simulated grain corn yields fluctuate between 0,21 and 0,25 for the Montérégie-Ouest region and between 0,31 and 0,50 for Lac-St-St-Jean-Est region. However, from a socio-economic perspective, the relative vulnerability status of both regions would seem to vary according to the scenario of adaptive capacity considered. With the economic and environmental drivers considered in the storylines of the A2 GHG emissions scenario family, the adaptive capacity indices for the sector under study would be 0,13 and 0,08 for Montérégie-Ouest and Lac-St-Jean-Est, respectively. On the other hand, by considering the economic and environmental drivers considered for the A1B GHG emissions scenario family, the Lac-St-Jean-Est agricultural region would appear to have an adaptive capacity slightly higher (0,07) than that of the Montérégie-Ouest region (0,06). In general, for the future period, the Lac-St-Jean-Est region would appear to have greater overall vulnerability than the Montérégie-Ouest. This situation can be explained mainly by a greater vulnerability of Lac-St-Jean-Est region to climate conditions. The results of this study have to be interpreted within the context of the assumptions considered, the methodology used, and the characteristics of the two regions under study. In general, using a simple methodological approach, this study revealed the « dynamic and relative » characteristics of the vulnerability concept, the importance of spatial scale and consideration of multiple stressors and the integration of an approach different to the commonly used« dumb-farmer » approach for the evaluation of this concept of vulnerability within the agriculture sector. Finally, this study has also identified some new research pathways likely to contribute to a better evaluation of farmers’ vulnerability to climate change in the context of multiple stressors.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Papyrus : Dépôt inst...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Délusca, Kénel;

    Réalisées aux échelles internationales et nationales, les études de vulnérabilité aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques sont peu pertinentes dans un processus de prise de décisions à des échelles géographiques plus petites qui représentent les lieux d’implantation des stratégies de réponses envisagées. Les études de vulnérabilité aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques à des échelles géographiques relativement petites dans le secteur agricole sont généralement rares, voire inexistantes au Canada, notamment au Québec. Dans le souci de combler ce vide et de favoriser un processus décisionnel plus éclairé à l’échelle de la ferme, cette étude cherchait principalement à dresser un portrait de l’évolution de la vulnérabilité des fermes productrices de maïs-grain des régions de Montérégie-Ouest et du Lac-St-Jean-Est aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques dans un contexte de multiples sources de pression. Une méthodologie générale constituée d'une évaluation de la vulnérabilité globale à partir d’une combinaison de profils de vulnérabilité aux conditions climatiques et socio-économiques a été adoptée. Pour la période de référence (1985-2005), les profils de vulnérabilité ont été dressés à l’aide d’analyses des coefficients de variation des séries temporelles de rendements et de superficies en maïs-grain. Au moyen de méthodes ethnographiques associées à une technique d’analyse multicritère, le Processus d’analyse hiérarchique (PAH), des scénarios d’indicateurs de capacité adaptative du secteur agricole susmentionné ont été développés pour la période de référence. Ceux-ci ont ensuite servi de point de départ dans l’élaboration des indicateurs de capacité de réponses des producteurs agricoles pour la période future 2010-2039. Pour celle-ci, les deux profils de vulnérabilité sont issus d’une simplification du cadre théorique de « Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change » (IPCC) relatif aux principales composantes du concept de vulnérabilité. Pour la dimension « sensibilité » du secteur des fermes productrices de maïs-grain des deux régions agricoles aux conditions climatiques, une série de données de rendements a été simulée pour la période future. Ces simulations ont été réalisées à l’aide d’un couplage de cinq scénarios climatiques et du modèle de culture CERES-Maize de « Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer » (DSSAT), version 4.0.2.0. En ce qui concerne l’évaluation de la « capacité adaptative » au cours de la période future, la construction des scénarios d’indicateurs de cette composante a été effectuée selon l’influence potentielle des grandes orientations économiques et environnementales considérées dans l’élaboration des lignes directrices des deux familles d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) A2 et A1B. L’application de la démarche méthodologique préalablement mentionnée a conduit aux principaux résultats suivants. Au cours de la période de référence, la région agricole du Lac-St-Jean-Est semblait être plus vulnérable aux conditions climatiques que celle de Montérégie-Ouest. En effet, le coefficient de variation des rendements du maïs-grain pour la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est était évalué à 0,35; tandis que celui pour la région de Montérégie-Ouest n’était que de 0,23. Toutefois, par rapport aux conditions socio-économiques, la région de Montérégie-Ouest affichait une vulnérabilité plus élevée que celle du Lac-St-Jean-Est. Les