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This is the dataset used to analyse biomass of fauna collected in farmed and wild kelp at the West coast of Norway (Søre Sunnmøre) in April 2019. Coordinates are given in the fil. 

Concern for load analysis and structural design of offshore renewable energy devices. Attention shall be given to the interaction between the load and structural response of fixed and floating installations taking due consideration of the stochastic nature of the ocean environment. Aspects related to prototype testing and certification shall be considered

MCCIP Science Review 2013, 34-48

Due to the poor state of the fishery resources, trawlers are not profitable as they use to be. One way of improving their profitability is to reduce operational costs, especially by reducing fuel consumption. A number of fishing vessels is not efficient usually because of their outdated technology. Due to the European Commission restraints to new constructions, the major opportunities for reducing fuel consumption are chiefly related to an improvement of the vessel's propulsion systems. A technical feasibility of a new propulsion system architecture have been studied in 2008 through a research funded by the European Community (EC Regulation 2792/99, Article 17 - Innovative measures. n.27/IM/06 Project). In the propulsion system herein proposed, the overall power required by the vessel is subdivided in multiple power units, each one obtained by coupling a diesel engine with a permanent magnet brushless electric generator, while the propeller is coupled with an electric motor. Trough an electronic management system, it is possible to maintain one or more power units at different operating points to guarantee the minimum overall fuel consumption. In this study two power units have been considered. Many load tests have been done on a marine diesel engine, to evaluate its fuel consumption, torque and power delivered against the revolution speed. An algorithm to control the power units have been obtained from experimental data. The carried tests demonstrated the so conceived propulsion system as really reliable. A fuel saving of up to 15% was achieved with a power units equipped with a 257 kW @ 3800 rpm diesel engine. The proposed propulsion system could be useful both in new vessel and for a re-dumping of existing vessels. Further advantages are related to the possibility to avoid propeller shaft and reduction gear, then reducing weights, noise and pollution.

Lakes are integrators of environmental and climatic changes occurring within their contributing basins. Understanding the complex behavior of lakes in a changing environment is essential to effective water resource management and mitigation of climate change. The ESA CCI Lakes is a multi-disciplinary project (https://climate.esa.int/en/projects/lakes/) creating the largest and longest consistent global record of five lake climate variables: lake water level, extent, temperature, surface-leaving reflectance, and ice cover. Phase 1 covered 250 lakes and phase 2 will cover up to 2000 globally. The distribution of the global dataset will be presented followed by a focus on Lake Trasimeno, a shallow eutrophic lake in central Italy included in the Long-Term Ecosystem Research (LTER) network. We used AI and Non-Parametric Multiplicative Regression (NPMR) to analyze the data. Chlorophyll-a in lake Trasimeno was dominated by a summer bloom initiating in July and peaking in early September and was largely predicted by the time variable - accounting for 87% of feature importance. The North Atlantic Oscillation was the next most important variable (4% feature importance) corroborated by NPand shown to be largely important during early to mid-September when a positive NAO, associated with high pressure and warm sunny weather, led to an increase in chlorophyll-a concentrations. Regional climatic indices as well as the more obvious nutrient drivers of algal blooms should therefore be considered in lake management. High Frequency chlorophyll-a and phycocyanin data from a WISPstation showed that rapid fluctuations visible in the satellite record are supported by in situ data.

Annex V of the WFD requires that ecological status of phytoplankton in lakes should be assessed using biomass, composition and bloom metrics. In many countries of Europe, the national assessment systems for phytoplankton in lakes, however, still lack metrics for phytoplankton composition (and blooms) (Poikane 2009, Birk et al. 2010). Thus, to facilitate efficient development of WFD-compliant national assessment systems across Europe, there is an urgent need for metrics for phytoplankton composition, including common metrics that can be used as a tool for intercalibration of existing national metrics (IC guidance 2010). The new metrics should be based on Guidelines for Indicator Development given by WISER D.2.2.2 (Hering et al. 2010).

Planktonic organisms are considered good indicators of environmental changes, even more sensitive than abiotic variables per se. In relatively recent years, the importance of pluriannual plankton series has become increasingly important, also for management purposes and in the process of bridging the gap between environmental science and management policy. Plankton studies in Lake Maggiore date back to middle 1900s, although a regular monitoring started in late seventies, in the framework of an agreement between Swiss and Italian Governments. The full long-term data series (1981-2011) entirely covers the lake's recovery, since full mesotrophy of mid-1970s, to present oligotrophy. Response of plankton communities to eutrophication reversal after lake restoration included a gradual increase in the number of phytoplankton taxonomic units and in cell density along with a decrease of average cell size. Changes in taxonomic composition, population density and mean body size were also tracked in the zooplankton. Data we obtained through these studies, however, pertaining to each single level of biological organization, do not allow per se for highlighting quantitative changes in trophic relationships and in ecosystem functioning driven by changes in trophy. Environmental changes, such as those attributable to eutrophication/oligotrophication processes, as well as to climate, are expected to affect not only taxonomic composition of planktonic assemblages, but also the trophic relationships and the ecosystem processes. Moreover, during the lake's oligotrophication the role of climatic constraints became increasingly important in controlling plankton dynamics, affecting phytoplankton nutrient supply, resource ratio, population phenology and the whole life cycles of the organisms involved. Our aim is to track the ecosystem response by analysing the phytoplankton-zooplankton relationship from a functional point of view, trying to find the key driver across different steps of the lake's trophic history, in the attempt to disentangle climate- from trophy-related responses of lake ecosystems.

