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ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF BUILDING AS A MITIGATION ACTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE. CASE STUDY ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KINDERGARTEN BUILDING IN SIERAKOWICE VILLAGE. Abstract This article is an attempt to present the complex issue of energy efficiency in the field of architectural design, which was presented on the basis of a case study - a kindergarten in the village of Sierakowice. The building was realized in wooden technology, to minimize its impact on the natural environment. The facility is equipped with a number of devices for obtaining renewable energy (photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, heat pumps and ground heat exchangers). The author's analysis of the data in the author's opinion shows that the energy balance is not only the issue of the efficiency of energy-producing devices and energy consumption in the use phase. The content of the paper attempts to show that efficiency is rather the sum of energy generated and consumed in the use phase, but also in the phase of materials production, building implementation and its utilization. While in these periods of "life" of the building we deal mostly with the use of energy (negative balance), in the phase of use, energy can be produced. In this context, it can be assumed that the energy balance is not constant for a specific investment; it may change depending on the amount of energy produced and the variable efficiency of the devices used. The conclusion from the presented research is therefore the statement that the energy efficiency of the building is a variable function over time, and consequently, a building with zero energy consumption in a holistic approach can be easily implemented.

True-bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are thermophilic group of insects, present in almost all land ecosystems, in freshwater or even on the ocean surface. In numerous habitats Heteroptera have high abundance and species diversity. Because of its commonness they can be treated as bioindicators of the changes in the environment. Research material was collected in south-western part of Eastern Beskidy Mountains, located in three mesoregions: Pogórze Ciężkowickie, Pogórze Jasielskie and Beskid Niski. Research was conducted in years 2012–2015. Material was collected on 27 sites, where there were a various plant communities. Altogether 262 species of true-bugs were identified, which comprises 38% of terrestrial Heteroptera of Poland. Among them 4 species have not been reported previously in the country: Psallus montanus, Charagochilus spiralifer, Dimorphopterus blissoides, and Ischnodemus quadratus. Moreover, that 46 species were recorded in Eastern Beskidy Mountains for the first time. The collected material was analyzed in terms of frequency and abundance, effectiveness of various methods of material collecting, chorology and trophic relations. Compare species composition of Heteroptera on 4 selected areas of research and established potential species diversity of true-bugs. Also, selected rarely collected species in Polish which were collected during the research were characterized, with a special focus of the distribution of its sites. Analysis of origin of Heteroptera of Eastern Beskidy Mountains was conducted and the impact of climatic and anthropogenic factors on the formation of entomofauna were characterized. Economic importance of ondawski migratory route was also presented.