valeurs des coefficients de variation pour les superficies en maïs-grain au cours de la période de référence pour la Montérégie-Ouest et le Lac-St-Jean-Est étaient de 0,66 et 0,48, respectivement. Au cours de la période future 2010-2039, la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est serait, dans l’ensemble, toujours plus vulnérable aux conditions climatiques que celle de Montérégie-Ouest. Les valeurs moyennes des coefficients de variation pour les rendements agricoles anticipés fluctuent entre 0,21 et 0,25 pour la région de Montérégie-Ouest et entre 0,31 et 0,50 pour la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est. Néanmoins, en matière de vulnérabilité future aux conditions socio-économiques, la position relative des deux régions serait fonction du scénario de capacité adaptative considéré. Avec les orientations économiques et environnementales considérées dans l’élaboration des lignes directrices de la famille d’émission de GES A2, les indicateurs de capacité adaptative du secteur à l’étude seraient respectivement de 0,13 et 0,08 pour la Montérégie-Ouest et le Lac-St-Jean-Est. D’autre part, en considérant les lignes directrices de la famille d’émission de GES A1B, la région agricole du Lac-St-Jean-Est aurait une capacité adaptative légèrement supérieure (0,07) à celle de la Montérégie-Ouest (0,06). De façon générale, au cours de la période future, la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est devrait posséder une vulnérabilité globale plus élevée que la région de Montérégie-Ouest. Cette situation s’expliquerait principalement par une plus grande vulnérabilité de la région du Lac-St-Jean-Est aux conditions climatiques. Les résultats de cette étude doivent être appréciés dans le contexte des postulats considérés, de la méthodologie suivie et des spécificités des deux régions agricoles examinées. Essentiellement, avec l’adoption d’une démarche méthodologique simple, cette étude a révélé les caractéristiques « dynamique et relative » du concept de vulnérabilité, l’importance de l’échelle géographique et de la prise en compte d’autres sources de pression et surtout de la considération d’une approche contraire à celle du « agriculteur réfractaire aux changements » dans les travaux d’évaluation de ce concept dans le secteur agricole. Finalement, elle a aussi présenté plusieurs pistes de recherche susceptibles de contribuer à une meilleure évaluation de la vulnérabilité des agriculteurs aux changements climatiques dans un contexte de multiples sources de pression. The undertaking of vulnerability studies in relation to climatic change and vulnerability at the international and national levels renders them less relevant to a decision-making process at smaller spatial scales where specific response strategies are implemented. Vulnerability studies to climatic change and variability at relatively small geographic scales within the agriculture sector are rare in general, and even nonexistent in Canada, including Quebec. In order to fill in this gap and to contribute to a better decision-making process at the farm level, this study aimed at presenting a description and analysis of the evolution of grain corn growers’ vulnerability to climatic change and variability and other stressors within the Montérégie-Ouest and Lac-St-Jean-Est regions. A general methodology consisting of an assessment of farmers’ overall vulnerability by combining vulnerability profiles to climate and socio-economic conditions has been considered. For the reference period (1985-2005), vulnerability profiles were constructed by analyzing the variation coefficients of grain corn yields and crop area data. By means of ethnographic methods associated with a multicriteria analysis technique, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), adaptive capacity indices of the agriculture sector have been elaborated upon for the reference period. These indices have then been used as a starting point in the construction of scenario indices of future adaptive capacity of farmers for the future period 2010-2039. For this future period (2010-2039), vulnerability profiles for both regions have been created using a simplified version of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) conceptual framework on the components of vulnerability. For the « sensitivity » component of grain corn growers to climate conditions within the selected agricultural regions, a set of grain corn yields has been simulated using five climate scenarios coupled with CERES-Maize, one of the crop models embedded in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT 4.0.2.0 version) software. In regards to the evaluation of the « adaptive capacity » for the future period (2010-2039), the elaboration of indices for this component has been undertaken by considering the potential influence of the main economic and environmental drivers used in the development of the storylines for two greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios families, namely the A2 and A1B families. The application of the methodological approach mentioned above produced the following key results. For the reference period, the Lac-St-Jean-Est region appeared to be more vulnerable to climate conditions than Montérégie-Ouest region. The coefficient of variation for grain corn yields within the Lac-St-Jean-Est region was evaluated to be 0,35, while the value for the Montérégie-Ouest region was only 0,23. However, with respect to the socio-economic conditions, the Montérégie-Ouest region showed