Lakes are a fundamental feature of nature with brilliance, profoundness and complexity. Various of physical, chemical and biological changes take place three dimensionally in deep lakes, regulated by complicated boundary conditions. To understand and predict such aquatic systems is not an easy task, but scientists have endeavored to accomplish it by field measurements and numerical simulations, focusing on hydrodynamics, water quality and ecology. Although important to the aquatic system and human health, pathogen dynamics in lakes has not been addressed with priority in most studies about lakes, with even less attention for pathogenic virus in general, or specific virus genera or strains. In this study, we propose a coupled 3D hydrodynamic and particle tracking model, to study the fate and transport of the Enterovirus genus with twelve specific strains, followed by a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment model to estimate the risk of infection and illness for humans when interacting with lake water in many forms. Lake Geneva is chosen as the study site, as it is the biggest fresh water lake in Western Europe and used as a drinking water source for more than 800,000 people and a recreational site for habitants around it. The hydrodynamic simulation of the lake is validated by field measurement at observation platforms while the particle tracking module is validated by satellite images processed for water quality parameters. Decay of enterovirus is incorporated in the postprocessing part of the model, supported by previous researches in the literature and experiments in the laboratory, considering temperature, solar radiation and microbial activity as the major environmental stressors for enterovirus. Finally, the modeled concentration of enterovirus is employed as an input for a QMRA model to assess the risk of infection and illness to human beings that are exposed to this specific virus genus. Future environmental changes will definitely influence the fate and persistence of the virus and will also be simulated by the proposed model. The perspective of this research is to generate a robust tool to predict virus dynamics in deep lakes and investigate the potential risk concerning human interaction with the contaminated lake water. It is a novel endeavor in water quality modeling and will support decision makers to draw conclusions regarding safe usage of lake water resources.

A significant and increasing share of the EU population lives in coastal areas. Approximately half the EU population lives 50 km or less from the coast (EST AT, 2009), with 19% of the EU population (86 million people) living within a 10 km coastal strip (EEA, 2006). It is likely that such numbe rs will increase in the future. Collectively, this is both placing growing demands on coastal resources as well as increasing people's exposure to coastal hazards (Sterr et al ., 2003). Coastal areas are dynamic and complex multi-functi on systems. A wide number of often conflicting human socio-economic activities occur in these areas. Th ese include urbanisation, tourism and recreational activities, industrial production, energy production and delivering, port activities, shipping, and agriculture. Coastal systems are also characterised by important ecological and natural values; their high habitat and biological diversity is fundamental to sustain coasta l processes and provide ecosystem services which are essential also for human well-being (MEA, 2005). Human acti vities often conflict with the need to preserve natural coastal systems and their ecol ogical processes. In the context of climate change, highly urbanised and infrastructured coastal areas are of particular conc ern since they can drastically limit and even impede natural adaptive processes, such as inland migrat ion or vertical accretion of wetland systems. Climate change adds additional pressure on European coastal systems (Richards and Nicholls, 2009) by increasing vulnerability on already highly vulnerable areas. This can include the development of new impacts, intensification of already occurring impacts, and synergic and cascading effects. The main impacts of climate change in the coastal zone are expected to be related to sea-level rise and other key meteorological changes. These include changes in th e frequency and intensity of extreme whether events such as storms and associated su rges (EEA, 2008), although uncertainty on storm surge projections is rather high (see section 2.1). Indeed, approximately 140,000 km 2 of EU land is currently within 1 m of mean sea level. In some countries, such as Denmark, t he Netherlands, Italy, Germany and England, these low- lying coastal areas are densely in habited (EEA, 2010a). This makes coastal human systems particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise and changes in int ensity and frequency of flooding. Besides permanent inundation of low-lying coastal areas due to sea le vel rise and increased flooding, other expected climate change impacts include increased erosion of beaches and cliffs, degradation of coastal ecosystems (in particular wetland and deltas), and sa ltwater intrusion in freshwater systems (EEA, 2010a; ETC/ACC, 2010a, ETC/ACC, 2010b). Other less studied impacts may signific antly contribute to increase coastal vulnerability in particular at the local or regional level, such as cha nges in hydrodynamic regimes, impacts on water trophic conditions, changes in biological communities and impacts on commercially important marine species. The assessment of coastal vulnerability to climate ch ange is therefore a key issue at the European level.