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Ustawa o odnawialnych \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142ach energii \u2013 aukcyjny system wsparcia OZE oraz ulgi w op\u0142acie OZE dla przedsi\u0119biorstw energoch\u0142onnych, http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/cases/261495/261495_1965594_372_2.pdf [dost\u0119p: 11.07.2021].", "Dyrektywa Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2018/2001 z 11 grudnia 2018 r. w sprawie promowania stosowania energii ze \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 odnawialnych (tekst maj\u0105cy znaczenie dla EOG), Dz.Urz. 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Komentarz do art. 1-11s, Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa 2016.", "Pilip K., \u015al\u0105czka W., Matuszczak Z., Lokalizacje farm wiatrowych na polskich obszarach morskich, \"Systemy Wspomagania w In\u017cynierii Produkcji\" 2018, t. 7, nr 1, s. 290-300, http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element. ekon-element-000171543076 [dost\u0119p: 4.08.2021].", "Porze\u017cy\u0144ska M., Pomoc pa\u0144stwa na produkcj\u0119 energii ze \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 odnawialnych w prawie Unii Europejskiej, Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck, Warszawa 2020, Legalis.", "Porze\u017cy\u0144ska M., Uwagi na tle poj\u0119cia \"energii ze \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 odnawialnych\" w prawie Unii Europejskiej, \"Internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny\" 2019, nr 1(8), s. 16-25, https://www.doi.org/10.7172/2299- 5749.IKAR.1.8.", "Program Rozwoju Morskiej Energetyki i Przemys\u0142u Morskiego w Polsce, Fundacja na rzecz Energetyki Zr\u00f3wnowa\u017conej, Warszawa 2013.", "Przybylska M., Prawny charakter aukcji na sprzeda\u017c energii elektrycznej ze \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 odnawialnych, C.H. Beck, Warszawa 2019, Legalis.", "R\u0105czka J., Offshore energy. Downwind or Upwind?, \"Forum Energii\" 2018, s. 14.", "Siwkowska A., Proces inwestycyjno-budowlany dla instalacji OZE, C.H. Beck, Warszawa 2019, Legalis.", "Stryjecki M., Morska energetyka wiatrowa \u2013 potencja\u0142 zagro\u017cony, \"Nowa Energia\" 2019, nr 3 (68), s. 85-86.", "Stryjecki M., Mielniczuk K., Biegaj J., Przewodnik po procedurach lokalizacyjnych i \u015brodowiskowych dla farm wiatrowych na polskich obszarach morskich, Fundacja na rzecz Energetyki Zr\u00f3wnowa\u017conej, Warszawa 2011.", "Trzci\u0144ska D., Zagospodarowanie przestrzenne polskich obszar\u00f3w morskich, \"Gda\u0144skie Studia Prawnicze\" 2017, t. XXXVIII, s. 514-523.", "Wi\u015bniewski Z., Nowe regulacje prawne odnawialnych \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 energii a bezpiecze\u0144stwo energetyczne Polski. Zagadnienia wybrane, w: A. Ka\u017amierska-Patrzyczna, P. Korzeniowski, M. Stahl (red.), Problemy pogranicza prawa administracyjnego i prawa ochrony \u015brodowiska, Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa 2017, s. 267-282.", "Plan Rozwoju Systemu Przesy\u0142owego do 2030 roku zatwierdzony przez URE, https://www.pse.pl/-/plan-rozwojusystemu- przesylowego-do-2030-roku-zatwierdzony-przez-ure [dost\u0119p: 11.07.2020].", "Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, , https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ t2020_31/default/table?lang=en [dost\u0119p: 11.07.2021].", "Zawieszanie post\u0119powa\u0144 dotycz\u0105cych pozwole\u0144 lokalizacyjnych w polskich obszarach morskich, do czasu przyj\u0119cia w drodze rozporz\u0105dzenia plan\u00f3w zagospodarowania przestrzennego dla tych obszar\u00f3w, https://gospodarkamorska.bip.gov.pl/ gospodarka-morska-ogloszenia-i-obwieszczenia/zawieszanie-postepowan-dotyczacych-pozwolen-lokalizacyjnychw- polskich-obszarach-morskich-do-czasu-przyjecia-w-drodze-rozporzadzenia-planow-zagospodarowaniaprzestrzennego- dla-tych-obszarow.html [dost\u0119p: 11.07.2021]."]} In the Polish Energy Policy until 2040, the development of renewable energy sources was indicated as one of the aims for development and implementation of its goals. The development is inevitable, particularly considering Polish commitments towards the European Union, such as the obligation introduced by the RES Directive with respect to the share of energy from renewable sources reaching a level of at least 32% of the Union’s gross final consumption of energy in 2030. PEP 2040 indicates that offshore wind farms will play a special role in achieving the renewable energy target. The purpose of this study was therefore to verify whether, and to what extent, the measures adopted by the Polish legislator in the context of offshore wind energy development would allow Poland to achieve the EU obligations. The paper presents the results of analysis of selected elements of the complex investment process in the case of offshore wind farms. As part of the study of this issue, an attempt was made to identify obstacles and restrictions in the investment process, including issues of the process of issuing decisions and permits or spatial development plan for Polish maritime areas. Forms of support for offshore wind energy were also critically analyzed.

This paper analyses the amount of global solar radiation reaching the ground in Belsk, depending on the atmospheric circulation type. The study used daily sums of global solar radiation from 1971–2014 as well as the calendar of circulation types as developed by Lityński. The largest differences in the amount of solar radiation among the particular circulation types occur in the summer. The largest sums of solar radiation are observed during inflows of air masses from S and SW, and the smallest during the inflow from N, NE, and NW. On sunny days, the reduction of the incoming solar radiation is associated with the S and SW directions. 7 155 168 12 Badania Fizjograficzne

The inflow of solar radiation to the active surface is among the crucial factors determining its radiation balance and thus the climate conditions. Due to limited research and a multitude of surfaces, the determination of the spatial distribution of solar radiation on the basis of in situ research is hampered. Therefore actinometrical models are used to calculate the value of solar irradiance with reference to digital elevation models. Two actinometrical models were described: r.sun implemented in the GRASS GIS software and the Area Solar Radiation (ARS) provided in the ArcMap program, a part of the ArcGIS package. A digital elevation model of the East Carpathian Mountains in Romania was used as entry data for the above described models and a comparative analysis of the following characteristics was performed: total solar irradiance, direct irradiance, diffused irradiance and direct daylight duration. It was determined that despite the fact that both actinometrical models show different values of solar irradiance for the same area, they reflect similar spatial distributions. While both models are deemed valid tools for calculating solar radiation in mountainous areas, elementary knowledge of the tools is a must in order to use the results in an informed and responsible way. 7 77 97 7 Badania Fizjograficzne

The article focuses on the European energy politics (incl. EU politics), particularly on the question of energy solidarity which is opposed to egoistic political actions. The energy solidarity which is a subsequent factor, which can reinforce the energy security, i.e., most of all, the decrease in energy dependence, decrease in inner demand for energy, diversification of energy resources, as well as counteracting energy ,,mono culture". The article presents the main trends in EU energy policy, i.e.: competitiveness, diversity in energy forms, solidarity, security of energy and raw material supply, stable development, innovations and new technologies, common foreign policy, market reform, renewable energy, energy productivity, energy security, crisis counteracting. The article also refers to the ambiguity of the concepts of energy solidarity and energy security. In order to identify these notions and the very EU energy policy, the analysis of key documents regarding energy policy has been presented (the basis are the so called “energy green papers”), as well as the analysis of countries' actions, which in common perception are referred to as ,,political”. The article determines major problems concerning EU energy policy, which, among others, relate to: the multitude of businesses of EU members, bilateralness of relations between some of the member countries and raw material suppliers (eg. Russia), lack of uniform foreign policy (which also influences the formation of EU energy security), treatment of energy security from the national perspective, different structures of energy markets in the EU Member States, occurrence on the energy market of the private subjects realizing their own policy, technological differences in power infrastructure of the EU Member States.