greater vulnerability than the Lac-St-Jean-Est region. The values of the coefficient of variation for the areas under grain corn during the reference period (1985-2005) within Montérégie-Ouest and Lac-St-Jean-Est were 0,66 and 0,48 respectively. For the future period (2010-2039), the Lac-St-Jean-Est region, once again, would seem to be more vulnerable to climate conditions than the Montérégie-Ouest region. The average values of the coefficient of variation for the simulated grain corn yields fluctuate between 0,21 and 0,25 for the Montérégie-Ouest region and between 0,31 and 0,50 for Lac-St-St-Jean-Est region. However, from a socio-economic perspective, the relative vulnerability status of both regions would seem to vary according to the scenario of adaptive capacity considered. With the economic and environmental drivers considered in the storylines of the A2 GHG emissions scenario family, the adaptive capacity indices for the sector under study would be 0,13 and 0,08 for Montérégie-Ouest and Lac-St-Jean-Est, respectively. On the other hand, by considering the economic and environmental drivers considered for the A1B GHG emissions scenario family, the Lac-St-Jean-Est agricultural region would appear to have an adaptive capacity slightly higher (0,07) than that of the Montérégie-Ouest region (0,06). In general, for the future period, the Lac-St-Jean-Est region would appear to have greater overall vulnerability than the Montérégie-Ouest. This situation can be explained mainly by a greater vulnerability of Lac-St-Jean-Est region to climate conditions. The results of this study have to be interpreted within the context of the assumptions considered, the methodology used, and the characteristics of the two regions under study. In general, using a simple methodological approach, this study revealed the « dynamic and relative » characteristics of the vulnerability concept, the importance of spatial scale and consideration of multiple stressors and the integration of an approach different to the commonly used« dumb-farmer » approach for the evaluation of this concept of vulnerability within the agriculture sector. Finally, this study has also identified some new research pathways likely to contribute to a better evaluation of farmers’ vulnerability to climate change in the context of multiple stressors.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Papyrus : Dépôt inst...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Labranche, Sonia;

    Le défi face aux changements climatiques ne consiste pas seulement à gérer les conséquences déjà existantes, mais aussi celles à venir. Les déplacements de population représentent sans aucun doute l’une de ces conséquences, pour laquelle nous devons réfléchir sans délai puisque les déplacements ont déjà débuté. Le Bangladesh est le symbole des déplacements de population reliés aux changements climatiques. Une configuration géographique propice aux désastres naturels, une densité de population élevée, une forte dépendance aux ressources naturelles et d’autres facteurs socio-économiques, constituent les raisons sous-jacentes à la vulnérabilité du Bangladesh. Les médias ont tôt fait d’alarmer la communauté sur les répercussions des changements climatiques sur la société civile et le droit international s’y attarde de façon plus sérieuse. De quelles protections bénéficient ces déplacés climatiques? Cette question fait d’ailleurs surgir de nouvelles problématiques juridiques. Nous nous rendrons vite à l’évidence que les déplacements, qu’ils soient à l’intérieur ou l’extérieur des frontières, ne sont susceptibles d’aucune protection internationale. Face à ce vide juridique, plusieurs propositions ont été envisagées et analysées par les chercheurs. Fuir ou rester : voici les deux choix de la population. Nous verrons que ces choix peuvent être largement influencés par les décisions gouvernementales. Cela nous amènera à nous questionner sur la perception du Bangladesh face à la migration climatique. Ce pays considère-t-il la migration comme une stratégie ou plutôt comme un échec à l’adaptation? The challenges wrought by climate change involve not only managing existing consequences, but also future ones. It is no surprise that population displacements are one of those consequences, and one that must be addressed as quickly as possible since those displacements have already begun. Bangladesh is a prime example of population displacements linked to climate change; its geography is conducive to natural disasters, it is densely populated and strongly reliant on natural resources. These and other socioeconomic factors are the underlying reasons of Bangladesh’s vulnerability. It did not take long for the media to raise the alarm in the international community about the impacts of climate change on civil society and international law is paying more and more attention to the problem. What protections are available for these climatic exiles? The question raises new legal conundrums. We will quickly discover that such displacements, whether they are domestic or international, have no legal international protection. In light of this legal vacuum, several options have been considered and analyzed by researchers. To go or not to go, that is the question that must be answered by the population. We will discover that this choice can be greatly influenced by government policy. This will shed light on the perception of Bangladesh’s choice in the matter; does the country consider the migration a coping strategy or a failure?

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Papyrus : Dépôt inst...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Labranche, Sonia;

    Le défi face aux changements climatiques ne consiste pas seulement à gérer les conséquences déjà existantes, mais aussi celles à venir. Les déplacements de population représentent sans aucun doute l’une de ces conséquences, pour laquelle nous devons réfléchir sans délai puisque les déplacements ont déjà débuté. Le Bangladesh est le symbole des déplacements de population reliés aux changements climatiques. Une configuration géographique propice aux désastres naturels, une densité de population élevée, une forte dépendance aux ressources naturelles et d’autres facteurs socio-économiques, constituent les raisons sous-jacentes à la vulnérabilité du Bangladesh. Les médias ont tôt fait d’alarmer la communauté sur les répercussions des changements climatiques sur la société civile et le droit international s’y attarde de façon plus sérieuse. De quelles protections bénéficient ces déplacés climatiques? Cette question fait d’ailleurs surgir de nouvelles problématiques juridiques. Nous nous rendrons vite à l’évidence que les déplacements, qu’ils soient à l’intérieur ou l’extérieur des frontières, ne sont susceptibles d’aucune protection internationale. Face à ce vide juridique, plusieurs propositions ont été envisagées et analysées par les chercheurs. Fuir ou rester : voici les deux choix de la population. Nous verrons que ces choix peuvent être largement influencés par les décisions gouvernementales. Cela nous amènera à nous questionner sur la perception du Bangladesh face à la migration climatique. Ce pays considère-t-il la migration comme une stratégie ou plutôt comme un échec à l’adaptation? The challenges wrought by climate change involve not only managing existing consequences, but also future ones. It is no surprise that population displacements are one of those consequences, and one that must be addressed as quickly as possible since those displacements have already begun. Bangladesh is a prime example of population displacements linked to climate change; its geography is conducive to natural disasters, it is densely populated and strongly reliant on natural resources. These and other socioeconomic factors are the underlying reasons of Bangladesh’s vulnerability. It did not take long for the media to raise the alarm in the international community about the impacts of climate change on civil society and international law is paying more and more attention to the problem. What protections are available for these climatic exiles? The question raises new legal conundrums. We will quickly discover that such displacements, whether they are domestic or international, have no legal international protection. In light of this legal vacuum, several options have been considered and analyzed by researchers. To go or not to go, that is the question that must be answered by the population. We will discover that this choice can be greatly influenced by government policy. This will shed light on the perception of Bangladesh’s choice in the matter; does the country consider the migration a coping strategy or a failure?