Climate change and its effects, which we have witnessed in recent years, have a greater connection with industrial property law than it might seem. This varies depending on the intangible good in question, but in each case it remains on the margins of legal thinking, at least in the Polish doctrine. Meanwhile, industrial property law is an instrument that can aid in the search for new, more environmentally friendly solutions or reward only the individual property interests of specific entities. Given the (finally) undeniable changes, it seems that a change in priorities is inevitable.

The article is an attempt to verify the perception of architecture as a static element as a function of time,and more broadly - the aging of architecture. Time as a variable in architecture and its impact on theenvironmental balance of the project is a generally known problem, but very rarely raised in the contextof historical architecture. The article consciously addresses the aging of traditional architecture.Historically, time was an element "transparent" in architectural terms (its influence was not noticeduntil the object was so old that it failed). Nowadays, the time factor is consciously taken into account asan element determining the profitability and feasibility of an investment; the investment is designed fora specific period of use, treating the time dimension as equal to the spatial and symbolic dimensions.With this in mind, architects and building users consciously treat time as one of the determinants anddefining factors of contemporary architecture that is an element of anthropogenic space. This isimportant because it allows for an attempt to treat architecture as a "flexible" element in relation to thedynamically changing reality conditioned, inter alia, by the progressing climate change. According to the author, it is important to analyze the influence of time on the technical aspects of theexisting traditional architecture, in the construction of which this factor was originally not taken intoaccount. Historical architecture is an architecture that is valuable in many respects, and is also subjectto the rigor of monument conservation, where achieving adequacy in terms of energy and climate-adaptation requirements is often very complicated; According to the author, the current state of climaticinstability resulting from progressive climate change shows that the problem of adapting traditionalvernacular architecture to the "new, greenhouse" reality is an important topic, although practicallyunaffected by science. The activities in the field of renovation and historical reconstruction of the 19th-century housingdescribed in the case study show, in the author's opinion, that with the precise and proper use oftechniques, it is possible to conduct investments in a way that is sensitive to the issues of respectingcultural heritage and aspects of beauty in urbanized space, and at the same time in an adequate manner.to modern needs in the field of adaptation to climate change, taking into account the entire life cycle ofthe building in order to minimize the carbon footprint of the investment.

{"references": ["Ramowa konwencja Narod\u00f3w Zjednoczonych w sprawie zmian klimatu, sporz\u0105dzona w Nowym Jorku dnia 9 maja 1992 r., Dz.U. 1996 Nr 53, poz. 238.", "Porozumienie paryskie do ramowej konwencji Narod\u00f3w Zjednoczonych w sprawie zmian klimatu, sporz\u0105dzonej w Nowym Jorku dnia 9 maja 1992 r., przyj\u0119te w Pary\u017cu dnia 12 grudnia 2015 r., Dz.U. 2017, poz. 36.", "Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Rio 1992, http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/RIO_E. PDF [dost\u0119p: 10.05.2020].", "Protok\u00f3\u0142 z Kioto do ramowej konwencji Narod\u00f3w Zjednoczonych w sprawie zmian klimatu, sporz\u0105dzony w Kioto dnia 11 grudnia 1997 r., Dz.U. 2005 Nr 203, poz. 1684.", "Dyrektywa 2003/87/WE Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady z 13 pa\u017adziernika 2003 r. ustanawiaj\u0105ca system handlu przydzia\u0142ami emisji gaz\u00f3w cieplarnianych we Wsp\u00f3lnocie oraz zmieniaj\u0105ca dyrektyw\u0119 Rady 96/61/WE, Dz.Urz. 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Using this basis, this article discusses the impact of the Anthropocene debate taking place in the natural sciences and humanities, both on international environmental law and on the development of tax policies from global to local levels. The climate risk posed by the Anthropocene is leading to the reformulation, or the emergence, of new principles of international law, such as the principle of intergenerational justice. This situation also gives rise to numerous postulates directed towards tax policies, such as the implementation of a uniform carbon tax Against the background of the situation ushered in by the new era, the key opportunities and threats for the energy sector are outlined. From this perspective, the European Green Deal may become an element that integrates local tax policies with international law and policy, guaranteeing their implementation at the local level. Importantly, the current policy of the European Union allows us to assume that the COVID-19 pandemic will cause the effect of “running ahead” as a response to the economic crisis, which may accelerate the process of applying measures corresponding to the strategy of implementing the European Green Deal.