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Papyrus : Dépôt inst...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lachapelle, Patrick;

    Dans un contexte de changements climatiques et de transition énergétique, le Québec semble jouir d’une situation privilégiée, produisant une importante quantité d'hydroélectricité à bon prix. Or, malgré la croyance populaire avérée voulant que l'énergie québécoise soit abondante, propre et peu coûteuse, l'avenir énergétique du Québec est pourtant précaire. D’ici quelques décennies, le Québec devra importer une quantité appréciable d'électricité à un prix plus élevé; les grands gisements hydroélectriques à faibles prix sont tous exploités; et la culture Hydro-Québec(oise) semble freiner le développement d'alternatives énergétiques, laissant peu de place à l'innovation locale qui pourrait notamment provenir des municipalités. Alors que dans plusieurs pays les municipalités sont reconnues comme étant des acteurs de premier plan dans le secteur énergétique, ici, au Québec, leur rôle dans le système énergétique national demeure somme toute marginal. En tant que principal acteur responsable de l'aménagement du territoire, il semble que les municipalités québécoises peuvent jouer un rôle de premier plan sur la scène énergétique. Ainsi peuvent-elles densifier leur territoire, développer les transports collectifs et actifs, adopter des pratiques énergétiques exemplaires, comme elles peuvent produire leur propre énergie à partir d'éoliennes, d’énergie solaire ou encore de systèmes de chauffage urbain. Le chauffage urbain et les réseaux thermiques étant moins bien connus et documentés au Québec, la présente étude tente d'expliquer le faible niveau de pénétration des réseaux thermiques dans le paysage énergétique québécois. L'étude tente également de comprendre quels ont été et quels sont les obstacles à son implantation dans le contexte énergétique fort particulier du Québec. Finalement, l'étude cherche à ouvrir la discussion sur les motifs qui pourraient pousser les municipalités québécoises à s'intéresser à ce type de développement énergétique. En se basant sur une vingtaine d'entrevues réalisées auprès d'acteurs-clés du secteur énergétique et municipal québécois, il ressort que le faible niveau de pénétration des réseaux thermiques dans les municipalités québécoises s'explique en partie par : la faiblesse des prix de l'hydroélectricité; par la prégnance d'une culture Hydro-Québec(oise) confortable et suffisante; ainsi que par des dynamiques organisationnelles et une certaine inertie politique qui limitent l’appropriation de la compétence énergétique au sein des municipalités québécoises. En contrepartie, il ressort de l'étude que les projets d'implantation de réseaux thermiques ont davantage de chance de se développer dans des contextes où : l'on assiste à des seuils minimaux de densité urbaine ou énergétique; le potentiel de développement d'une filière énergétique coïncide avec le développement de l'économie locale ou régionale; l'on constate la présence d'une vision concertée de la collectivité ou d'un agent mobilisateur dans la communauté locale. In a global context of climate change and energy transition, Quebec seems to be privileged, producing a large amount of cheap hydroelectricity. But aside from the established popular belief that Quebec’s energy is abundant, clean and inexpensive, Quebec’s energy future is still precarious. Within a few decades, Quebec will have to import a significant amount of electricity at a higher price than it actually produces it; the cheap exploitable hydro resources will not only get scarcer if not nonexistent; and the national hydroelectric ``cultural`` heritage even seems to quell the development of alternative energies, letting few space for local innovation coming from municipalities. While in many countries, municipalities are recognised as key figures in the energy sector, here, in Quebec, their role in the national energy system seems marginal. As main actors responsible for territorial planning, it seams that municipalities could play a more important role on Quebec’s energy scene. So they can densify their territory, develop active and collective solutions to transportation issues, they can adopt exemplary energetic habits, they can produce their own energy with wind, solar or even district heating systems. District heating and heat networks being less well know and documented in Quebec, the present study aims at explaining their low penetration level in the Quebec energy landscape. The study also attempts to understand what are the main hurdles to the implementation of district heating in Quebec’s particular energetic context. Finally, the research tries to open a discussion on the motives that could incite municipalities to adopt district heating as an energy alternative. Based on some twenty interviews with key actors of the energy and municipal sectors, the findings give some indications that the low penetration level of district heating in the Quebec municipalities could explain itself in part by : the low priced hydroelectricity, the presence of a comfortable, sufficient and pervasive Hydro-Quebec(er) culture, and also by organizational dynamic and a certain political inertia which limit the appropriation of an energy competence by local governments. In turn, the study shows that district heating solutions are more likely to develop in contexts in which : there are minimum urban or energy density levels; the development of district heating coincides with the local or regional economic structure; and where exist a mobilising local leader or local visions from a community in favor of the implementation of alternative energy systems.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Papyrus : Dépôt inst...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lachapelle, Patrick;

    Dans un contexte de changements climatiques et de transition énergétique, le Québec semble jouir d’une situation privilégiée, produisant une importante quantité d'hydroélectricité à bon prix. Or, malgré la croyance populaire avérée voulant que l'énergie québécoise soit abondante, propre et peu coûteuse, l'avenir énergétique du Québec est pourtant précaire. D’ici quelques décennies, le Québec devra importer une quantité appréciable d'électricité à un prix plus élevé; les grands gisements hydroélectriques à faibles prix sont tous exploités; et la culture Hydro-Québec(oise) semble freiner le développement d'alternatives énergétiques, laissant peu de place à l'innovation locale qui pourrait notamment provenir des municipalités. Alors que dans plusieurs pays les municipalités sont reconnues comme étant des acteurs de premier plan dans le secteur énergétique, ici, au Québec, leur rôle dans le système énergétique national demeure somme toute marginal. En tant que principal acteur responsable de l'aménagement du territoire, il semble que les municipalités québécoises peuvent jouer un rôle de premier plan sur la scène énergétique. Ainsi peuvent-elles densifier leur territoire, développer les transports collectifs et actifs, adopter des pratiques énergétiques exemplaires, comme elles peuvent produire leur propre énergie à partir d'éoliennes, d’énergie solaire ou encore de systèmes de chauffage urbain. Le chauffage urbain et les réseaux thermiques étant moins bien connus et documentés au Québec, la présente étude tente d'expliquer le faible niveau de pénétration des réseaux thermiques dans le paysage énergétique québécois. L'étude tente également de comprendre quels ont été et quels sont les obstacles à son implantation dans le contexte énergétique fort particulier du Québec. Finalement, l'étude cherche à ouvrir la discussion sur les motifs qui pourraient pousser les municipalités québécoises à s'intéresser à ce type de développement énergétique. En se basant sur une vingtaine d'entrevues réalisées auprès d'acteurs-clés du secteur énergétique et municipal québécois, il ressort que le faible niveau de pénétration des réseaux thermiques dans les municipalités québécoises s'explique en partie par : la faiblesse des prix de l'hydroélectricité; par la prégnance d'une culture Hydro-Québec(oise) confortable et suffisante; ainsi que par des dynamiques organisationnelles et une certaine inertie politique qui limitent l’appropriation de la compétence énergétique au sein des municipalités québécoises. En contrepartie, il ressort de l'étude que les projets d'implantation de réseaux thermiques ont davantage de chance de se développer dans des contextes où : l'on assiste à des seuils minimaux de densité urbaine ou énergétique; le potentiel de développement d'une filière énergétique coïncide avec le développement de l'économie locale ou régionale; l'on constate la présence d'une vision concertée de la collectivité ou d'un agent mobilisateur dans la communauté locale. In a global context of climate change and energy transition, Quebec seems to be privileged, producing a large amount of cheap hydroelectricity. But aside from the established popular belief that Quebec’s energy is abundant, clean and inexpensive, Quebec’s energy future is still precarious. Within a few decades, Quebec will have to import a significant amount of electricity at a higher price than it actually produces it; the cheap exploitable hydro resources will not only get scarcer if not nonexistent; and the national hydroelectric ``cultural`` heritage even seems to quell the development of alternative energies, letting few space for local innovation coming from municipalities. While in many countries, municipalities are recognised as key figures in the energy sector, here, in Quebec, their role in the national energy system seems marginal. As main actors responsible for territorial planning, it seams that municipalities could play a more important role on Quebec’s energy scene. So they can densify their territory, develop active and collective solutions to transportation issues, they can adopt exemplary energetic habits, they can produce their own energy with wind, solar or even district heating systems. District heating and heat networks being less well know and documented in Quebec, the present study aims at explaining their low penetration level in the Quebec energy landscape. The study also attempts to understand what are the main hurdles to the implementation of district heating in Quebec’s particular energetic context. Finally, the research tries to open a discussion on the motives that could incite municipalities to adopt district heating as an energy alternative. Based on some twenty interviews with key actors of the energy and municipal sectors, the findings give some indications that the low penetration level of district heating in the Quebec municipalities could explain itself in part by : the low priced hydroelectricity, the presence of a comfortable, sufficient and pervasive Hydro-Quebec(er) culture, and also by organizational dynamic and a certain political inertia which limit the appropriation of an energy competence by local governments. In turn, the study shows that district heating solutions are more likely to develop in contexts in which : there are minimum urban or energy density levels; the development of district heating coincides with the local or regional economic structure; and where exist a mobilising local leader or local visions from a community in favor of the implementation of alternative energy systems.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Papyrus : Dépôt inst...arrow_drop_down
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